Literature;;In this author's most recent work, LA cop Bigfoot Bjornsen manipulates hippie private investigator "Doc" Sportello to go after the Golden Fang. His penultimate book features the reading dog Pugnax, who belongs to the Chums of Chance, who visit the Chicago World's fair. Besides writing Inherent Vice and Against the Day, this novelist described the secret machinations of followers of the Tristero as uncovered by Oedipa Maas in one short novel, while in his debut novel he chronicled Benny Profane's attempts to capture an albino alligator in New York's sewers. These plot summaries can't do justice to, FTP, The Crying of Lot 49 and V., written by what author of Gravity's Rainbow?;;(Thomas) Pynchon
Astronomy;;Lin and Shu proposed the density-wave theory to explain how the structure of these entities is sustained. The most accurate method for measuring the distances to distant ones uses a relation between their maximum rotational velocity and absolute magnitude, which is known as the Tully-Fisher method. They are generally blue because of their high content of old stars, and one type of them features arms that emanate from each end of a namesake structure. They have discs like the lenticular type, but contain much more angular momentum than the elliptical type. FTP name these galaxies, some of which are barred, including the Milky Way.;;Spiral (galaxies)
Art;;The artist of this painting explained that its background shows Port Ligat, where he was living at the time; being blocked as to how to finish, he began staring at a small wheel of camembert he'd eaten, inspiring its foreground images. The prone figure in the center is thought to be the Great Masturbator, who titled a 1929 work by the artist. In a later work incorporating the title of this painting, numerous series of rectangles subtend the images from this 1931 painting. This later work is called the "Disintegration of," FTP, what iconic work of surrealism featuring ants and melting watches by Salvador Dali?;;(The) Persistence of Memory
Religion/Mythology;;Chapter 22, verse 5 of this book proscribes the wearing of men's clothes by women, while chapter four describes the destruction of the followers of Baalpeor and of Sihon of Heshbon. Chapter two notes that Zamzummims, or giants, once existed among the children of Ammon, but God killed them all, and it warns the Israelites not to harm the Ammonites. The fourth verse of its sixth chapter states, "Hear, O Israel: the Lord is our god, the Lord is one," which constitutes the Shema. With a name derived from the Greek for "second law," FTP what is this fifth book of the Old Testament?;;Deuteronomy
United States History;;Stephen Mallory was the only Secretary ever to govern this military entity, and in that role he sent James Bulloch to England to plead for materiel. The Bayou St. John and the Pioneer never saw action for this force, but a similar vessel won an engagement with the Housatonic. Besides the Hunley, this force also included a vessel eventually sunk by the Kearsarge and commanded by Raphael Semmes, the Alabama. FTP what was this military branch of the government that opposed Union forces in the Civil War?;;Confederate Navy|Navy (of) (the) CSA
Geography;;The discovery of oil in the region around Juba in this nation problematized this nation's unresolved border with its southeastern neighbor, Kenya. Its Eastern Front region also has an undemarcated border with Eritrea, a nation which helped broker peace between this nation's Christian militias in the South with its Muslim government in the north. Its large Western section has seen widespread ethnic cleansing led by the Janjaweed, pushing refugees west into Chad. Site of the persecution of the people of Darfur, FTP what is this nation with capital at Khartoum?;;Sudan
Biology;;The gene DMC1 is only expressed during this process, and the protein Rec8 is degraded near the end of it. In yeast, the absence of Ime2 and repression of Cln is responsible for an event not happening during the second half of this process. The first stage in this process is divided into five sub-stages, the first of which is lepotene. In the first half of this process, the protein monopolin is required for the formation of a kinetochore. Other events during this process include synapsis and crossing over, which produces recombination. Two cell divisions produce four daughter cells in this process, and the diploid chromosome number becomes reduced to haploid. FTP name this type of cell division that is important in sexual reproduction.;;meiosis
Literature;;The title figure had "decided not to Live but Know" in this man's poem "A Grammarian's Funeral". The famous lines "God's in his heaven--/All's right with the world" come from his dramatic poem "Pippa Passes". His 12-book narrative of the murder trial of Guido Franceschini, based on an account he bought in a Florence booksellers' market, is titled The Ring and the Book. A young woman is described as having a "heart . . . too soon made glad," leading the title noble to "give commands" so "all her smiles stopped together" in his best-known poem. FTP name this Victorian author of "My Last Duchess".;;(Robert) Browning
Religion/Mythology;;This mythological figure was able to conquer Megara after earning the love of Scylla, who betrayed her father, the Megaran King Nisus, by cutting off Nisus's purple hair, making the city vulnerable to this man's attack. After his death by scalding at the hands of the daughters of Cocalus, this man served as a judge of the dead with Aeacus and Rhadamanthys. His son Androgeos was killed after winning a number of athletic contests in another city, leading this man to exact a cruel tribute from the city every nine years, insisting that seven young men and seven young women be sent to be killed by the offspring of this man's wife Pasiphae. FTP who was this Cretan king who had Daedalus build the Labyrinth to house the Minotaur?;;Minos
World History;;One variety of them was used by Porus at the battle of Taxila, leading to difficulties for the opposing cavalry. Pyrrhus used some of these loaned to him by Ptolemy II in his invasion of Italy. The Seleucid Empire ceded land to Chandragupta Maurya in exchange for 500 of these. Many of them perished in their most well known usage, and afterward at the Battle of Zama the Romans rendered the surviving ones ineffective by simply moving aside to let them pass when charging and then killing their riders with arrows. FTP identify these large mammals that come in African and Indian varieties.;;(War) Elephants
United States History;;The "blood" version of this concept alleges that its participants engage in human sacrifice and even cannibalism.  In 2009, Ireland passed a law fining anyone up to 25,000 euros for committing the "blasphemous" version of this offense.  In America, a law punishing the "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" in the seditious form of this act led Jefferson and Madison to draft the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions.  FTP what is this act, which unlike slander, requires false and malicious materials to be printed in media?;;libel
Chemistry;;A homonym of this element is a polycyclic aromatic compound formed by conducting vapors of diphenylmethane through heated tubes and has formula C13H10. The introduction of this element into an aromatic ring is performed with the Balz-Schiemann reaction. An atom of it is located in the one position of Sanger's reagent used for polypeptide sequencing. Four of them are found in the repeating units of the polymer Teflon, and six of them are bonded to a central sulfur in a notable octahedral compound. Along with nitrogen and oxygen, this lightest halogen can participate in hydrogen bonding. FTP name this element with symbol F.;;fluorine
Pop Culture;;In a recent game, he inhales characters like Starlow and sees his residence taken over by Fawful.  Another game ends on his eponymous son's roller coaster, and his "Inside Story" was recently told in a DS RPG.  The first 3D game he appeared in saw his chief enemy spinning him by the tail and throwing him into bombs.  Once replaced by Wart, this father of Roy, Lemmy and Wendy commands minions like Bullet Bills, Boos and Goombas.  FTP name this chief enemy in the Mario series, sometimes known as King Koopa.;;(Lord) Bowser;;King Koopa
Literature;;First published in The Crisis in 1921, a biographer of this poem's author relates that this poem was written in nearly final form on a train ride from Illinois to Missouri. The speaker describes his awareness of title entities "older than the flow of human blood in human veins," stating that he heard one "singing" when "Abe Lincoln/went down to New Orleans". Near another the speaker "built his hut," while near another he "raised the pyramids". Citing the Euphrates, Congo, Nile, and Mississippi, FTP what is this poem by Langston Hughes in which the speaker says his "soul has grown deep like" the title waterways?;;(The) Negro Speaks of Rivers
Philosophy;;A 1784 essay on this concept claims that only the freedom to use reason publically in all matters is necessary for this to happen. That essay, whose title asks the question, "What is this concept" claims that it is "man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity". That essay on this concept was a response to a reverend's question from a 1783 German periodical in Berlin.  Proposing that the age of this concept is the "age of Frederick," and that the motto of this concept is "Have the courage to use your own understanding," FTP name this concept articulated by Immanuel Kant, a period of intellectual awakening in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries.;;Enlightenment
Music;;One work by this composer tells the story of King Waldemar, who gives the titular castle to Tove, whose murder is detailed in the "Song of the Wood Dove". In addition to the cantata Gurre-Lieder, he composed a work that makes use of the Sprechstimme technique, and begins with the movement "Mondestrunken". In addition to composing the opera Moses and Aaron, the string sextet Transfigured Night and the song cycle Pierrot Lunaire, this man taught Anton von Webern and Alban Berg. FTP name this Austrian composer who developed the twelve-tone technique of composition.;;(Arnold) Schoenberg
United States History;;Carnegie Corporation head John Gardner was tapped to lead this large-scale effort, one of the effects of which was to increase the ratio of the income of Blacks to that of Whites from 54 to 60 percent by the time its promulgator left office. It included the creation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and included the rapid creation of 32 national parks as well as Clean Air Act and laws on vehicle emissions. Its cultural achievements include the National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. First enunciated at a 1964 speech at the University of Michigan, its cornerstones included the Voting Rights Act and the creation of Medicare and Medicaid. FTP what was the name for this ambitious legislative program enacted under Lyndon Johnson?;;(The) Great Society
Physics;;Together with a Dutchman, this man is the namesake of the reverse of the Barnett effect, and he is also the namesake of a relation that states the diffusion coefficients of ions are proportional to temperature. Together with an Indian scientist, he is the namesake of a type of matter whose behavior is governed by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, and a statistics for determining the distribution of bosons. He won the Nobel Prize for the law of the photoelectric effect, which he discovered in his spare time while working in the Swiss patent office. FTP name this scientist who formulated the theory of relativity and proposed that E equals mc squared.;;(Albert) Einstein
Literature;;After an introduction by the chorus of elders in this play, the former queen describes her dream of two women in fine dress yoked to a chariot; when one breaks her reins, the queen's son is tossed from the chariot and rends his cloak. Then a messenger arrives to tell Atossa that her son has survived a terrible naval defeat, leading her to visit the tomb of her husband, whose ghost rebukes his son for hubris, particularly in his futile attempt to build a bridge of ships across the Hellespont. Produced in 472 BCE with funding by Pericles, FTP what is this earliest extant work by Aeschylus which chronicles the defeat of the title invaders led by Xerxes?;;(The) Persians
Religion/Mythology;;One of this deity's offspring killed Nanaki, a sacred pheasant, with an arrow, which this deity promptly threw back down to earth, killing him. The largest shrine to this deity is torn down and rebuilt every 20 years, and its interior is thought to house the "eight-hand mirror," sacred to this deity. Born when her father washed his left eye, this creator of the "inada," or fields of rice, was tricked by the dancing Ame-no-Uzume into leaving a cave into which she had fled after being offended by the flayed horse thrown at her by her brother Susanoo. FTP name this kami, the Shinto sun goddess.;;Amaterasu (Omikami)
Physics;;This effect alters Breit-Wigner resonance at high temperatures, and the random motion of the atoms in a gas leads to this effect's namesake broadening of spectral lines. Accelerated excited hydrogen ions were used in the Ives-Stillwell experiment to measure the second order, or transverse, type of it. In astronomy, an application of the relativistic form of this effect is the redshift observed from distant galaxies. FTP name this effect that results in the frequency of a wave of light or sound appearing to be higher if the source is moving toward the observer and lower if the source is moving away.;;Doppler (effect|shift)
World History;;This city sided with the Persians during their second invasion, sending auxiliaries to the Battle of Plataea, an action for which it was punished afterward.  One of these punishments was depriving it of its leadership over the Boeotian League, which it had founded.  Later it became an ally of Sparta against Athens, its southern neighbor. At the Battle of Mantinea, its hegemony over Greece was secured by its most talented general, Epimanondas.  FTP identify this city centered around the Cadmea that shares its name with an ancient Egyptian city.;;Thebes|Thebai
Literature;;A futuristic version of this American city was the home of Rick Deckard in Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep. Dave Eggers moves himself and two siblings from Illinois to this city in his somewhat exaggerated memoir, A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius. This city's namesake "Renaissance" included the poets Lew Welch and Philip Whalen, with author/teacher Kenneth Rexroth at the forefront. Those poets were joined by Gary Snyder at the famous 1956 reading at the Six Gallery in this city, at which Allan Ginsberg's "Howl" was first read. Also the setting of The Maltese Falcon and Lawrence Ferlinghetti's City Lights bookstore is, FTP, what California city featured in Randy Shilts's The Mayor of Castro Street, a biography of Harvey Milk, and Vikram Seth's The Golden Gate?;;San Francisco
Music;;"Subway Jam" is a movement from his composition Music for a Great City, and "The Promise of Living" is the finale of his opera The Tender Land. A solo trumpet plays the tune "El Mosco" in his orchestral work El Salon Mexico, and lines from the Gettysburg Address conclude his Lincoln Portrait. This author of What to Listen for in Music included the section "The Open Prairie" in his ballet about a titular outlaw. In addition to composing Billy the Kid, he was commissioned by Martha Graham to write the music for a ballet that features the "Simple Gifts" melody. For 10 points, name this composer of Fanfare for the Common Man and Appalachian Spring.;;(Aaron) Copland
Literature;;In an early poem by this author, the persona states that "The force that through the green fuse drives the flower/Drives my green age". Another poem concludes, "After the first death, there is no other". Along with "A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London," he also wrote a radio play, Under Milk Wood, and an autobiography, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog. His best known work is a villanelle addressed to the speaker's father arguing that "Old age should burn and rave at close of day". FTP name this Welsh author of "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night".;;(Dylan) Thomas
Chemistry;;Xanthane is an intermediate in a reaction in which these compounds are treated with a base and carbon disulfide, and converted to alkenes. Corey developed the reagent PCC to oxidize these compounds, which can be formed from the reaction between carbonyl compounds and Grignard reagents. Other methods for converting these compounds to alkenes include oxymercuration-reduction reactions and hydroboration-oxidation reactions. Sodium borohydride can be used to reduce aldehydes into the primary type, and they dissociate into alkoxide ions in aqueous solution. FTP name these compounds in which carbon is bonded to a hydroxyl group, examples of which include methanol and ethanol.;;alcohol(s)
United States History;;Zachary Taylor created this governmental position, selecting Thomas Ewing of Ohio to be the first one to hold it. The man who first served in this cabinet position under Reagan drew ridicule for banning the Beach Boys from a July 4th concert on the mall for bringing along an "undesirable element" and had to resign after saying his staff included "a black, a woman, two Jews and a cripple". That was James Watt, and an earlier tenant of this position used it to hand over oil reserves in Wyoming to oilman friends, leading to the Teapot Dome scandal. Once held by Albert Fall, FTP what is this cabinet position currently held by Ken Salazar and in charge of maintaining public lands?;;Secretary (of) (the) Interior
United States History;;Found in the English traditions since the reign of Henry II and recognized in the Magna Carta, this type of body was abolished in Britain in 1933.  In Hurtado v. California, the Supreme Court refused to use the Fourteenth Amendment to require that states use it.  States that do not use it typically have a preliminary hearing wherein a judge decides if there is enough evidence for trial.  Typically during it, prosecutors are the only ones that can call witnesses and enter evidence which lay people on this body evaluate to determine if the case should proceed to trial.  FTP what is this body that hands down indictments?;;grand jury
Geography;;Lake Umatilla was created by the opening of the John Jay Dam on this river.  Its namesake Bar prevented early explorers from sailing up it.  Lewis and Clark looked for a passage between it and the Missouri River, but none was found.  Had it been found, a passage from New Orleans to the Pacific would have been opened up.  The Snake River drains into, FTP, what large river which forms part of the border between Oregon and Washington, named for an early explorer of the Americas.;;Columbia (River)
Literature;;In its final form, this collection included a description of the narrator's tour of Westminster Abbey and a Gothic tale of a cavalier, Herman von Starkenfaust, who pretends to be a goblin to wed the daughter of a baron. The stories are connected by the titular gentleman-narrator, whose visits with the Bracebridge family were eventually incorporated into this work. Its two most famous parts claim to have been told to the narrator by a New York Dutchman, one describing the contest for Katrina between Brom Bones and Ichabod Crane, and the other the 20-year sleep of a Patroon. FTP what is this collection, including "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle," written by Washington Irving?;;(The) Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon
Computer Science;;A quantum algorithm that performs this operation in Big O of N to the one half time is called Grover's Algorithm.  Heuristic approaches to these algorithms include the Beam type, and one of the simplest examples recursively divides the dataset into two along a median and is known as the binary type.  Examples of this type of operation on a graph include Breadth-First and Depth-First.  FTP name these types of algorithms, famous examples of which include those that power Bing and Google to help you find things.;;Search (Algorithms)|Lookup (Algorithms)
Art;;Picasso's painting of this title is from his "Blue Period" and depicts a woman cradling her chin in her left hand while regarding a blue bottle and glass. Edouard Manet's shows a man wearing a cape and top hat standing with a discarded bottle by his right foot, with a glass of a light-green liquid visible to his right. The most famous painting of this title depicts the inebriated-looking actress Ellen Andree. FTP what is the shared title in English of these paintings of people imbibing a powerful alcohol distilled from wormwood?;;(The) Absinthe Drinker|(L')Absinthe
World History;;Along with Sukarno in Indonesia and Nasser in Egypt, this leader was a founder of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1955.  On his watch, the region of Assam was invaded by China, though he later antagonized the Chinese by granting asylum to the Dalai Lama. Under his prime minstership, his forces took Goa back from the Portuguese. FTP identify this leader who oversaw the partition of India and Pakistan, the father of Indira Gandhi and first prime minister of an independent India.;;(Jawaharalal) Nehru
Philosophy;;The orator Isocrates wrote a work titled "Against" this group, attacking their methods and propounding his own. The "Encomium to Helen" and "Defense of Palamedes" are works of one thinker of this bent, while the idea that "justice is nothing but the advantage of the stronger" is an idea attributed one of them named Thrasymachus. Another man associated with this group is famous for claiming that "man is the measure of all things": Protagoras. Also including Gorgias, FTP who were these traveling thinker-teachers much reviled by Socrates and Plato, the name of which now connotes flowery speech covering deception?;;Sophists
