Economics;;These groups originally were opposed by the Catholic Church because of the oaths they swore, often on the pagan feast of Jul on December 26. In 858 CE Bishop Hincmar tried to organize them into the church, but they resisted. In medieval times they were often granted a letters patent from a ruler making them an oligopoly in their field. Adam Smith spoke against them, arguing that they restrained free trade by not allowing men to ply their trade without belonging. FTP name these organizations of craftsmen or tradesman that included ranks of apprentice, journeyman and master.;;guild(s)
Philosophy;;The founder of this philosophical method borrowed the term "intentionality," referring to the intentional relationship between mental acts and objects, from his teach Franz Brentano. Maurice Merleau-Ponty helped develop an "existential" form of it by disputing the notion of a transcendental ego. What is this philosophical method, FTP, that seeks to describe how the external world presents itself to us as conscious experience, a school founded by Edmund Husserl?;;phenomenology
Biology;;Caspases are essential in many pathways inducing this event. During it, the chromatin condenses along the periphery of the nucleus and the cell body shrinks, the cell membrane blebs, and finally the cell fragments into small bodies. It is induced during development to shape growing tissues, or when irreparable DNA damage has occurred. Contrasted with necrosis, FTP, name this process of programmed cell death.;;apoptosis
Religion/Mythology;;Unlike Hesiod, the author of this work posits an unnamed deity who creates the world and human beings. It begins with the Golden Age, which is followed by the Silver Age, which begins when Jupiter sends Saturn to Tartarus. A Bronze Age and Iron Age follow, the latter of which is contemporary with the book's publication, and it declares Augustus to be the earthly Jupiter. Narrating many mythical tales of love and, apropos of the title, of changes, FTP name this work of mythology written by Ovid.;;Metamorphoses
Miscellaneous;;Bob is the president of this group, where "there's no signin' up, no monthly dues". The listener is invited to "come on in' the waters fine, just idle on over an' toss us a line". Found on the 2005 album, My Kind of Livin, it describes "bass-trackers, Bayliners and a party barge, strung together like a floating trailer park". For ten points -- name this Craig Morgan song about a southerner's fancy boat group.;;Redneck Yacht Club
Art;;Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve are the two title figures. De Selve, though only 25, was already Bishop of Lavaur, and the broken string on the lute behind him is often interpreted as symbolic of religious discord, while the Lutheran hymn book is seen as hopeful of religious harmony. Also pictured are a globe, a case of flutes, and a sundial, representing the title figures' learning. Still