Literature;;In one literary work, a giant one of these animals enlists the collections officer Katagiri to help battle Worm and prevent an earthquake. That creature is a "Super" type that "Saves Tokyo" in a story by Haruki Murakami. This animal is the namesake of a comedy in which Xanthias is forced to wear Heracles' lion skin, and Dionysus brings back Aeschylus from Hades. In addition to naming that work by Aristophanes, this type of animal is owned by the gambler Jim Smiley, but has lead pellets poured down its throat to prevent it from being "celebrated" for its "jumping" in "Calaveras County". For 10 points, name this type of amphibian found in a Mark Twain story.;;Frog(s)
Pop Culture;;One early film role of this actor was MC Gusto in the fake documentary he wrote, CB4. His voice work has included Mooseblood the Mosquito in Bee Movie and Marty the Zebra in the Madagascar films.  With Louis C. K., he remade Chloe in the Afternoon in 2007's I Think I Love My Wife, and he also hosted the recent documentary, Good Hair.  This "thirteenth apostle" in Dogma has hosted comedy specials like "Never Scared" and "Bigger & Blacker".  He also fictionalized his youth in a CW show titled "Everybody Hates Him".  For 10 points, name this African-American comedian.;;(Christopher) (Julius) (Chris) Rock (III)
Religion/Mythology;;Celebration of this observance by adherents in Iran includes the kiddush levana, or blessing of the moon, and on it pregnant women offer two hens to the schochet for killing. Instituted by Leviticus 23:26 et passim, common observance includes a reading from Jonah, and it features the Shimon Edrei, or communal confession of sins. Its prohibitions include the wearing of cosmetics or leather, and it begins with the evening prayer known as Kol Nidre. Ending with the blowing of the tekiah gedolah on the shofar. FTP what is this tenth of Tishri holiday, the Jewish "Day of Atonement"?;;Yom Kippur
Noncomputational Math;;The rising type is often represented by the Pochhammer symbol, and Stirling's approximation gives a value for this function, which is equivalent to the gamma function for positive integers. This function appears in the denominator of each term in the Taylor series, and appears thrice in the binomial coefficient. Used in calculating combinations and permutations, this function, for a non-negative integer n, is defined as the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n. FTP name this function that is represented by an exclamation mark.;;factorial
Literature;;In one scene in this novel, Agustín punches one character in the face several times and calls him a "horse lover" in an attempt to provoke him into a fight. After that character, Pablo, goes out to check on his horses, a group including the main character and Pilar plan to kill him. Pablo later steals dynamite from the main character, who reflects angrily on the theft while lying in bed next to Maria. However, Pablo returns later with the dynamite, which allows the main character to proceed successfully with his plot to blow up a bridge. Robert Jordan breaks his leg and awaits death at the hands of Fascists at the end of, FTP, what Hemingway novel with a title taken from John Donne?;;For Whom the Bell Tolls
Geography;;This city's metropolitan area includes such towns as Oshawa, Pickering, and Oakville. Rivers to intersect it include the Humber River from the west and the Don River from the east. This city was home to the world's tallest free-standing structure decades until the construction of the Burj Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, and its First Canadian Centre is the tallest occupied building in the country. Located on the shores of Lake Ontario, FTP, identify this largest city of Canada.;;Toronto
Astronomy;;They are only found in masses between the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit and the Chandrasekhar limit.  Their existence was proposed by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1933 to explain how their formation could release the energy necessary to power supernovas.  The first was discovered in 1965 as a bright radio source in the Crab Nebula, the remnants of the supernova of AD 1054.  For10 points, name these massive, extremely dense stellar remnants created as massive stars collapse, a process only stopped by the degeneracy pressure of their nuclear particles.;;Neutron (stars)
World History;;He ordered the construction of two massive ships on Lake Nemi, whose wrecks were retrieved under Mussolini's orders.  Taking over from Juba II's son Ptolemy, he formally made Mauretania into a Roman province, and he also had the tetrarch Herod Antipas put to death.  His Praetorian guard Cassius Chaerea led the conspiracy to assassinate him just three years after his execution of Macro, the prefect whose support guaranteed his succession of Tiberius.  Described as insane by both Philo and Suetonius and followed by Claudius, for 10 points, what third emperor of Rome who ruled from 37 to 41 AD?;;Caligula
Pop Culture;;The favorite food of one character on this show is milksteak, and that character also lists his hobbies as "magnets".  Another character's mother disinherited her in her will by calling her a "disappointment and a mistake," despite the fact that she was a twin, and the mother left her house to her son Dennis.  Another time the gang was all in a production of The Nightman Cometh which was a ruse so Charlie could publicly propose to the waitress.  For 10 points, what is this show about the owners of Paddy's Pub set in the titular location that airs on FX and also stars Danny DeVito?;;It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
Religion/Mythology;;This work anticipates Patrick Henry when it condemns "prophets who say … 'Peace, peace!' and there is no peace," suggesting that "peace" be replaced with "cross".  It downplays the Pope's ability to forgive on his own as opposed to interceding for forgiveness, questions whether all the souls in Purgatory even wish to be released, and calls for St. Peter's Basilica to burn rather than have its rebuilding financed by "the exactions of the pardon-preachers".  For 10 points, what reaction to Johann Tetzel's commission to sell Papal indulgences was famously nailed to the door of Wittenberg's Castle Church by Martin Luther?;;95 Theses (on) (the) (Power) (and) (Efficacy) (of) (Indulgences)
Literature;;On the first day of the main character's trip in this novel, he stays in a guesthouse in Salisbury and remembers an incident in which his father drove around two drunken houseguests with the greatest of courtesy until they started insulting his employer, at which point his father pulled over the car until they apologized. In this novel, the main character's new employer, Mr. Farraday, makes him take a weeklong road trip vacation through England. The main character sets out to find Miss Kenton, the former housekeeper of Darlington Hall, in an attempt to bring her back to the house. For 10 points, the butler Stevens narrates what novel by Kazuo Ishiguro?;;(The) Remains of the Day
United States History;;Dr. Valentine McGillicuddy and John Gregory Bourke disagree over whether a guard's bayonet or his own knife killed this individual, and Touch the Clouds saved this man from assassination by No Water.  A witness of the Grattan Massacre, this man initiated the Fetterman Massacre, and suffered losses at Slim Buttes and Wolf Mountain before surrendering at Camp Robinson, Nebraska.  Victor of the Battle of the Rosebud, which prevented George Crook from bringing his troops to aid George Custer against this man and Chief Gall at Little Bighorn, for 10 points, name this Oglala Sioux war hero who fought alongside Red Cloud and Sitting Bull.;;Crazy Horse (the) (younger)|His Horse is Crazy|Thasu?ke Witko
Earth Science;;Rustad and Yin studied the distribution of iron isotopes in the lower portion of this region. Wadsleyite and ringwoodite are likely found in its transition zones. Its lowest portions likely contain post-perovskite, and its upper portion likely consists of peridotite, a rock composed of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene. The bottom portion of this layer is home to the D double prime region, and upwellings of magma are its namesake plumes. This layer is separated from the liquid outer core by the Gutenberg discontinuity and from the crust by the Mohorovicic discontinuity. For 10 points, name this layer of Earth's interior.;;mantle
Music;;Vi sings "Has Anyone Seen My Joe"? in this composer's opera Blue Monday. Orchestral works by this composer include Concerto in F and the Cuban Overture. One piece by this composer was featured in a 1951 movie starring Leslie Caron and Gene Kelluy, and has a score that calls for four taxi horns. His most famous piece was commissioned for a concert at Aeolian Hall by Paul Whiteman, was orchestrated by Ferde Grofe, and begins with a low trill in the clarinet followed by a glissando. For 10 points, name this American composer of An American in Paris and Rhapsody in Blue.;;(George) Gershwin
Religion/Mythology;;Carados accomplished this feat while Tristram and Iseult were traveling to Cornwall, and took a prisoner.  Bors de Ganis and Percevale also pulled it off, "as the book rehearseth in French".  Tristram and Gareth both did this at the Dame of Liones' tournament, and Marhaus came back from a morning disadvantage to accomplish it in the evening.  After doing it at Arthur's Christmas joust, Launcelot did this twice more while he was being sought out for slaying Gareth.  According to Malory, for 10 points, what achievement common to all these knights consisted of a combat over a son of Lot and Morgause, the brother of Agravaine and Mordred who, in another text, had some business with a Green Knight?;;defeating (Sir) Gawain|killing (Sir) Gawain
United States History;;Its first chairman was Charles Diggs, who promptly ended up on Nixon's enemies list for chairing it.  In 2004, a tense meeting between its members and Ralph Nader ended up in a shouting match with Nader saying Met Watt used a racial epithet against him twice.  In 2009, all 41 of its members voted for the seating of Roland Burris and Burris would go on to be the only Senate member of this group.  Originally founded by Charles Rangel, William Clay Sr., and Shirley Chisholm, among others, this is, for 10 points, what organization of African American representatives?;;Congressional Black Caucus
Literature;;He gets up amid the carnage of the battle of Shrewsbury and claims to have killed the rebellious Hotspur.  In an earlier scene, he imagines a chair cushion as a crown, a dagger as a scepter, and a chair as a throne to impersonate the king of England before he switches roles with Hostpur's true killer, Prince Hal.  A different play culminates with this character roaming around the woods at midnight with deer horns attached to his head. For 10 points, name this fat, lusty knight of Shakespeare's Henry IV and The Merry Wives of Windsor.;;(Sir) (John) Falstaff
Physics;;Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy is a technique that only works on species that exhibit this property.  Molecular Orbital Theory correctly predicts this property in oxygen molecules, contrary to the Lewis dot structure of oxygen.  For 10 points, name this chemical property in which an unpaired electron causes the molecule to be weakly attracted to an external magnetic field.;;paramagnetism|paramagnetic
Philosophy;;This author is credited with the origins of the "Second Wave" of the movement she is associated with. Her most famous work addresses the "problem with no name" and came about as a result of surveying her Smith College classmates. She went on to found the National Organization for Women after publishing a book suggesting that the modern world forces women to define themselves through their husbands and children. For 10 points, name this feminist author of The Feminine Mystique.;;(Betty) Friedan
Physics;;In the MSW effect, they experience coherent forward scattering in the presence of electrons, and their production in nuclei is governed by the Gamow-Teller selection rules, including no change in nuclear parity.  Despite their slower velocities, ones from Supernova 1987a reached Earth before photons from the same event because of their failure to interact electromagnetically on the way.  With intrinsic spin virtually always opposite their direction of travel, these "left-handed" candidate components of hot dark matter have been shown to change flavors between the Sun and Earth and thus must have nonzero mass.  Proposed by Pauli to make beta decay satisfy conservation laws, for 10 points, what are these weakly-interacting low-mass lepton cousins of the tau, muon, and electron?;;neutrino(s)
World History;;In 1442, he and his brother Radu were sent as hostages to the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.  The Ottomans under Murad II would put him on his father's throne but it wasn't until 396 when he finally succeeded in overthrowing his cousin and rival Vladislav II.  One story goes that his subjects were so afraid of him that they did not disturb a cup of solid gold reserved for thirsty travelers in the Square of Targoiste.  His subjects were right to be intimidated, as he had many boyars slaughtered using his preferred method, impalement.  For 10 points name this Prince of Wallachia believed to have inspired Bram Stoker's Dracula.;;Vlad (III|the Third){1}?|Vlad the Impaler;;Vlad
Art;;In addition to Van Gogh and Wyeth, Snoopy's doghouse has been graced by this artist's work, and he created a real-life piece depicting the doghouse in 2003.  Masaaki Nakamura was electrocuted while helping to disassemble this man's 1991 Japanese installation, "The Umbrellas", and his first project, "Iron Curtain," blocked a Paris street with oil barrels in 1962.  For 10 points, what conceptual artist is known for working with his wife, Jean Claude and has "wrapped" islands in Biscayne Bay, the Pont-Neuf, and the Reichstag in synthetic fabric, a technique he used in Central Park for 2005's "The Gates"?;;Christo (Vladimiroff) (Javacheff)
Literature;;Near its end, Norman Arriaga calls it "deliberate" that the word "free" in the national anthem is too high to sing.  This work's second half opens with a speech by Alexei Antediluvianovich Prelapsarianov opposing progress, which is also the message one of the titular creatures delivers to Prior Walter.  It was the most recent work listed in Harold Bloom's 1994 The Western Canon, and it includes such memorable scenes as Ethel Rosenberg's ghost reciting the Kaddish for Roy Cohn, who has died of AIDS.  Appearing in two parts, "Millennium Approaches" and "Perestroika," for 10 points, what "Gay Fantasia on National Themes" scored the 1993 and 1994 Best Play Tony awards for author Tony Kushner?;;Angels in America(:) (A) (Gay) (Fantasia) (on) (National) (Themes)
Literature;;One author from this country wrote about a naďve village boy recruited to fight in a civil war in his "novel in rotten English," Sozaboy. Another author from this country was awarded the 1991 Booker Prize for his best known work, The Famished Road. Another novel by an author from this nation is No Longer at Ease, which recounts the firing of a government worker, Obi Okonkwo, whose similarly named grandfather was the protagonist of the novel Things Fall Apart. For 10 points, name this nation of Ken Saro-Wiwa, Ben Okri and Chinua Achebe.;;Nigeria
Philosophy;;Theophrastus wrote that this author's one completed work was a papyrus he left in the Temple of Artemis which criticized Anaximander for underestimating the role of injustice in men's lives. Diogenes Laertius wrote that his works were left unfinished because of melancholia, which caused him to be referred to as the "the weeping philosopher".  His is known for arguing that "everything is in a state of flux," and he established a term for the fundamental order of the cosmos: Logos. For 10 points, name this pre-Socratic thinker who thought all matter was made of fire and said something about not being able to step into the same river twice.;;Heraclitus
Art;;On the left side of this painting we see a cross section of humanity, including a poacher, a cloth merchant, and a rabbi, who all seem to be focused on a dog standing over a guitar on the floor. On the right side of the painting are the intellectuals, including Charles Baudelaire, George Sand, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. These people surround the central figure in this painting, who is turned away from a nude model while he works on a landscape scene. For 10 points, name this painting by Gustave Courbet showing his place of work.;;(The) Artist's Studio
Literature;;This author's first book was a somewhat dismissive biography of a Pre-Raphaelite writer titled Rossetti: His Life and Works. He described the dismissal of Paul Pennyfeather from Oxford in his first novel, Decline and Fall, while William Boot gets the title sensational story in his novel Scoop.  Another novel of his focuses on the marriage breakdown of Tony and Lady Brenda Last, and in his most well-known novel Charles Ryder tells the story of the Marchmain family. For 10 points, name this author of A Handful of Dust and Brideshead Revisited.;;(Evelyn) Waugh
United States History;;Military conflicts in this state include the Tuscarora War, squelched by Governor Edward Hyde, and the Regulator Movement, in which the title dissidents dragged state officials through the then-capital of Hillsborough. The western portion of what is now this state, when led by John Sevier and named Franklin, received seven votes for admission at the Continental Congress, while its central "Piedmont" region saw the first sit-ins of the civil rights movement at a Woolworth's in Greensboro, and its locale of Kill Devil Hills was the site of the Wright Brothers' first successful heavier-than-air flight. For 10 points, name this state with capital at Raleigh.;;North Carolina
Noncomputational Math;;The hyperbolic version of this function is equal to one-half times the quantity e to the z plus e to the negative z, and the Taylor series expansion of it is negative one to the n times z to the two n divided by quantity two n factorial. For an object on an inclined plane, the normal force is balanced by a term that includes this function, which also appears with force and displacement in a formula for calculating work. A namesake law states c squared equals a squared plus b squared minus two a b times this function, which is the reciprocal of secant, and whose derivative is negative sine. For 10 points, name this trigonometric function that is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse in a right triangle.;;cos(ine)
Literature;;In one very short story by this author, Mrs. Mallard is secretly pleased by news of her husband Brently's death, but she has a heart attack when she learns that he actually survived a train crash. Another short work sees Calixta cheat on her husband with Alcee during the title event, a story so controversial it was only published in 1969, 70 years after composition. Besides "The Story of an Hour" and "The Storm," this author most famously wrote of another affair, this one leading to the suicide of the protagonist when she drowns herself. Describing the illicit romance of Robert LeBrun and Edna Pontellier, FTP name this author of The Awakening.;;(Kate) Chopin
Music;;This composer wrote "An du Natur" and 16 other songs for singer Therese Grob, whom he was too poor to marry. He also wrote many of his songs for Johann Michael Vogl, a baritone who greatly admired his work. His treatment of Goethe's Erlkoenig is particularly striking for its dramatic content, while one of his chamber pieces include a string quartet whose second movement is a set of variations on his song "Death and the Maiden". For 10 points, name this composer of The Trout Quintet and The Unfinished Symphony.;;(Franz) Schubert
Physics;;Mobility is related to the zeta potential, dielectric constant, and this quantity in the Smoluchowski equation. For gases, the variation of this quantity with temperature is given by Sutherland's formula. Measured with a Zahn cup, this quantity is squared in the Grashof number, and the ratio of this quantity to thermal diffusivity is the Prandtl number. When this quantity is zero, the Euler equations correspond to the Navier-Stokes equations. Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to this quantity, which is constant for Newtonian fluids. Measured in poise PWAHZ, this quantity is zero for superfluids. For 10 points, name this internal friction of a fluid that tends to resist its flow.;;viscosity|viscous force(s)
World History;;The core of one army in this battle was made up of full-time professional soldiers, called Housecarls. The victorious army in this battle was delayed by a storm for two days before finally landing at Pevensey, which was within two miles of the battle site at Senlac Hill. The losing army was probably weakened having fought a battle three weeks earlier at Stamford Bridge. For 10 points, name this 1066 battle depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry that saw William the Conqueror defeat Harold Godwinson.;;(Battle) (of) Hastings
Religion/Mythology;;The statement "Ik Onkar" is a central belief in this faith and is the first line of its Mul Mantra. The Khanda is an important symbol of this religion, which also shows a rejection of the caste system by mandating a single surname for male practitioners. Followers adhere to the articles of faith known as the five K's, of which one practice is to carry a comb at all times, as adherents are not permitted to cut their hair. For 10 points, name this Indian religion whose tenth and final guru was Gobind Singh and whose founder was Guru Nanak.;;Sikh(ism)
Literature;;This author satirized the Calvinism of Jonathan Edwards in a poem about a "Deacon's Masterpiece" that lasted exactly 100 years and then fell apart all at once, "The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay". One of the so-called Fireside Poets, a speaker in one of his poems exhorts, "Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul," while another begins with a call to "tear the tattered ensign down" from the title vessel, which was being retired. Also the author of the series of essays titled The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, FTP name this poet of "The Chambered Nautilus" and "Old Ironsides," father and namesake of a Supreme Court justice.;;(Oliver) (Wendell) Holmes(,) (Sr.)
Physics;;The difference between this value for constituent atoms increases going up the right side of Ketelaar's triangle. The spectroscopic type of it was developed by Leland Allen, and it is inversely proportional to the square of the covalent radius and proportional to the effective nuclear charge in the Allred-Rochow type. Ionization energy and electron affinity are added together to determine the Mulliken type, and fluorine, measuring four, has the highest value according to the Pauling scale for it. For 10 points, name this measure of the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons within bonds.;;electronegativity
World History;;Conquest of this country was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia who founded the capital city in 1541.  The original inhabitants were the Mapuche people, who severely injured Sir Francis Drake as he circumnavigated the world, but he took revenge and sacked this country's chief port city of Valparaiso. The Battle of Chacabuco took place during its war for independence, which was led by Bernardo O'Higgins. For 10 points, identify this country which was once led by Salvador Allende before he was overthrown by a military junta under the leadership of Augusto Pinochet.;;(Republic) (of) Chile
Economics;;This man proved the isometric embeddability of abstract Riemannian manifolds, and that work was shown to be applicable to the periods of celestial orbits by Jurgen Moser. In 1994 he shared the Nobel Prize in Economical Sciences with Reinhard Selten <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Selten> and John Harsanyi <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harsanyi>. He's best known for positing a game situation in which players are aware of each others' strategies and need make no changes to benefit maximally, his namesake equilibrium. For 10 points name this oft-troubled mathematician whose life was the subject of the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind.;;(John) (Forbes) Nash(,) (Jr.)
Physics;;The nature of these substances was studied by Richard Zsigmondy with an ultramicroscope. The stability of the lyophobic type of these substances is described by the quadruply-eponymous DLVO theory, and the addition of electrolytes to them causes flocculation. The scattering of light by these substances is known as the Tyndall effect, and types of them include foams, emulsions, and aerosols. For 10 points, name these mixtures in which one solute-like component is dispersed as very fine particles in a solvent-like substance, examples of which include smoke and milk.;;colloid(s)|colloidal dispersion(s)
World History;;Along with Uzbekistan, this principality is the only landlocked country to be surrounded entirely by other landlocked countries.  Its legislative body, the Landtag, consists of 25 members of parliament, who meet no more than ten times per year.  In 1868, this nation's army was disbanded for financial reasons, leaving it utterly defenseless in 2007 when 170 Swiss soldiers accidentally invaded.  For 10 points, name this German-speaking microstate with capital at Vaduz.;;(Principality) (of) Liechtenstein
United States History;;Clarence Darrow represented this man in his conspiracy trial for violation of an injunction not to impede mail delivery in 1895. This man's essential philosophy was summed during an earlier trial when he declaimed that "While there is a lower class I am in it; while there is a criminal element I am of it; while there is a soul in prison, I am not free".  Frustrated with the "War of the Brotherhoods," this man helped found the American Railway Union.  For 10 points, name this frequent Socialist presidential candidate who won over a million votes while in prison during World War I.;;(Eugene) (Victor) Debs
Literature;;This country was the native land of Bruno Schulz and provides the setting for his story collection The Street of Crocodiles. The historical novel Quo Vadis was written by a man from this nation who won the Nobel for literature in 1905, and another Nobel winner from this nation is surnamed Reymont and won in 1924. Solaris is a science fiction novel written by a native of this nation, Stanislaw Lem. What is this nation, for 10 points, birthplace of Nobel-winning poets Czelaw Milosz mee-losh and Wislawa Szymborska shim-bor-ska and the novelist Henry Sienkiewicz sign-kah-vitch?;;Poland
Religion/Mythology;;Later in his life this figure's intended bride Grainne ran off with Diarmuid who would join him in a boar hunt and get badly gored.  He would later fail to save Diarmuid's life by letting water intended for Diarmuid slip through his fingers for water drunk from his hands had healing powers.  Among his other powers was that while sucking his thumb he could summon wisdom from a burn he received while cooking for Finnegas. For 10 points, name this hero of Irish myth who will wake from his cave below Dublin to save Ireland in her direst hour and tasted of the Salmon of Knowledge.;;Finn (McCool)
Art;;Numerous bees, symbols of the Barberini family, adorn the four columns of this man's colossal work marking the supposed burial place of St. Peter, his Baldecchino. His mastery of marble sculpture exemplified by his sculptures The Rape of Proserpina and Apollo and Daphne, while another of his outdoor works surrounds an Egyptian obelisk and depicts personifications of the Nile, Ganges, Danube, and Rio de la Plata. For 10 points, name this Baroque sculptor known best for his Ecstasy of St. Teresa.;;(Gian) (Lorenzo) Bernini
Noncomputational Math;;This man and Kuzmin name the distribution of digits in a continued fraction, and he proved the triangular case of the Fermat polygonal number theorem.  His theorema egregium states that the product of a surface's principal curvatures is invariant under local isometry, while his constant equals 1 over the arithmetic-geometric mean of 1 and the square root of 2 and comes up in the algorithm for approximating pi named for him and Legendre.  He first suggested the logarithmic integral as an approximation for the prime-counting function, and it takes On3 big O of n cubed operations to perform the matrix inversion algorithm named for him and Jordan.  For 10 points, identify this prolific mathematician who shot to fame by predicting the orbit of Ceres using the method of least squares.;;(Johann) (Carl) (Friedrich) Gauss
Literature;;This man used the word "amative" to describe the love of man for woman and the word "adhesive" to describe the love of man for man; the former type dominates his cycle of poems called "Children of Adam," while the latter dominates his "Calamus" cycle. He  describes becoming "tired and sick" during the title time and later looking up "in perfect silence at the stars" in his "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer," while in another poem he describes the "Flood-tide below me!" in "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry". FTP name this American author who included these works, as well as the massive "Song of Myself," in his ever-growing collection Leaves of Grass.;;(Walt) Whitman
World History;;It was negotiated in both Munster and Osnabrucks.  Cardinal Richilieu blocked efforts for negotiations in Cologne between France and the Hapsburgs, because he wanted all of France's allies to be included.  This led to over 109 delegations taking place in the negotiations of this agreement which would recognize the existence of the nation-state for the first time in Europe.  For 10 points what is this name given to the two treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648?;;(Peace of) Westphalia|(Treaty of) Westphalia
United States History;;His most recent book, Within Our Means, was scheduled for release in 2010, but was shelved.  When he ran for reelection for his current position in 2006, he was initially denied a ballot due to not having his voter registration card, though he went on to beat Tommy Moore by a substantial margin.  In 2004, when his state overrode all but one of his vetoes, he brought live pigs into the House chamber to protest wasteful spending.  Recently he is noted for a June 2009 disappearance and subsequent admission of an extramarital affair in Argentina.  For 10 points, who is this governor of South Carolina?;;(Mark) Sanford
Philosophy;;This person wrote an essay critical of the "interpretation of consciousness" position he credited to Hamilton, and lambasted self-abnegation and the preoccupation with consensus in "Auguste Comte and Positivism", calling the latter author a "liberticide".  He added to Avicenna's techniques of induction the method of residues, and in the same work argued that "all inference is from particulars to particulars".  He insisted that men are themselves corrupted and unable to function civically due to the title concept of The Subjection of Women, deriving his objections to it from the same fundamentals that led to the "very simple principle" of his On Liberty.  Who was, for 10 points, this English naturalistic philosopher who redefined the title school of ethics in his Utilitarianism?;;(John) (Stuart) Mill
Literature;;This figure considered a giant thermocouple impractical for powering his Krupp engines, using sodium-mercury batteries instead.  This descendant of Sultan Tipu of Mysore is revealed to Cyrus Smith on his deathbed as the genie of Lincoln Island, years after he claimed the South Pole with a black flag.  Exiled after his leadership in the Sepoy Rebellion and thereafter operating under a pseudonym also used by Odysseus, this polyglot's lasting hatred for Britain leads to his declaring "I am the law!  I am justice!" and ramming a frigate before turning his own vessel toward the Maelstrom.  Born Prince Dakkar, for 10 points, what name meaning "nobody" was used by the captain of the Nautilus created by Jules Verne?;;(Captain) Nemo
United States History;;This man's father, for whom he was named, was the lead investigator in the Lindbergh baby kidnapping.  Since his diagnosis in 1993, he became a spokesman for prostate cancer awareness and has also issued an autobiography It Doesn't Take a Hero.  In 1991, he was made an honorary corporal in the French Foreign Legion, the only American to receive that honor.  This was due to his success in orchestrating the four-day ground campaign against the forces of Saddam Hussein.  For 10 points, name this Commander of Coalition Forces in the first Gulf War.;;(Herbert) (Norman) Schwarzkopf(,) (Jr.)
Biology;;The conformational change from the T to R state of this protein increases its binding affinity for its ligand. BPG, hydrogen ions, and carbon dioxide stabilize the T state, and the Hill equation gives a sigmoidal curve with slope of about 3 to model the binding affinity. This protein contains a porphyrin ring, and a rare misshape of this protein leads to sickle-cell anemia. Positive cooperation is exhibited by the four subunits of, for 10 points, what iron-containing protein that transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to body tissues?;;hemoglobin
Music;;Frank Zappa covered this piece in 1993, and a 90-second jazz version was played on the BBC's The Fast Show.  Its main theme had previously appeared at the end of the composer's Concerto for Prepared Piano and Orchestra and in his Sonatas and Interludes, and it liberally quotes Alphonse Allais' Funeral March for the Obsequies of a Deaf Man.  Inspired by Robert Rauschenberg's use of negative space, it was premiered at Woodstock in 1952 by avant-garde pianist David Tudor, who closed the keyboard's lid to begin of each movement of, for 10 points, what most famous piece by John Cage in which no notes are played?;;4(')33('')
Chemistry;;To correct for beds of porous particles, Rodrigues and his colleagues added a function of the Peclet number to the Van Deemter equation for plate height in this process.  This technique commonly uses a spectrophotometer with vessels 4.6 mm in diameter, but mass spectroscopy may be used to find peaks at smaller scales.  Retention time typically varies with a solute's hydrophobicity, which dictates how well it adsorbs on a stationary phase.  For 10 points, identify this technique that uses a vertical tube to separate dissolved substances, a bulk process contrasted with thin-layer methods.;;column chromatography|h(igh-)p(erformance) l(iquid) c(hromatography)
World History;;In 1987, this leader's grave was desecrated and his hands were severed with a chainsaw.  Following his first overthrow in 1955, he resided in Venezuela where he had to deal with several attempted kidnappings and assassination attempts ordered by Pedro Aramburu.  In 1973 he would return to power and his wife Isabel would succeed him following his 1974 death.  That spouse is not as well remembered amongst his people as his second wife, a former actress popularly dubbed "Evita".  For 10 points, name this Argentine president and husband of Eva Peron.;;Juan Peron
Literature;;This figure was admonished, "O come, you pious youth; adore / The wisdom of thy God" in a poem to her by Jupiter Hammon.  This poet argues, "'Tis Satan's snares a-fluttering in the wind / Whereby he has ensnared thy foolish mind" in her "Deism", a lost work published in 1977 in the New England Quarterly.  The Christianity she was taught informed much more of her poetry, including "Goliath of Gath", but she also penned an ode to Neptune on a mistress's voyage to England.  Thomas Jefferson panned her compositions as "beneath the dignity of criticism," and Henry Louis Gates has written on the Trials of, for 10 points, what author of Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, a Boston slave and founding figure in African-American literature?;;(Phillis) Wheatley
Literature;;A magazine editor claims that his pet baboon, Juniper, has written Gothic tales for a certain magazine in this author's short story "How to Write a Blackwood Article". In the best-selling work of his lifetime a Black man named Jupiter describes a map of the location of Captain Kidd's treasure to William Legrand. In addition to "The Gold Bug," this author wrote of the twins Madeline and Roderick whose home collapses into a bog in a story collected in Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. FTP name this American creator of the detective C. Auguste Dupin who also wrote "The Fall of the House of Usher".;;(Edgar) (Allan) Poe
Physics;;Light beams interacting with acoustic waves in quartz results in the Schaefer-Bergmann type of this phenomenon. The fields resulting from this phenomenon for two arrangements with the same geometry are complementary according to Babinet's principle. Plane wave fronts produce patterns named for the Fraunhofer type of this phenomenon, and concentric circles are the patterns produced by the Fresnel type of it. This phenomenon leads to a formula for the limitation in angular resolution known as the Rayleigh criterion, and it can also create Airy disks. Conditions that produce this phenomenon are governed by Bragg's Law, and in Young's double-slit experiment, it caused each slit to act as a line source. For 10 points, name this bending of waves around the edge of an obstacle.;;diffraction
United States History;;A fighter pilot's crash landing on a Hawaiian island, sometimes referred to as the Niihau Incident, is posited by some historians as one basis for these. The congressional report "Personal Justice Denied" recommended reparations for those relocated to them, and in 1992 surviving residents of these sites were offered $20,000 in redress. Found exclusively in the West, they included Manzanar and Tule Lake, and they were created by Executive Order 9066. FTP what were these sites, the existence of which was upheld by the Supreme Court decision in Korematsu v. US, to which certain American citizens were forced to relocate during WWII?;;Japanese Internment (Camps)
Music;;One piece of Hungarian gypsy music by this composer was scored for lutheal accompaniment. In addition to Tzigane, he composed the movements "Sad Birds" and "A Boat on the Ocean" for his piano suite Mirrors. Paul Wittgenstein commissioned him to compose Piano Concerto for the Left Hand, and he also wrote Pavane for a Dead Princess and music for the ballet Daphnis et Chloe. His most famous work was commissioned by Ida Rubinstein, features an ostinato rhythm played by the snare drum, and is named for a Spanish dance. For 10 points, name this composer of Bolero.;;(Maurice) Ravel
Geography;;The reservation community of Teec Nos Pos is the closest inhabited area to this site, and it is maintained by the Navajo, whose capital of Window Rock is 15 miles southwest of this site. Ozone damage has been recorded above this site, caused by pollution from the Kayenta Coal mine nearby. The platform raised above this site in 1912 includes the flags of the Navajo and Ute nations, along with those of the US states joined there. FTP what is this numerically named location at which the states of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona meet at 90-degree angles?;;Four Corners
Pop Culture;;In this man's 2003 film, Wallace Shawn portrays the nefarious Baron von Westphalen and Justin Timberlake portrays a drug dealer.  Like his most famous film, this one was considered too confusing for a widespread release and was a commercial flop.  His previous film included Patrick Swayze as a pedophile self help guru and Jake and Maggie Gyllenhaal as siblings stuck in an alternate timeline which requires the former to sacrifice his life to correct.  His most recent film includes a disfigured man giving people a button that kills someone for money. FTP identify this director of Southland Tales, Donnie Darko, and most recently The Box.;;(Richard) Kelley
World History;;This empire came into being after forces led by Soumauro were defeated at the Battle of Kirina. Its ruler Kankou ordered the building of its Great Mosque  from mud with distinctive round projections, and it grew wealthy from trade in salt and gold. The latter metal was prevalent enough that one of this empire's rulers spent so much of it on his 1324 hajj that the value of gold was depreciated for over a decade in Egypt. Founded by Sundiata, FTP name this West African empire later ruled by Mansa Musa who ruled from Timbuktu.;;Mali (Empire)
Biology;;The membrane of this structure features a channel composed of Tom40 proteins, and amphipathic N-terminal signal sequences direct proteins to this structure. A missing protein in this structure is the cause of Friedreich's ataxia, and altered signaling pathways in this structure are the cause of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Like the nucleus, it is surrounded by a double membrane, and this organelle has numerous invaginations called cristae. Home to the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain, this organelle has its own DNA. FTP name this organelle that produces the energy molecule ATP.;;mitochondria|mitochondrion
Literature;;A fictional version of this man claims that women are coming to kill him at a festival at the opening of Aristophanes' play Thesmophoriazusae. This illustrates Aristophanes' view that works by this man like Philoctetes and Ion portrayed women badly. One of his best-known works ends with the title figure appearing above the stage in the chariot of Helios, bearing the bodies of her children, whom she killed herself, away from her husband who left her for Glauce. FTP name this author of Medea and The Trojan Women.;;Euripides
Religion/Mythology;;Those obliged to follow this injunction are named in the sura at-Taubah, and it is distinguished from a non-obligatory form known as sadaqa. In Shi'ism, this pillar is differentiated from khums, which is specifically meant for the Hidden Imam and his deputies. It is only applicable above the threshold known as the nisab, and it customarily is constituted as 10% of harvest and livestock or 2.5% of wealth. One of the Five Pillars, FTP what is this practice of alms-giving in Islam?;;Zakat|Zakah;;giving of alms
Art;;In preparation to depict human agony in this painting, the artist repeatedly visited the Hospital Beaujon to sketch dying patients. As he began his final version of this work, he reversed the orientation of an early attempt titled  "Sighting of the Argus," making the main action and figures face right. Only the legs and torso of the figure in the lower right can be seen, while four huddled figures create a structural triangle with the vessel's mast in the central left. Depicting the survivors of a shipwreck near Mauritania, FTP name this 1819 work by Theodore Gericault.;;(The) Raft of the Medusa
Chemistry;;The phenyl types of these compounds are rearranged in a reaction named for Fries FREEZ. A tertiary alcohol with two identical substituents is the result of reacting these compounds with an excess of Grignard reagent. Two of these compounds can participate in the Claisen condensation, and the cyclic types are called lactones. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is one of these compounds, as is triglyceride. In an acid-catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution, these compounds are formed by an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. In addition to that reaction named for Fischer, these compounds undergo saponification when heated with a strong base. For 10 points, name these compounds noted for their fruity smells.;;ester(s)
United States History;;This man led a band of six followers in the ambush and killing of federal agent Wiley Thompson outside Fort King, the outpost which grew into the city of Ocala. That shooting stemmed from this man's refusal to abide by the terms of the Treaty of Payne's Landing, and he later killed the Chief Charlie Emathla for accepting money from US agents in return for pushing tribal people to relocate to Fort Brooke. War broke out soon thereafter, and near its culmination US General Thomas Jesup called Coa Hadjo and this man to a meeting under a flag of truce, at which Jesup took them prisoner, sending this man to die of malaria at Fort Moultrie in South Carolina. Serving as a war chief under Grand Chief Micanopy, FTP name this Seminole warrior.;;Osceola
Anthropology;;Mary Catherine Bateson , the daughter of the author of this book, wrote a new forward for it, "Words for a New Century," which discusses the theme of the last chapter, "Education for Choice". It was heavily criticized in a work subtitled "The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth," written by Derek Freeman. Its thesis suggests that children and teenagers in the titular society suffer less psychologically due to looser sexual mores than teenagers in America. FTP name this controversial anthropological study written by Margaret Mead.;;Coming of Age in Samoa
Literature;;Carl Sandburg describes buying some brass knuckles in this historical figure's "city" in his poem "Knucks". Vachel Lindsay described this man "pacing up and down . . . near the old court house" in his poem with a title stating that this man "walks at midnight," while Edwin Arlington Robinson called him "The Master" in another poem. His best known poetic chronicler described him in "This Dust Was Once the Man" as well as in a poem in which he apostrophizes him as "the fallen Western star," the poem "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd". FTP who is this historical figure whom Walt Whitman also apostrophized as "O Captain! My Captain!"?;;(Abraham) Lincoln
World History;;The people associated with this nation were pushed to the west of the Don by the Khazars and settled in their current location in the ninth century. Esztergom served as the capital of this nation's people in the 11th century when they were ruled by the Arpad Dynasty, the most notable exemplar of which was St. Stephen I, who converted them to Western Christianity.  Eventually this kingdom reached as far south as Transylvania, but after the Mongols crushed them in the 13th century, the capital was moved to Buda.  In the nineteenth century, it agreed to a dual monarchy with one seat of power in Vienna. FTP identify this nation in the Carpathians, south of Austria and the Czech Republic, with a capital at Budapest.;;Hungary
Noncomputational Math;;The value of this expression is the subject of Hadamard's inequality and the Cauchy-Binet formula. One method of calculating this expression involves cofactors and uses the Laplace expansion, and a type named for a Polish mathematician that can determine linear independence is known as the Wronskian. The area of a parallelogram is the absolute value of this expression, and invertible matrices have non-zero values for it. This expression can be used in Cramer's rule to solve a system of linear equations. For 10 points, name this value that can be computed as ad minus bc for a two by two square matrix.;;determinant
Philosophy;;The Kyriai Doxai, or "Principal Doctrines," is a collection of forty aphorisms by this thinker which were preserved by Diogenes Laertius. His house near Athens on the road from Dipylos featured a secluded garden which gave its name to the community of like-minded followers who met with him there. He extolled the importance of ataraxia, or "freedom from disturbance," an idea propounded by his later follower Lucretius, which could be attained by limiting desire but by satisfying necessities. FTP name this Hellenistic philosopher whose namesake school equates pleasure with the good.;;Epicurus
Literature;;The word "vegetable" is used in an archaic manner to mean "flourishing" in this poem, describing the speaker's love that could "grow/Vaster than empires". The speaker urges his addressee to "roll all our strength and all/Our sweetness up into one ball" and states that, "though we cannot make our sun/Stand still, yet we can make him run". The speaker argues that the addressee's "quaint honor will turn to dust" soon enough, so they should "sport us while we may". Suggesting the title behavior would be "no crime" had they "but world enough and time," FTP what is this poem in which the speaker tries to convince a woman to get with him, the most famous work of Andrew Marvell?;;(")To His Coy Mistress(")
Literature;;This man published his first two works, the plays Henry III and his Court and Christine, while working for the Duc d'Orleans, whose ascension to the throne as Louis Philippe this man supported. His novel, George, deals with issues of colonialism and race and was largely inspired by the experiences of his parternal grandmother, a French-African Haitian.  Another novel, The Vicomte de Bragelonne, is divided into three parts, the last of which is The Man in the Iron Mask.  For 10 points name this author who created the character of Edmond Dantes in The Count of Monte Cristo.;;(Alexandre) Dumas
United States History;;This man succeeded Gardiner Greene Hubbard, his father-in-law, as the president of the National Geographic Society.  At the age of twelve he developed a device to dehusk wheat.  In 1881, he cobbled together what is sometimes credited as the first metal detector in order to ascertain the location of a bullet lodged in President James Garfield.  His most successful invention was inspired by work with acoustics which he pursued after his mother went deaf.  For 10 points, name this inventor of the telegraph and the telephone.;;(Alexander) (Graham) Bell
Pop Culture;;One of this company's products was the first to be scanned using a UPC bar code.  A ballpark named for its founder was the first home of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in their debut year.  In 2003, it discontinued its unpopular Surpass brand, and the next year it acquired Altoids from Kraft Foods.  Recent new products include Lush, Flare, Rain, and Cobalt from its 5 line.  For 10 points, what is this company that makes Big Red and Juicy Fruit, popular brands of its gum?;;(William) Wrigley (Jr.) (Company)
Biology;;Castanospermine interferes with this substance's storage in livestock, and uridine-5-triphosphate provides the energy for its formation.  Pompe's disease is a genetic impairment in ability to use this molecule.  After being debranched, its monomers may be used to produce NADPH in the pentose phosphate pathway.  Depletion of the body's supplies of this chemical is responsible for the wall that marathon runners hit, its breakdown is stimulated by glucagon, and its branched structure makes it more immediately usable than amylose.  For 10 points, what polysaccharide performs an energy-storage function analogous to starch in animals?;;glycogen
Art;;David Dabydeen wrote a novel in verse about this painting, currently on display at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and John Ruskin described it in the first volume of "Modern Painters". It was partially inspired by Captain Luke Collingwood throwing 122 people, whom he described as "cargo," overboard in the so-called "Zong Massacre". This painting depicts ghastly sea creatures devouring drowning humans, and the artist created it in order to assist the abolitionist movement. The titular vessel sits in the background of the chaos in, for 10 points, what painting of the transport of chattel by Joseph Turner?;;(The) Slave Ship|Slavers Throwing overboard the Dead and Dying (Typhoon coming on)
Chemistry;;Sodium fluoride acts as one of these when dissolved in bromine trifluoride, because it increases the concentration of the characteristic anion.  They are often but not always strong nucleophiles.  Usanovich defined them in the most general way possible as electron donors.  Other definitions state that they donate an electron pair, or that they accept a hydrogen ion.  For ten points, name this class of compound, the most common example of which is sodium hydroxide.;;bases
Literature;;The author was going to name the main character of this book Connie Gustafson, but changed it to one that better fit her personality.  That girl, a 19 year old from Texas who has just moved to New York City, has numerous, rich lovers, including Rusty Trawler. On Thursdays she gets the "weather report" from Sally Tomato who is being held at Sing Sing prison.  She dubs the unnamed narrator "Fred" and they become friends.  Only the title location can cure Holly Golightly of the "mean reds" in, for 10 points, what Truman Capote novel that inspired a movie featuring George Peppard and Audrey Hepburn?;;Breakfast at Tiffany's
World History;;This action was roused by the preaching of Fulk of Neuilly and initially led by Count Thibaut of Champagne, but upon his death it was taken over by the Italian Boniface of Montferrat, who assembled a fleet for Egypt.  The Venetians agreed to support the passage but demanded large monetary reparations, and when its participants were unable to pay, it altered the purpose of the enterprise for debt repayment.  Manifesting the Great Schism between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches, this is, for 10 points, what event that culminated in the sacking of Constantinople in the early Thirteenth Century?;;Fourth Crusade
Religion/Mythology;;Saint Theodoret issued guidelines for this procedure in the 5th century, and Pope Innocent III clarified how it should be performed in the 13th century.  In the Tridentine Mass, a priest performs this action 25 times over the bread and wine during the Canon of the Mass.  Roman Catholic bishops do this three times when blessing a large group of people.  Western Christians make this from left to right, Orthodox Christians from right to left, and Evangelical Protestants don't perform it at all.  In a Roman Catholic mass, this motion accompanies the introductory greeting and final blessing.  For 10 points, name this hand motion which sequentially touches the head, chest, and two shoulders.;;Sign of the Cross|Signum Crucis
Religion/Mythology;;If one looks at the moon purposely on this deity's holiday, he will be falsely accused, but if one inadvertently sees the moon, he can recite the tale of the Symantaka jewel to receive this deity's favor. That holiday is celebrated as this deity's Chaturthi festival, for which clay models are made to which sweets are offered to this deity. The break in one of his most prominent features is sometimes explained as happening when he cracked one of them off to use to write down Vyasa's dictation of the Mahabharata. Thus he is often shown with one tusk broken off. Considered the "remover of obstacles," FTP name this elephantine Hindu god.;;Ganesh|Ganesha
Geography;;Kras, Slovenia, was deforested to supply foundations for the buildings in this location, which is connected to Porto Marghera by the Ponte della Libertŕ.  Neighbored by Lido to the southeast and Murano to the northeast, this comune is divided into six sestiere.  The acqua alta phenomenon results in flooding of Chioggia and this area, but is not related to the 20th century subsidence of this settlement.  Though it includes an island called Giudecca, Cannaregio in the north was the site of its famous Jewish ghetto.  For 10 points, what city on the Adriatic is home to historic sites such as the Rialto Bridge and the Grand Canal?;;Venice|Venezia|Venesia
Physics;;He originally ranked himself a 2.5, but he later promoted himself to a 2.  Born in Baku in 1908, he was recognized as a child prodigy, entering university at age 14 and receiving his doctorate in theoretical physics from Leningrad State University at 21.  He moved to Copenhagen to study under Niels Bohr, but he returned to the Soviet Union where he was arrested in one of Stalin's purges.  He was only released after his friend Pyotr Kapitsa, an experimental low temperature physicist, swore that only he could solve a problem about liquid helium.  For ten points, name this physicist, who received the Nobel Prize in 1962 for his theory of superfluidity.;;(Lev) Landau
United States History;;Barney Elliott's 16mm film captured the death of the only casualty during the most famous event on this structure, that of the cocker spaniel Tubby, lost in Leonard Coatsworth's car.  Designer Leon Moiseiff placed the lowest bid to build it by proposing the first structure of its kind to use plate girders in place of an open truss, making it both thin and impassable for breezes.  Although its transverse mode was known since its opening, failure occurred when aerostatic flutter induced a new torsional vibration mode that twisted it beyond its cables' tensile strength.  For 10 points, what Washington State structure nicknamed "Galloping Gertie" violently collapsed into Puget Sound in a 40-MPH crosswind on November 7th, 1940?;;(first) Tacoma Narrows Bridge
Literature;;Ganya asks this character if he would marry such a woman as the one in a portrait in General Epanchin's office at the beginning of the novel in which this character appears. This man replies, "I can't marry anybody, I'm unwell". Dr. Schneider treats his illness somewhat successfully in Switzerland, although he still occasionally has seizures. At a party, this character witnesses the woman with whom he is in love throw a hundred thousand rubles, given to her by Rogozhin, into a fireplace. That woman, Nastasya Filipovna, eventually discloses that she loves the main character, but fears that she would destroy him if they were together. For 10 points, identify this title character of a Dostoevsky novel.;;(The) Idiot|(Prince) Myshkin
Art;;This man co-wrote the book The Foundations of Modern Art with Amedee Ozenfant, advocating Purism, a non-decorative offshoot of Cubism. He devised a philosophy of apportioning scale in his work called the Modulor, and his designs were marked by recurring themes such as pilotis, white concrete walls, strip windows, and roof gardens, most aptly characterized by his Villa Savoy, though one notable piece, Notre Dame du Haut in Ronchamp, belies this pattern.  For 10 points, name this Swiss-French architect who designed the city of Chandigarh and considered houses "a machine for living in".;;(Le) Corbusier|(Charles-Edouard) Jeanneret
Religion/Mythology;;One offspring of this deity was the murderous Kyknos, who was building a temple from the bones of his victims before being killed by Heracles. In Sparta, youths would sacrifice puppies to this god, and a statue of him in chains stood just east of Sparta.  When Cadmus killed a dragon guarding a spring sacred to this deity, he had to work for him for eight years, though Cadmus did get to marry this god's daughter Harmonia. His sister was the personification of discord, Eris, and his sons were Phobos and Deimos.  For 10 points, name this Greek war god.;;Ares
Biology;;A cover-up of its effect on Belgian chicken farms cost the Christian People's Party the premiership in 1999 and was known as this "Affair".  Contamination with it also prompted the Irish Pork Crisis of 2008, and its effects were exploited in the US Army's Operation Ranch Hand.  Regulated in the EU by the Seveso II directive, sealant containing it was sprayed on roads in Times Beach, Missouri, and the second-largest dose ever measured was absorbed by Ukrainian presidential hopeful Viktor Yushchenko in 2004.  For 10 points, name this class of poisonous compounds, the active ingredient in Agent Orange.;;(polychlorinated) (dibenzo)dioxin(s)
United States History;;These troops made up the majority of what was known as the Convention Army, troops given parole after the Battle of Bemis Heights. Many believe Benjamin Franklin wrote the satire titled "The Sale of these troops," which purported that a certain count wanted more of them to die in battle, as the British paid only for dead ones, not wounded ones. First seeing action at the Battle of Long Island, they later were the majority of those surprised by Washington's crossing of the Delaware, after which 900 were captured. Coming from Zerbst, Waldeck, and Brunswick, FTP name these paid conscripts who nonetheless are generally known by the name of one region of Germany, troops who helped the British in the American Revolution.;;Hessian(s)
Literature;;This author described the dissolution of the marriage of Marcia and Bartley Hubbard in one novel, while in another the Socialist Civil War veteran Lindau is contends with the millionaire Dryfoos as observed by the narrator, Basil March. In addition to A Modern Instance and A Hazard of New Fortunes, this man served as editor of The Atlantic Monthly in the 1870s. His best-known novel details the title character's attempts to buy his way into the upper-class by marrying his daughter to Tom Corey after making his fortune in the paint business. For 10 points, name this author of The Rise of Silas Lapham.;;(William) (Dean) Howells
Earth Science;;A method of forecasting associated with these phenomena is known as the Rutschblock test. These phenomena can be caused by the rapid diffusion of warm air from the ground, which creates unstable layers of depth hoar. One type of this phenomenon is facilitated by the presence of a lubricating layer, and a majority of deaths are caused by the slab type. Most of them occur on slopes between thirty and forty-five degrees and their speeds can reach over two hundred miles per hour. FTP name these phenomena in which large masses of snow rapidly slide down a mountain.;;avalanche(s)
Philosophy;;One work by this author attempts to defend the truth of divine revelation against such Freethinkers as the Earl of Shaftesbury; titled with the name of a Greek sophist, it is subtitled The Minute Philosopher. In addition to writing Alciphron, this author also rejected Newtonian mechanics in De Motu. He critiques materialist ontologies and empiricist epistemologies in a work that presents his so-called "master argument," regarding conceivability in which one of the interlocutors is meant to represent John Locke. Claiming "to be is to be perceived," FTP name this Anglo-Irish immaterialist philosopher and fan of tar-water, author of Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous.;;(George) Berkeley
Literature;;The speaker cries out that he will "fly to" the title figure in this poem, "Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,/But on the viewless wings of Poesy". Later he addresses the title figure as "Darkling," and admits that he has "been half in love with easeful Death". The poem ends with an illustration of the author's concept of "negative capability,"  with the speaker wondering about the title figure's song, "Was it a vision, or a waking dream? Fled is that music-do I wake or sleep"? FTP what is this 1819 poem which begins, "My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains/My sense," a work addressed to an avian creature by John Keats?;;(")Ode to a Nightingale(")
United States History;;Article III of the bill mandating this action allowed current inhabitants of the land involved three years to return to their native country or assume citizenship, while "aboriginal" residents were immediately made subject to US law. Following five years of de facto US Naval governance under Commander L.A. Beardslee, the Organic Act of 1884 officially recognized land claims made by those who settled ahead of this action and protected tribal people's territory, though the latter provision was ignored. Secretly negotiated without the knowledge of Andrew Johnson, payment was made to Minister Edouard de Stoeckl of Russia at a rate equal to less than two cents per acre. FTP what was this action that led to the acquisition of land that became the 50th US state?;;purchase (of) Alaska|Seward's Folly|Seward's Icebox
Art;;A titular "wedding party" at this location was depicted in a 1921 ballet by Jean Cocteau with a collective score by Les Six. It curses at Germany and repeats the "creak, creak, creak" of the speaker's shoes in a poem by Guillaume Apollinaire on its "Composition and Form". Maurice Koechlin designed its structural plan, and an apocryphal story states that Guy de Maupassant ate lunch at its café daily, explaining it was the only place in the city from which it was not visible. Finished in 1889 and utilizing 2.5 million rivets to join over 18,000 pieces of puddle iron, FTP name this most-visited, man-made edifice on earth, located on the Champ de Mars in Paris.;;Eiffel Tower
Pop Culture;;In its second verse, this song's persona wonders, "Am I happy or in misery?, and it features the augmented ninth chord known as its composer's namesake chord". The speaker later complains that he "don't know if it's day or night" or whether he's going "up or down". It is blasted by the surfer Lance while he is tripping and setting off a smoke bomb in Apocalypse Now, and its most commonly mis-heard lyric suggests that the singer  wants to osculate with another man. Including the line "'Scuse me while I kiss the sky," FTP what is this song by Jimi Hendrix?;;(")Purple Haze(")
Physics;;uantum tunneling enables a lower temperature to overcome his namesake barrier that is associated with obtaining fusion, and Yukawa is the namesake of his screened potential. Setting the divergence of the vector potential to zero gives this man's namesake gauge. His namesake constant is one over four pi times the permittivity of free space, and appears in an equation that is the magnetic equivalent of the Biot-Savart law, and is analogous in form to Newton's law of universal gravitation. His namesake law states the force exerted by one point charge on another varies inversely as the square of the distance. FTP name this French physicist, the namesake of the unit of electric charge.;;(Charles-Augustin) (de) Coulomb
Literature;;In this novel, Miss Henderson runs a secret brothel and eventually prevails upon the protagonist's wife to come there with her boss, Connor. The protagonist then attacks Connor and is sent to jail, and upon his release his wife dies in childbirth, leaving him only with his son Antanas, who later drowns in a deep puddle in front of his ramshackle house. This leads to a life of crime with the safe-cracker Jack Duane. Eventually he meets Ostrinski, a socialist who speaks Lithuanian and inspires the protagonist to work to change the working conditions in Packingtown. Though its author hoped this novel would be best remembered for its political message, FTP what novel about Jurgis Rudkis is today known for its depictions of shoddy practices in meat production, a work by Upton Sinclair?;;The Jungle
World History;;One attempt to overthrow this ruler was the February 26 Incident. The Toranomon Incident was an assassination attempt on this leader by a communist, and the Sakuradamon Incident was another such attack, partly made in retribution for his grandfather's conquering of Korea. The fact that he was considered only a figurehead by Allied leaders probably saved his life after World War II, as Douglas McArthur demanded that this man not be prosecuted for war crimes. Father of Akihito, FTP identify this emperor of Japan, today known as Showa.;;Hirohito
Religion/Mythology;;In Batryomyomachia, Homer's description of the war between frogs and mice, Zeus sends an army of these creatures to drive off the victorious mice at the end. The Heikegani are types of these creatures said in Japan's Tale of Heike to be the spirits of defeated samurai, the faces of which can be seen in the carapace of these creatures. Carcinos was a giant one which was crushed while attempting to help the Hydra defeat Heracles, and for his efforts was placed in the sky by Hera. FTP what is this littoral crustacean that is represented as the fourth Zodiacal sign, Cancer?;;crab
Psychology;;This psychologist coined the term "phenomenal field" for all sensory experiences that a person is aware of at any given moment. This psychologist used the Q-sort technique for personality assessment, and suggested that within each person is an organismic valuing process. This author of A Way of Being included the section "How Can I Be of Help" in his book On Becoming a Person. Along with Maslow, he was a member of the humanistic school of psychology, and he developed a type of therapy in which therapists communicate empathy and show unconditional positive regard. FTP name this psychologist who developed client-centered therapy.;;(Carl) Rogers
Literature;;This language "in America" is the subtitle of the short story "Envy," describing the title feeling of Edelshtein for Ostrover in a work by Cynthia Ozick. Practitioner Mendele Sforim's works were translated from this language into Russian by Isaac Babel, while humorist Leo Rosten wrote a work about "The Joys of" this language. Enemies, a Love Story and The Spinoza of Market Street are works in this language by Isaac Bashevis Singer, while another popular story written in this language is "Tevye The Milkman," which provided the basis for the musical "Fiddler on the Roof".  FTP what is this language written in by Sholem Aleichem?;;Yiddish
Chemistry;;Poly-alkyl-benzenes treated with this chemical result in the Jaconsen reaction. This chemical reacts with salt to create sodium carbonate in the Leblanc process, and it is added to chromium trioxide dissolved in water to form the Jones reagent. One process used to make this chemical was invented by John Roebuck and makes use of the Glover and Gay-Lussac towers. In addition to the lead chamber process, this chemical is produced using a vanadium pentoxide catalyst in the contact process. The fuming type of this acid contains sulfur trioxide, and it was formerly known as oil of vitriol. FTP name this strong diprotic acid with formula H2SO4.;;sulfuric acid;;H2SO4
Art;;Outdoor night-time shots in this film were lit by red magnesium flares, and another of its innovations was the use of the iris effect for close-ups. An early scene depicts a housekeeper named Lydia attempting to flirt with Charles Sumner, while his dismissal of her leads her to spit after him and tear her shirt in frustrated desire. Late in the film Flora Cameron jumps to her death rather than submit to the lustful advance of the Black Union soldier Gus, leading her brother Ben to bring the Ku Klux Klan to the rescue of Southerners suffering under Reconstruction. So runs the ugly plot of, FTP, what film described as "history written with lightning" by Woodrow Wilson, the first epic silent film directed by D.W. Griffith?;;Birth of a Nation
Religion/Mythology;;Brahmacharya, meaning celibacy, is practiced by monks and nuns of this religion.  Other practices include Aparigraha, complete asceticism and the idea of Satya, or ultimate truth. One of its two primary sects believes that women cannot achieve moksha, while the other does, but not much else but the wearing of clothes separates the Digambara and Svetembara. Practicing vegetarianism as part of its adherence to Ahimsa is, FTP, what Indian religion founded by Mahavira?;;Jainism
Geography;;Among the native American names for this mountain is Talol, and a name which can be translated as "larger than Koma".  That name lends its name to a city to the north of this mountain.  A number of rivers form on some of its glaciers which empty into the Puget Sound, and it is actually a relatively young stratovolcano, though it hasn't erupted in over a century.  This is a good thing because Seattle lies a mere 54 miles north of, FTP, what volcano in the Cascade Range?;;Mt. Rainier
United States History;;The 1957 Crittenden Report, which was prompted by the forced resignation of Navy doctor Thomas Dooley, was cited as one basis for this policy by the president who initiated it. The president also cited the brutal murder of Navy Radioman Allen Schindler, who had been savagely beaten to death in a toilet while serving in Japan. Barry Goldwater, long retired, surprised Republicans by arguing publicly that this legislation did not go far enough in protecting the rights of some service personnel, suggesting the "unit cohesion" concern was unfounded. On October 10 of this year, the eve of the National Equality March, Barack Obama said he would end, FTP, what military policy prohibiting military personnel from sharing details regarding or superiors from inquiring about one's sexual preference?;;(")Don't Ask, Don't Tell(")
Biology;;The hydroxylation of DHEA-sulfate occurs in this organ, which is the location of Councilman bodies. This organ is covered by Glisson's capsule, and during the Cori cycle, lactate travels to it. A toxic accumulation of copper in this organ characterizes Wilson's disease, and it is home to the phagocytic Kupffer cells. Connected to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm by the falciform ligament, this organ is the primary site of gluconeogenesis. The portal vein carries blood to this organ, which produces urea and secretes bile. FTP name this organ that is prone to hepatitis and cirrhosis in alcoholics such as Chris Borglum.;;liver
World History;;The priest Valverde reports that upon reading the requerimiento to this ruler and giving him a prayer book, this ruler threw the prayer book to the ground, which led to his seizure. This ruler had taken full control of his empire after defeating his brother's forces at the Battle of Chimborazo.  His father, Huayna Capac, died of smallpox in 1527, this ruler accepted baptism as Juan Santos in exchange for execution by garrote rather than by burning. FTP identify this brother of Huáscar and emperor of the Incans, who was killed by Francisco Pizarro.;;Atahualpa
United States History;;The founder of the colony that became this US state left his settlement of Avalon on Newfoundland to move south to this location. After that founder's death, his son Cecilius fought the London Company in court to retain the colony, sending his brother Leonard to become this colony's first governor. Leonard used military force to take Kent Island from William Claiborne, the man who later repealed the "Act Concerning Religion" passed in this colony to protect the rights of the minority who practiced the religion of its founder, George Calvert. Established as a haven for Catholics in the New World, FTP name this colony named for the wife of Charles I, Henrietta Maria, and established by Lord Baltimore.;;Maryland
Religion/Mythology;;The 17th of September is the feast day of this concept in Catholicism, commemorating its occurrence at the mountain retreat of La Verna in 1224 on a noted saint. One common thread in all occurrences is the lack of an associated fetid odor, and that of Juana of the Cross and some others actually gave the smell of perfume, a scent known as the "odor of sanctity". When it was visited on Catherine of Siena, she showed humility by praying for it to be hidden. Comprising the visible evidence of wounds or invisible pain associated with them, FTP what is this manifestation of Christ's wounds on ecstatic followers?;;stigmata
Physics;;They are not diodes, but the light emitting type of these devices produce electro-luminescent light. A dynamic RAM stores data on these devices and a Marx generator consists of several of them. A net torque was not observed on a suspended one of these devices in the Trouton-Nobel experiment. A method for keeping the power smooth involves adding the decoupling type of this device, and the smoothing out of voltage pulses produced by a rectifier is performed by the reservoir type. They consist of two conductors with opposite signs separated from each other by a dielectric, such as glass or mica, and an example of one is the Leyden jar. FTP name these circuit elements used to store electric charge, and whose characteristic property is measured in farads.;;capacitor(s)|condenser(s)
Literature;;This author popularized the idea of seeing pink elephants as a symbol of drunkenness in an autobiographical novel detailing his own problems with drink called John Barleycorn. His socialist outlook is evident in the novels The Cruise of the Snark and his tale of the eventual overthrow of the fascist Oligarchy by the Brotherhood of Man, titled The Iron Heel. He's best known for one novel in which Kiche's offspring is eventually domesticated, and another in which the dog Buck eventually accedes to the title urge. FTP name this author of the Yukon-set novels White Fang and The Call of the Wild.;;(Jack) London
Religion/Mythology;;The bronze man Talos was slain by an arrow to the heel fired by Poeas, a member of this group. Poseidon's son, King Amycus, was killed in a boxing match by another member, while yet another member was Autolycus, grandfather of the expedition's leader. That leader was tasked with yoking two bronze bulls that breathed fire in order to have an opportunity to obtain the group's goal. Also including Hylas, who was abducted by nymphs, leading to Heracles abandoning the group's quest, FTP what was this group of heroes who chased the harpies away from Phineus en route to its goal of obtaining the Golden Fleece with the their leader, Jason?;;Argonauts
Pop Culture;;The national rugby team of this country is nicknamed Los Pumas and features Felipe Contepomi. In 1986, this country defeated England thanks to the Hand of God goal scored by its current coach, Diego Maradona. A stocky golfer from this country nicknamed El Pato won the 2009 Masters, and a 6'6'' tennis player from this country won the 2009 US Open. A basketball player from this country recently caught a bat in the middle of a game and plays with Tony Parker and Tim Duncan on the San Antonio Spurs. FTP name this South American country, the homeland of Angel Cabrera, Juan Martín del Potro, and Manu Ginobili.;;Argentina
World History;;One ruler of this country ended the Zamana Masafent, or Age of the Princes, but later committed suicide after being defeated by the British at the Battle of Magdala. In addition to Tewodros II, this country was ruled by Yekuno Amlak, who deposed the Zagwe dynasty, claimed descent from the Queen of Sheba, and established the Solomonic dynasty. Italian invaders were forced out of this country following the Battle of Adowa, and Eritrea became independent of this country in 1993. FTP name this African country whose rulers have included Menelik II and Haile Selassie.;;Ethiopia
Art;;His etchings include series of illustrations for an edition of Gogol's Dead Souls, the Bible, and the Fables of La Fontaine, and he designed sets and costumes for 1945 and 1970 stagings of Stravinsky's The Firebird. The Art Institute of Chicago is home to this man's painting The White Crucifixion and his America Windows. He also created a set of twelve stained glass windows for the synagogue of Hebrew University's Hadassah Medical Center  but is more well known for his gouache paintings, including Cow with Parasol and The Green Violinist.FTP name this Russian-Jewish artist of  I and the Village.;;(Marc) Chagall
Physics;;Marcus theory concerns their transfer, and Slater's rules are used to determine the amount they are shielded. In the Davisson-Germer experiment, they were scattered off nickel targets, and Enrico Fermi is the namesake of a "sea" of them that can be present in the conduction band. Plates were set up to oppose the Earth's gravitational field and measure the charge of these leptons in Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment. Free radicals have an unpaired one of these particles, and the p subshell holds a maximum of six. FTP name these negatively charged particles that orbit around the nucleus of an atom.;;electron(s)
Literature;;The contemporary Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa devoted his book, The Perpetual Orgy, to this 19th century writer.  One of this author's short stories is about a poor peasant girl who at the moment of her death sees her beloved pet parrot as the Holy Spirit waiting for her in heaven.  That story, "A Simple Heart" along with "The Legend of St. Julian the Hospitalier " and "Herodias" make up this Frenchman's Trois Contes, or Three Stories. Other works of his include the posthumously published Bouvard et Pecuchet and a historical novel about Carthage, Salammbo.  FTP name this influential Realist writer of  A Sentimental Education and Madame Bovary.;;(Gustave) Flaubert
Geography;;The so-called "Rim Canal" is built around the edge of this body of water.  It has a series of dikes, levies, and locks to prevent catastrophic flooding, like it saw with two consecutive hurricanes in the 1920's, which were the inspiration for an event described in There Eyes Were Watching God.  Along the southern shore is the town of cabbage-growing town of Belle Glade, a cradle of college football stars.  With a name meaning "big water" in Hitchiti, FTP identify this enormous lake in South Florida.;;(Lake) Okeechobee
United States History;;This president was the recipient of the "Rhea Letter," urging occupation of East Florida, sent by Andrew Jackson. He presided over the addition of Mississippi and Maine as states, and in his re-election bid he won all electoral votes save one, cast solely to keep this man from joining Washington as unanimously elected. He vetoed Henry Clay's bill for further development of the Cumberland road and wrote to Simon Bolivar that the US would not allow European interference in the creation of his new government. Presiding over the "Era of Good Feelings," FTP name this US president who defended the US sphere of interest in North and South America in his namesake "doctrine".;;(James) Monroe
Biology;;In flp mutants, a continuation of divisions results in these structures having extra cells, and in too many mouths mutants, extra of these structures are produced. More prevalent on the abaxial surface, these structures are affected by a proton gradient that drives the accumulation of potassium ions. The diacytic type of these structures is found in some dicots, and their structure is similar to hydathodes, which are responsible for guttation. Promoted by cytokinins, but inhibited by abscisic acid, these structures are opened and closed by changes in turgor pressure, and each of them are flanked by a pair of guard cells. FTP name these pores in the epidermis of leaves where transpiration and gas exchange occurs.;;stomata|stoma||stomate||stomatal apparatus(es)
Philosophy;;One essay that critiques traditional understandings of this concept uses a series of propositions about "Jones owning a Ford" and whether Brown lives in Boston, Barcelona, or Brest-Litovsk to reject Chisolm's and Ayer's formulation of this concept. That essay by Edmund Gettier critiques a theory of this concept first put forth in the Socratic dialogue the Theatetus. Foucault suggests that this concept reproduces power and vice-versa, and Quine rejected the distinction between the analytic and synthetic forms of this concept. Coined by James Frederick Fourier, the name of the study of this concept is epistemology. FTP name this concept whose definition as "justified true belief" is in doubt.;;knowledge
Economics;;Developed in 1950 by two employees of the RAND Corporation, its end result is the reason why, in several countries with civil legal codes, plea bargaining is not allowed.  In "Metamagical Themas," Douglas Hofstadter describes "superrational" players in this game who either know that they are playing with other superrational players or with those who are only rational or of unknown description.  The equilibrium in this game is Pareto-suboptimal as rational players tend to defect rather than cooperate.  FTP what is this game in which two players, usually described as criminals, either cooperate or betray one another to get a better payoff from captors?;;prisoner's dilemma
Literature;;This author examined French, and more generally, human complicity in the Holocaust in 1964's Incident at Vichy. The lives of Italian-American dockworkers and the eventual stabbing of Eddie Carbone is the subject of this author's 1955 work A View from the Bridge. The protagonist of another play, Joe Keller, kills himself at the end after revelations that he was aware he sold faulty parts to the US Air Force, leading to the deaths of 21 pilots, in this man's All My Sons. FTP identify this American playwright best known for creating Biff and Happy, the sons of Willy Loman, in Death of a Salesman.;;(Arthur) Miller
Astronomy;;The one named Kleopatra is shaped like a dog-bone. The first moon discovered to orbit one was Dactyl, and Eros was the first near-Earth type to be discovered. The hypothetical vulcanoid ones could be found inside the orbit of Mercury, and Achilles is a member of the Trojan group of them. NASA's Dawn Mission is set to visit the only one bright enough to be seen with the naked eye, Vesta. The distribution of their orbits is modified by the Kirkwood Gaps, which are located between Mars and Jupiter in their namesake belt, which is home to Ceres. For 10 points, name these irregularly-shaped fragments of rock that are larger than meteoroids but smaller than planets.;;Asteroid(s)|Planetoid(s|)|Minor planet(s)
World History;;The Au Lac kingdom, creator of the Co Loa Citadel, is one of the earliest known powers in what is now this nation. Two heroes of this nation are the Trung sisters, who repelled for three years the dominance of the regional power to the north. That power was again ousted by the Khuc family in the tenth century, pushing the Tang Dynasty rulers out of the Annam region, now part of this nation's north. It was eventually colonized by the French in the mid-19th century, with their control lasting until a 1954 siege. Dien Bien Phu saw the end of French power in, FTP, what Southeast Asian nation with capitol at Hanoi?;;Vietnam
Literature;;When this character is first seen in a chapter named for him, the narrator notes the white scar on his left cheek that looks "like lightning," leading the narrator to note that this character has a "crucifixion on his face". Soon after, Stubb tells Flask that he had a dream of being kicked by this man, and in the dream a merman told him this is an honor. The leader of this man's "five dusky phantoms," Fedallah, prophecies that he will see two hearses before he dies, and that only hemp can kill him, a prophecy which comes true when he is dragged into the ocean tied by a harpoon rope to his nemesis. FTP name this captain of the Pequod whose leg and life were taken by Moby Dick.;;Ahab
Biology;;The ARE region triggers destabilization of this molecule, one part of which is associated with PABP. The technique SAGE developed by Velculescu enables a sequence tag to identify these molecules. A leader and trailer region is found in these molecules, a majority of which are polycistronic. Between 50 and 250 adenine nucleotides are located at their three prime ends, and in addition to a polyA tail, they contain a five prime cap. FTP name this type of RNA that is translated by ribosomes, thus serving as a template for protein synthesis.;;messenger RNA|mRNA
Geography;;The Brecon Beacons are a mountain range in the south of this country, home to a type of mountain pony named for this nation. Its boundary with its eastern neighbor is mostly defined by Offa's Dike, which runs south from the River Dee to the Wye River. Its eight "Preserved Counties" include Gwent, Dyfed, and Glamorgan, the last of which includes its capital, which sits on the Bristol Channel. FTP what is this part of the United Kingdom bordering England on its east, with capital at Cardiff?;;Wales
Religion/Mythology;;The Chishti Order is one movement of this religious offshoot. One prominent obstacle to the major goal of this movement is the overcoming of nafs, or one's sense of ego, in one's attempt to achieve taslim. Also known as tasawwuf, it originated as a reaction against what some saw as the material concerns of the Umayyad era, adherents attempt to embrace the presence of God through various ascetic or physical practices, including the dance known in the West as "whirling". FTP what is this mystical branch of Islam associated with the poet Rumi?;;Sufism
United States History;;Edward Stettinius, later to be Secretary of State, left US Steel to take over the administration of this program. Less than two months after implementation, the merchant vessel Robin Moor was sunk in response to this program, an attack that isolationist Montana senator Burton Wheeler defended. One of the most common items transferred under this program was the Sherman M4 tank, and when it was presented to the public in a radio address, FDR likened it to the offer of a hose to a neighbor whose house was on fire without asking for payment in advance. FTP what was this program allowing the US to supply war materiel to the British and later the Russians before it officially entered WWII?;;Lend(-)Lease (Program)
Literature;;This poem celebrates the author's ideal of unity and brotherhood of mankind with lines like, "endure courageously, millions/endure for the better world!" This theme also predominates in another work by this poem's author, The Robbers. The title entity is something "all creatures drink/at nature's bosom'' and also the "beautiful spark of the Gods/Daughter of Elysium".  This 1786 Romantic poem was adapted musically in 1797 by Tepper von Ferguson, but it was far more famously used as the text for the chorale finale of a more important composer's Ninth Symphony. Utilized by Beethoven, FTP what is this poem by Friedrich Schiller?;;(Ode) To Joy|(An) Die Freude
Philosophy;;The title of a 1916 work which claims that nations ought to have a balance between lions and foxes in the elite class, written by Vilfredo Pareto, pairs this concept with Society. Betrand Russell's article "On Denoting" and Alan Turing's article "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" both appeared in a journal titled this. A work that discusses the development of higher psychological processes by Lev Vygotsky is titled this concept in Society. The inverted spectrum and explanatory gap arguments are used to hypothesize the existence of qualia in order explain the possible dichotomy between this concept and the body, a dichotomy conceptualized in the 17th century by Rene Descartes. FTP name this aspect of intellect and consciousness that may or may not be reduced to states of the brain.;;mind
Astronomy;;Together with Sandage, this person names the most massive and luminous variable stars in the M31 galaxy, and he used Cepheid variables to show the Andromeda spiral nebula was actually a galaxy far beyond the Milky Way. He introduced a classification scheme for galaxies based on shape, known as his namesake tuning fork diagram. The inverse of his namesake constant is an estimate of the age of the universe, and he worked together with one-time janitor Milton Humason to formulate his namesake law, which states the redshifts of remote galaxies are proportional to their distances from Earth. For 10 points, name this American astronomer, the namesake of a notable Space Telescope.;;(Edwin) Hubble
Religion/Mythology;;As a result of the churning of the ocean, this god acquired a white horse. The spirits known as the Asparas would dance for this god in Svarga, which was located on Mount Meru. This leader of the Devas DEY-vuhs absorbed many of Varuna's functions, and his assisstants were the Maruts muh-ROOTS, who used axes to split the clouds in order to make it rain. In addition to Agni, this god drank a lot of soma, and he was the father of Arjuna. In order to slay his enemies or revive those killed in battle, he carries the thunderbolt Vajra. This god rode the white elephant Airavata, and killed the water-stealing serpent-demon Vritra VRIT-ruh. FTP name this Vedic god.;;Indra
Pop Culture;;In the final episode of this character's show's original run, he dresses up as a female goddess to fool King Killiwani.  Zac and Shawn were two reality show contestants who dressed like him in a TBS series based on this character's most popular show.  He once won three million dollars from Thurston Howell in a putting contest, and in another episode characters like Mary Ann Summers developed an allergy to him.  A subordinate of the Skipper aboard the S. S. Minnow, for 10 points, name this character played by Bob Denver on a classic TV show about his "Island".;;(Willy) Gilligan|Willy (Gilligan)
United States History;;The pamphlet "The Appeal of the Independent Democrats in Congress to the People of the United States," signed by Salmon P. Chase and Charles Sumner, among others, was published in opposition of this legislation. That document laid the groundwork for a meeting a month later in Ripon, Wisconsin, at which a new party formed in response to this bill, a revised version of which split the proposed territory at the 37th parallel, putting its southern part inside limits open to slavery according to the Missouri Compromise. Much responsible for the creation of the Republican Party, FTP name this 1854 act of Congress creating two new territories, both of which are now states.;;Kansas(-)Nebraska (Act)
Literature;;Two unfinished sections of this work are known as the "Cantos of Mutabilitie". In this work's Book Five, the personification of the "calumnious voice" of the world, the "Blatant Beast," is captured by Calidore, the personification of courtesy, but it later breaks free. Earlier, Grantorto's plan to kill Irena, the personification of Ireland, is thwarted when he's beheaded by Talus, the friend of Arthegall. Book I focuses primarily on Una's salvation of her lover from the threats of lust. FTP what is this allegory in which the Red Crosse Knight represents holiness and Glorianna is the title monarch, the best-known work of Edmund Spenser?;;(The) Faerie Queene
Chemistry;;The optimization aspect of the two-dimensional form of this technique arises from the photon echo. Devices such as the Nernst filament and the Globar are used as sources of emission in this technique, in which a solid sample is added to potassium bromide and flattened into a thin slice. This technique shows a broad peak around 3500 inverse centimeters to indicate a hydroxyl group, making it useful for revealing the kinds of functional groups present. FTP name this type of spectroscopy that involves the interaction of molecules with the namesake electromagnetic energy whose wavelength is in between microwaves and visible light.;;infrared (spectroscopy)|IR (spectroscopy)
Pop Culture;;This artist's one published novel is the 1965 experimental work Tarantula, and Christopher Ricks, noted expert on John Milton, published an analysis of this man's writings called "Visions of Sin". He has recently released his first holiday album, Christmas in the Heart, with proceeds going to charity. His brief electric set at the Newport Folk Festival in 1965 caused controversy with folk purists, coming hard on his release of the album Bringing It All Back Home which included the song "Maggie's Farm". FTP who is this singer-songwriter of "Mr. Tambourine Man" and "Like a Rolling Stone"?;;(Bob) Dylan
World History;;Early in his reign, this man became convinced that immortality could be achieved by drinking lead and mercury.  The false eunuch Lao Ai led a failed revolt against this ruler, soon after which this ruler deposed his regent Lu Buwei. He standardized written characters but is better known for two architectural achievements. Buried in a lavish tomb surrounded by an army of terra cotta warriors was, FTP, what founder of the Qin chin dynasty and builder of the Great Wall, the first emperor of a unified China?;;Qin Shi Huang|Shi Huangdi|Ying Zheng
Religion/Mythology;;A fable about a Christian ruler of this name, a descendant of one of the Three Magi who ruled a kingdom far beyond Muslim-held lands, was popular in Europe in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. One Archbishop of Constantinople by this name led the destruction of the Temple of Artemis and received an epithet meaning "golden-mouthed," "Chrysostom". Another man by this name lived off desert locusts and answered questions of his divinity by claiming that one was coming whose sandals he was not fit to unbuckle. FTP give this common name, also shared by the authors of the book of Revelation and the fourth gospel.;;John
Physics;;This quantity is multiplied by the Verdet constant to calculate specific rotation, and this quantity perpendicular to the direction of propagation makes the medium birefringent in the Voigt effect. Small values of this quantity are measured by SQUIDs, and below the critical temperature, it is zero inside superconductors. Ampere's Law relates the tangential component of it integrated around a closed curve, and according to Gauss's Law, the net flux of it through any closed surface is zero. FTP name this field that is caused by a moving point charge.;;magnetic field
Noncomputational Math;;Fasbender's theorem contains the solution to an optimization problem named for this man, and a figure with formula r equals a times theta raised to the one-half is his namesake parabolic spiral. For any integer n and prime p, n raised to the p minus one is congruent to 1 modulo p, according to this man's namesake little theorem. Regarding another theorem that states x raised to the n plus y raised to the n equals z raised to the n does not have integer solutions when n is greater than two, this man wrote "I have assuredly found an admirable proof...but the margin is too narrow to contain it". FTP name this French mathematician, the namesake of a notable Last Theorem that was eventually proved by Andrew Wiles.;;(Pierre) (de) Fermat
Religion/Mythology;;This deity is often depicted with a drum in the shape of an hour glass known as Khatwanga, and he wears the munda-mala, a necklace of skulls. The warrior Virabhadra was created as the embodiment of this god's wrath, and a crescent moon surmounts this deity's third eye in his forehead. His throat is blue from drinking poison that would have destroyed the world, and he is often worshipped through his holy symbol, the phallic lingam. The consort of Devi, FTP name this member of the Trimurti, the destroyer.;;Siva|Shiva
World History;;The common name given this event comprises two separate undertakings, one begun in what's now Germany by Nicholas of Cologne and another in France by Stephen of Cloyes, a shepherd. Stephen was rebuffed when trying to present a letter to Philip II which he claimed was written by Jesus himself, calling for his action, so instead he led his followers, without sanction of the pope or king, to Marseilles, where some expected God to part the Mediterranean for their travel, but instead they were provided boats by Willaim Porcus and Hugh Ferreus, two of which sank, with survivors mostly being sold into servitude. FTP what was this ill-fated and unofficial "crusade" of 1212 so named for the teen status of its leaders?;;Children's Crusade
Literature;;When this character's daughter Pammy was born, she "wept uncontrollably" for an hour because she had a girl instead of a boy, later expressing the hope that Pammy will become a "beautiful little fool". She teases her husband for trying to push the book The Rise of Colored Empires on her second cousin, who narrates the work in which she appears. Described as having a voice "full of money," she takes no responsibility for running down Myrtle Wilson. Symbolized by a green light on her dock to the protagonist, FTP who is this wife of Tom Buchanan and love interest of Jay Gatsby?;;Daisy (Buchanan)|(Daisy) Buchanan
Miscellaneous;;This author decried modern attitudes toward the elderly in the 1972 work La Viellese, translated as The Coming of Age. This author also wrote The Ethics of Ambiguity and was a signatory of the "Manifesto of 343," which bore the signatures of women who publicly admitted having had illegal abortions. Her best-known work examined the title people in literature and history and stated that putting a woman on a pedestal allows man to keep her in a pit. Author of the novel The Mandarins and a one-time lover of Nelson Algren, FTP name this author of The Second Sex who also wrote Adieux: Farewell to Sartre.;;(Simone) (de) Beauvoir
Sociology;;One of this thinker's books argues that societies with undifferentiated labor exhibit Mechanical solidarity, which can be contrasted with Organic and Contractual solidarity. In addition to writing The Rules of Sociological Method, this man used studies of the Australian Aborigines as the basis of his book arguing that religion is a societal construct, a work titled The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. He believed that a breakdown of norms created "anomie," which could contribute to people killing themselves. FTP name this sociologist who wrote The Division of Labor in Society and Suicide.;;(Emile) Durkheim
Chemistry;;Solutes that lower the surface tension have a positive surface concentration according to an equation named for this man. Along with a Frenchman, he is the namesake of an equation that shows the intensive variables temperature, pressure, and chemical potential cannot be varied independently. The number of components minus phases plus two equals the number of degrees of freedom according to this man's namesake phase rule. The change in enthalpy minus the quantity temperature times change in entropy is a way to calculate a quantity named for this scientist; a negative value for the change in that state function's value indicates a reaction is spontaneous. FTP name this American chemist, the namesake of a free energy.;;(Josiah) (Willard) Gibbs
United States History;;Newspaper editor L.A. Martinet arranged for the action that led to this court case, raising money for New York lawyer Albion Tourgee to represent the person selected to test the law. A first test involving the arrest of Daniel Desdunes was arranged, but after Desdunes was acquitted due to application of the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution, a purely in-state test was arranged. A woman was planted to make the complaint against the subject, as his status was not visibly clear due to his self-described 7/8 Caucasian heritage. Purchasing a ticket to Covington from New Orleans and sitting in a white car led to, FTP, the arrest of the plaintiff in what Supreme Court case of 1892 which upheld the concept of separate but equal facilities for African-Americans?;;Plessy (v.) (Ferguson)
Art;;The title cup dominates a cloudy landscape in this painter's The Giant's Chalice and a mountain pass is depicted in his The Notch in the White Mountains. One series of paintings by this artist includes works like The Savage State, Consummation, and Decline, while another comprises Childhood, Youth, Manhood, and Old Age. Due to his many depictions of its landscapes, the fourth tallest of the Catskills mountains is named for him. Founder of Hudson River School, FTP, name this painter of the two series of paintings The Voyage of Life and The Course of Empire.;;(Thomas) Cole
Literature;;This author wrote a short story in which the coal miner Walter Bates dies in a cave-in, and Elizabeth associates the smell of the title plants with death. In addition to "Odour of Chrysanthemums," this author wrote a novel that features three generations of the Brangwen family, The Rainbow, as well as a novel in which Clara Dawes is rejected by Paul Morel. His best-known work is set at Wragby, and features the gamekeeper Mellors, who has an affair with Connie. For 10 points, name this author of Sons and Lovers and Lady Chatterley's Lover.;;(D.H.) Lawrence
Biology;;The progression of this disease is measured by the Hoehn and Yahr scale. High-frequency stimulation of the globus pallidus has been used in the treatment of this disease, whose features can be induced by the synthetic narcotic MPTP. Along with restless legs syndrome, this disease can be treated with the drugs pramipexole and ropinirole. Deposits of the protein alpha-synuclein are contained in Lewy bodies, which are linked to this disease. This disease is caused by the deterioration of brain cells in the substantia nigra that produce dopamine, and is characterized by bradykinesia and muscle tremors. FTP name this neurologic disease suffered by Michael J. Fox.;;Parkinson('s) (disease)
World History;;Though it ostensibly began late in the dynasty founded by Tekauji, some historians date it as far back as the period of the earlier Onin Wars.  Central power was usurped from the shogun by various diamyo who proceeded to exert their hegemony over each other, leading to over a century of wars across Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku.  A brief lull came with the unification of the states by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, but when he died, fighting resumed in, FTP, what period that saw the fall from power of the Ashikaga Shogunate and eventually saw the rise to power of the Tokugawa Shogunate.;;Sengoku|Warring States (Period)
Geography;;One island in this body of water is Suriqui, the inhabitants of which helped Thor Heyerdahl craft the reed boats Ra II and Tigris. The so-called Uros, a group of over 40 man-made islands, are a tourist attraction in this body of water, and it also features an Isla del Sol and an Isla de la Luna. The two biggest cities on its shores are Puno and Copacabana, which are in Peru and Bolivia, respectively. The highest navigable lake in the world, FTP name this body of water in the Andes, the name of which is not funny.;;(Lake) Titicaca
Pop Culture;;This man directed a film version of David Foster Wallace's Brief Interviews with Hideous Men. He also provided the voice of Lancelot in Shrek the Third, and can currently be heard narrating commercials for the BlackBerry Storm. He had  major roles in the films License to Wed and Leatherheads, but may be best known for playing a Co-Regional Manager at Dunder Mifflin who is engaged to Pam Beesly. FTP name this actor who plays Jim Halpert on The Office.;;(John) Krasinski
Literature;;One well known poem in this collection tells the title figure "I prize thy love more than mines of gold" and "If two were ever one then surely we," while another chides as "treason" the idea that women don't use reason and is titled "In Honour of that High and Mighty Princess Queen Elizabeth of Happy Memory". Long poems in this collection's beginning include "The Four Elements" and "The Four Monarchies" and are known as "quaternions". Including "To My Dear and Loving Husband" and referred to in a later poem as "Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain," FTP name this 1650 poetry collection published without its author's knowledge, the first  book published by an American poet, written by Anne Bradstreet.;;The Tenth Muse (Lately) (Sprung) (up) (in) (America)
Religion/Mythology;;This group's historical texts include the Tolidah and The Chronicle of Joshua, and this group rejects the authority of the Mishnah and Gemara. This group holds that Isaac was bound by Abraham on Mount Gerizim, making this place their spiritual center of worship. In John, a member of this group is asked to bring Jesus water from Jacob's Well, and a parable related in the Gospel of Luke about a man who traveled to Jericho and was attacked by bandits tells of a member of this group who assisted him. FTP  name this people whose enmity for the Jews explains Jesus's use of the example of a "good" one to illustrate the need to help a neighbor in need.;;Samaritans
Music;;Marie Louka and May Aufderheide, writers of "The Rajah" and "Dusty," respectively, were composers in this genre. A common sub-genre within it is the "cakewalk," the influence of which can obviously be seen in Debussy's piece "Golliwog's Cakewalk". Characterized by heavy syncopation, its "classic" form is purely instrumental and differs from jazz in being composed in standard European-style notation. Its most famous practitioner deviated from it in his unsuccessful opera Treemonisha. Including piano works like "The Entertainer," FTP what is this American musical genre pioneered by Scott Joplin, who wrote one for a St. Louis club called The Maple Leaf?;;Ragtime|Rag
Literature;;Ferapont tries to exorcise the room of a recently deceased holy man in this work, partly because that man's corpse had defied the hopes of the monks and exuded a putrid stench immediately upon his death, unsettling the faith of one of the title figures. That character later has a dream of the deceased priest visiting with him at the Wedding Feast of Cana, at which Father Zossima tells him he has redeemed the peasant girl Grushenka, who had earlier slept with his sibling. That sibling stands trial for the murder of their father, Fyodor, who was actually killed by his bastard son Smerdyakov. Ending with Dmitri's exile to Siberia and a statement of Alyosha's faith, FTP name this novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky.;;The Brothers Karamazov
Biology;;These substances were named by a man who, in a 1926 experiment, cut the tips of oat coleoptiles and placed them on agar. One of these substances, MCPA, is used to kill weeds, and the most abundant one is phenylacetic acid. They are structurally similar to tryptophan, and can be used to form seedless fruit. 2,4-D is a synthetic type of this substance, whose principal natural type is indoleacetic acid. Responsible for many forms of tropism, these substances delay fruit ripening. FTP name these plant hormones that promote stem growth, root formation, and cell enlargement.;;auxin(s)
Literature;;The horse trader Pat Stamper tricked one of these characters into trading for two worn-out mules in the story "Fool about a Horse," later incorporated into a novel about them. That same character purposely rubbed cow manure into the white rug of Major de Spain, whose insistence on reparations leads that character to commit arson on the Major's barn. That character's son marries Eula Varner and takes over the Jefferson bank from Manfred de Spain, though he is eventually killed by his cousin Mink at the end of The Mansion, the last novel in the trilogy named for this family. Including Ab, Sarty, and Flem, what is this family of hardscrabble characters in the works of William Faulkner?;;Snopes
Music;;"Bear Dance" is the final movement of his Ten Easy Pieces for piano, and "Six Dances in Bulgarian Rhythm" concludes his collection of 153 piano pieces entitled Mikrokosmos. "First Seduction Game" is a section of his pantomime ballet The Miraculous Mandarin, and "The Lake of Tears" is a piece from this composer's only opera, in which the new bride Judith is given seven keys. This composer of Duke Bluebeard's Castle collected folk songs with fellow countryman Zoltan Kodaly. FTP name this composer of Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta and Concerto for Orchestra, a Hungarian.;;(Bela) Bartok
United States History;;One of this man's studies opens each chapter with an excerpt from a song, including "Children, You'll Be Called On" and "I'm A Rolling". One of his works was an analysis of an African-American community titled The Philadelphia Negro. In one work, he stated "The problem of the 20th Century is the Problem of the Color Line," and he resigned from editing The Crisis due to his increased Marxism. This man developed the idea that Black Americans should work to promote their top 10 percent, what he called the "Talented Tenth," and he openly opposed the accommodationist ethic Booker Washington. FTP name this founder of the NAACP who wrote The Souls of Black Folk.;;(William) (Edward) (Burghardt) Du Bois
World History;;The Sogdian people revolted against this empire when it revoked its promise not to tax them if they converted , highlighting its problems with tax expectations on non-Arab Muslims. Its first dynasty within a dynasty was called the Sufyanids, and its founder ended the First Fitnah. Its last Caliph, Marwan II, died, Abd ar-Rahman I was the only of their line to escape, fleeing to Spain where the Caliphate continued.  By the time that the Abbasids had killed Marwan II, this empire extended from Spain to India.   FTP identify this Islamic dynasty, founded by Muawiyya, the first Islamic caliphate.;;(The) Umayyad (Caliphate)
Geography;;A study released November 6 of this year noted that this mountain is 18 inches shorter this year than last due to melting snow, now standing at 15,782 feet, still the highest in its range. It also moved 85 feet more into the eastern of the two countries it straddles, which are linked by a namesake tunnel beneath it. Its Aiguille summit is the terminus for a cable car which leaves from Chamonix, and it was the subject of an ode by Percy Shelley. FTP what is this highest mountain in Western Europe and the alps, shared by Italy and France?;;Mont Blanc|Monte Bianco
Literature;;The narrator insists that the copyist title character of this story maintains good humor despite his co-workers dropping torn-up paper on his head and teasing him by saying his landlady beats him. After a tragedy befalls him, he visits the "Prominent Personage," who scolds him so seriously that he stumbles home through a snowstorm and catches a fatal fever, probably because he doesn't have the protection of the title item, which had been stolen by two bearded men and was lined with cat fur. The story concludes by stating that the protagonist stalks the Kalinkin Bridge taking similar pieces of apparel. Chronicling the death and afterlife of Akaky Akakevich, FTP what is this short story about the theft of the title garment, a work by Nikolai Gogol?;;(The) Overcoat|(The) Cloak|Shinel
Physics;;This law can be written in the Voigt notation as a six by six compliance matrix. One form of this law is the expression for the free energy of a deformed isotropic body, and includes the Lamé coefficients. A generalization of it includes Young's modulus, and simple harmonic motion occurs when it is obeyed. This law includes a negative sign because the force exerted is always directed opposite to the displacement of the object. FTP name this law that governs springs and is stated as F equals negative k times x.;;Hooke('s) (Law)
United States History;;The protagonist of this episode was the cousin of his opposition, but family ties did not stop him from forming a makeshift army and attacking the Doeg and Pamunkey tribes, in direct opposition to the orders of his kinsman. He also issued the Declaration of the People of Virginia. This laundry list of complaints against the government was a mild annoyance compared to the burning of Jamestown, which governor William Berkeley had only recently recaptured from the proclaimed traitors. FTP, what 1676 rebellion failed only after the sudden death of its namesake leader?;;Bacon's Rebellion
Biology;;One type of this structure contains Balbiani rings, and another type features granular and fusion loops. In addition to the polytene type, amphibian oocytes have the lampbrush type of these structures. Chronic myelogenous leukemia is associated with the one named Philadelphia, and the inactive form of one of these named for a letter is known as a Barr body. Giemsa's stain is used in the preparation of a karyogram that shows these objects, of which most humans have 23 pairs. FTP name these coiled strands of DNA.;;chromosome(s)
Religion/Mythology;;Dionysus escaped capture from King Lycurgus by taking refuge in this woman's grotto. Medea unsuccessfully competed with this figure in a beauty contest judged by Idomeneus, and she got the hundred-handed figure Briareus to release Zeus. Along with Eurynome, she rescued Hephaestus after he was dropped from Olympus by Hera. At this woman's wedding, the uninvited Eris brought a golden apple with the inscription "To the Fairest". She burned alive her first six sons, but her husband, Peleus, saved the seventh and sent that son to be raised by the centaur Chiron, but not before she dipped that son in the waters of the Styx. FTP name this Nereid, the mother of Achilles.;;Thetis
Literature;;Taking the benefactor Mr. Norton to a meeting with Jim Trueblood, who has impregnated his own daughter, gets the narrator of this novel expelled from college. Earlier, he and other young men are taunted by men who insist they look at a naked woman with an American flag painted on her body and then are shocked by a current running through a rug on which money is strewn. His eulogy for Tod Clifton, who had been selling Sambo dolls, gets the narrator in trouble with the Brotherhood, who had planned for a race riot to be begun by Ras the Exhorter all along. This occurs in, FTP, what 1953 work which is the only completed novel published in the lifetime of Ralph Ellison?;;Invisible Man
Pop Culture;;Despite this player's first career major league hit being a grand slam in 2003, he was soon sent back to Triple-A Wilkes Barre, though he was called back up to the majors in time to record the last at bat ever in Veteran's Stadium. He platooned with Placido Polanco for most of the 2005 season but took over after Polanco's trade to the Tigers, and in 2006 and 2007 he had been voted starting second baseman for the National League in the All-Star Game. Most recently he caused talk of a player from the losing team being named World Series MVP. FTP name this Phillies' second baseman who hit five home runs in the 2009 series.;;(Chase) Utley
Art;;The painting "Battle of Lights, Coney Island" is an indicative work of this art movement, created by American Joseph Stella, another of whose works fitting this movement is a five-panel altarpiece depicting bridges and buildings called "New York, Interpreted". A crescent moon is overwhelmed by the light from the title object in another work of this movement, "Street Light," while a sculpture of a rippling figure striding forward purposely also depicts this movement's emphasis on dynamism. Including works like "Unique Forms of Continuity in Space," FTP name this early 20th-century movement created by Italians like Umberto Boccioni and Giacomo Balla.;;Futurism
Earth Science;;Richard Hamblyn's book The Invention of these objects is about Luke Howard, who developed their classification system. A pileus is called the cap type of these objects, and the mammatus type has a pouch-like appearance. A modulated beam of light is used in measuring the lowest height of these objects with a ceilometer. The introduction of large hygroscopic nuclei or silver iodide is used in the seeding of these objects in order to promote the release of precipitation. FTP name these collections of water droplets or ice particles that are suspended in the troposphere, types of which include cirrus, cumulus, and stratus.;;cloud(s)
Philosophy;;he namesake "club" of this group of thinkers included George Putnam, William Henry Channing, and George Ripley, all of whom rejected the emphasis on sense data as the basis of cognition. Influenced by the mysticism of Swedenborg, its adherents argued against the emphasis on historicity in Christianity, particularly in the church to which most of the belonged, the Unitarian Church. Considered by some to have begun with the 1836 publication of the essay "Nature," FTP what is this philosophical tendency shared by Margaret Fuller, Orestes Brownson, and, most particularly, Ralph Waldo Emerson?;;Transcendentalism
World History;;This country's president William Tolbert was deposed in a 1980 coup, which ended a one hundred year unopposed reign of its True Whig party. Recent leaders of this country include Moses Blah, who served as president for two months in 2003. Samuel Doe's deposition led to a Charles Taylor regime in this country, until US intervention caused the election of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. This country was largely colonized by the American Colonization Society and populated by ex-slaves. FTP name this West African country with capital at Monrovia.;;Liberia
Literature;;One poem by this author states "the Church is cold / But the Alehouse is healthy, and pleasant, and warm". In addition to writing "The Little Vagabond," this poet described "A little black thing among the snow / Crying 'weep weep' in notes of woe". Another poem by this author asks "What immortal hand or eye / Could frame thy fearful symmetry"? and describes the titular animal as "burning bright / In the forests of the night". Those poems by this author are collected in Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experiece. For 10 points, name this English poet of "The Chimney Sweeper" and "The Tyger".;;(William) Blake
Noncomputational Math;;Together with an Italian, this man is the namesake of a constant that is the limit of the difference between the harmonic series and natural logarithm. In geometry, this man is the namesake of the line on which the orthocenter, centroid, and circumcenter lie, and in graph theory, a circuit that uses each edge exactly once is named for this man, who resolved the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem. His namesake characteristic is equal to the number of vertices plus faces minus edges, and his namesake number raised to the i times pi power plus one is equal to zero. That namesake number is the base of the natural logarithm, is equal to approximately 2.71, and is symbolized by a lowercase e. FTP name this Swiss mathematician.;;(Leonhard) Euler
Art;;Claude Debussy's piano works Masques and L'Isle Joyeuse were inspired by this painting. Its creator produced two versions of this painting, in 1716 and 1718, the earlier of which is in the Louvre. The statue of Venus in the first version is armless and in profile, while in the latter she is intact and in contrapposto. The primary couple is pretty similar in both versions, the woman's blue skirt fully visible under her long silken shawl, a man seemingly nuzzling at her right shoulder. Depicting a "fete galantes," lovers in a pastoral setting, FTP name this classic Rococo set on the island  on which Venus was born, a work by Jean-Antoine Watteau.;;(The) Embarkation for Cythera|(The) Pilgrimage to Cythera
Physics;;The existence of this property can be predicted using the Stoner criterion, and a material with this property changes under torsion according to the Matteucci effect. One model of this phenomenon was solved in two dimensions by Lars Onsanger and was generalized by Potts. One process in materials with this property occurs in many small discontinuous steps, and results in Barkhausen noise. This property occurs below the Curie point, and materials displaying it have a high positive susceptibility, and often retain their magnetization in the absence of an external magnetic field, which is known as hysteresis. FTP  name this type of magnetism possessed by cobalt and nickel, as well as iron, its namesake.;;ferromagnetism
Literature;;In one long poem by this author, the title man is "out of key with his time," striving to "resuscitate the dead art/Of poetry". Those lines open this man's "Hugh Selwyn Mauberly," while a much longer work of his includes sections titled "Leopoldine," "Rock-Drill" and "Throne," the last of which includes poems written while this author was incarcerated at St. Elizabeth's, a hospital to which he was sentenced when found incompetent to stand trial for treason for making WWII radio broadcasts in favor of Mussolini. Also famous for his open translations of Chinese poems, FTP name this poet of "The River-Merchant's Wife" and The Cantos who also edited Eliot's "The Waste-Land".;;(Ezra) Pound
Philosophy;;This man gave a lecture about psychology claiming that "Introspection forms no essential part of its methods". His 1928 work Psychological Care of the Infant and Child is no longer considered a standard text, and ironically he himself later claimed he didn't know enough to write it. With his assistant Rosalie Raynor, this man conducted an experiment in which he struck a metal pipe with a hammer to scare an infant into associating that fear with a pet rat. resulting in the child fearing all white fluffy things. FTP name this author of the book named for his psychological beliefs, Behaviorism.;;(John) (Broadus) Watson
Philosophy;;This author suggested that there is no other road to truth except through the "brook of fire," referring to this philosopher's admiration of the writings of Ludwig Feuerbach. This author satirizes Bastiat's theory of credit as an "utter poverty of ideas under a cover of formal logic" in his Grundrisse. In addition to writing Notes on James Mill and The Civil War in France, this theorist in perhaps his most famous work claims that the constant revolutionizing of production leads to a constant disturbance of social conditions  thus "all that is solid melts into air, and all that is holy is profaned". Also the author of the Critique of the Gotha Program, that quote comes from a work co-written by Friedrich Engels and warns of a specter haunting Europe.  FTP name this German philosopher who discussed the class struggle between bourgeoisie and the proletariat in the Communist Manifesto.;;(Karl) Marx
United States History;;This man used an almanac to prove William "Duff" Armstrong's innocence in one case. In the House of Representatives, he demanded to know the exact location where blood had been spilled on American soil by the Mexican army in his "Spot Resolutions". This man spoke out against the Kansas-Nebraska Act in his Peoria Speech. This man suggested advancing "With malice toward none, with charity for all" in his Second Inaugural Address. This politician debated Stephen A. Douglas during a 1858 senate race. FTP name this Republican who delivered the Gettysburg Address as president during the Civil War.;;(Abraham) Lincoln
Literature;;The Idler and The Rambler were two periodicals written by this man, and he popularized the term "Metaphysical Poets" in his series of biographies Lives of the Poets. The title prince travels with his mentor Imlac out of Happy Valley in search of true happiness in this author's prose work, Rasselas, while his greatest accomplishment was an epic of over 115,000 entries, the standard of its type until the creation of the Oxford English version. Author of an 18th-century Dictionary of the English Language, FTP name this British writer whose own biography was written by his one-time companion James Boswell.;;(Samuel) Johnson
Physics;;The location of the maximum amount of this compound is explained by the Umkehr effect. In a reaction that follows the Criegee mechanism, this compound is used with dimethyl sulfide to cleave double bonds and form carbonyl compounds. This compound is produced in a series of reactions named for Chapman, and the amount of it is measured in Dobson units. This blue compound is produced during a thunderstorm, and it is best known for absorbing ultraviolet rays in a namesake layer in the stratosphere. FTP name this triatomic form of oxygen.;;ozone
Religion/Mythology;;This mythological figure was the child of Menoeceus and sister of Hipponome. She married the son of Labdacus after he had raped Chryssipus and after he took power upon the deaths of Amphion and Zethus. When she was unable to conceive, her husband consulted an oracle, after which he refused to impregnate her, so she got him drunk in order to conceive her child, who was eventually raised by Merope and Polybus of Corinth. A sister also of Creon, she killed herself after the revelations of Tiresias. FTP who is this mother and wife of Oedipus?;;Jocasta|Epikaste
World History;;One of the lasting effects of his reign was the complete and utter destruction of the Pecheneg nomads to the north of the Danube.  He also fended off an attack from the Normans led by Robert Guiscard, retook quite a bit of the Anatolian coastline, and founded a lasting Byzantine dynasty.  FTP identify this emperor, whose deeds were chronicled by his daughter Anna, who may be best known for sending a letter to Urban II that inadvertently invited the First Crusade.;;Alexius (I) (Comnenus)
Geography;;In 2007 15 British soldiers were captured by another nation for allegedly infringing on that nation's claims in this body of water.  Cities lying on this body of water include Al Manamah and Busheher.  The body of water that drains it is named for Ahura Mazda.  The Shatt al-Arab empties two large rivers into it at the city of Abadan.  Islands in it include Tarout, Kish, and Bahrain.  FTP identify this body of water that drains into the Gulf of Oman via the Strait of Hormuz, along which lie the nations of Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, and Iran.;;(The) Persian Gulf
Biology;;This structure's namesake trafficking regulator gene is mutated in sufferers of Chediak-Higashi syndrome, in which these structures are both abnormally enlarged and reduced in number. Proteins targeted to this organelle have mannose 6-phosphate residues. Tay-Sachs disease is characterized by the accumulation of gangliosides in these organelles, which can fuse with phagosomes. Found only in animal cells, these organelles have a pH of approximately five, and are prone to storage diseases. FTP name this cell organelle that has digestive enzymes for breaking down certain cell parts.;;lysosome(s)
Literature;;The unnamed title female is brought to the title locale by Jack Potter after getting married in San Antonio in one of this author's stories; when Potter is confronted by Scratchy Wilson wanting a gunfight, he walks away flabbergasted at news that Potter has wed. In addition to "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky," he described the oiler, the cook, the captain, and the correspondent surviving a boat's capsizing and eventually coming ashore near New Smyrna, Florida in another story. Another famous story depicts a fight between Johnny and the Swede at the title inn, leading the Swede to wander off to another fight in which he is stabbed to death. FTP name this author of the stories "The Open Boat" and "The Blue Hotel" as well as the novel The Red Badge of Courage.;;(Stephen) Crane
Pop Culture;;The lead singer of this band briefly dated Spike Jonze and collaborated with him on an Addidas Commercial with the song "Hello Tomorrow". The lead guitarist has worked with Bright Eyes and Scarlet Johansson.  This band's first album contained the songs "Pins" and "Y Control" and its second album contained the song "Gold Lion" to commemorate the award the aforementioned commercial won at the Venice Film Festival.  Their most recent album features "Heads Will Roll" and the lead singer, Karen O, has recently contributed to the soundtrack for Where the Wild Things Are, directed by Jonze.  FTP identify this affirmatively named band sadly known to most primarily for its song featured on Rock Band, "Maps".;;(The) Yeah Yeah Yeahs
World History;;The capital of Turkmenistan is named for the founder of this kingdom's ruling dynasty.  They came to power after overthrowing the ruler of their eponymous satrapy, who had recently declared his independence from the Seleucid Empire.  Soon thereafter, they proceeded to conquer Seleucid Persia and Mesopotamia, founding their capital, Ctesiphon, across the Tigris from it.  Today, they are known for their horsemen's tactics of firing arrows backwards at enemy infantry formations.  FTP identify this Persian dynasty that defeated Crassus at Carrhae largely by using that eponymous tactic.;;Parthia(n) (Empire)|Pahlava|Arsacid (Empire)
Religion/Mythology;;This community descended from a schismatic faction of the Altasian church in 1693. One important theological concept of this denomination is Gelassenheit or absolute submission to the will of God and the set of rules established to help achieve that goal is known the Ordnung. During adolescence some members of this community go through the rumspringa, from the German word for "running around" they are allowed to hedonistically explore the "English" world before returning to be baptized and join the church. Founded by Jakob Ammann, for 10 points, name this sub-denomination of Christianity located mostly in Ohio and Pennsylvania, known for their rejection of modern technology.;;Amish
Music;;One opera by this composer ends with Death departing and Satyavan coming back to life. In addition to Savitri, he composed the opera At the Boar's Head. Orchestral works by this composer include the Thomas Hardy inspired tone poem Egdon Heath, and a work named for the school where he taught, St. Paul's Suite. The movements "Song of the Blacksmith" and "Fantasia on the Dargason" conclude his Second Suite in F for Military Band. His best-known work was inspired by astrology and contains seven movements, the first of which features an ostinato rhythm in 5/4, and is entitled "Mars, the Bringer of War". For 10 points, name this English composer of The Planets.;;(Gustav) Holst
United States History;;This man met with Eisenhower at Morningside Heights, and agreed to back him in the 1952 presidential election despite their different opinions on NATO.  He lost two nominations for president, the most contested of which went to his arch-rival Thomas Dewey.  His criticism of ex post facto application of laws at the Nuremburg Trials led to JFK's "Profile in Courage" on this man, and he co-sponsored a labor relations law that replaced the Wagner Act, along with Fred Hartley.  FTP name this so-called "Mr. Republican," a longtime Ohio senator and son of former president and Chief Justice William Howard.;;R(obert) Taft|B(ob) Taft
Computer Science;;To make this language easier to parse with LALR1, the "Significantly Prettier and Easier Syntax" for it was developed. Created by Bell Labs employee Bjarne Stoustrup, Borland offers a popular "Builder" program for compiling this language.  Unlike a rival developed by Sun, this unmanaged language allows for multiple inheritance, and it builds on its predecessor by supporting operator overloading in its newly introduced classes.  FTP name this popular Object Oriented programming language, a rival of Java which built upon C.;;C++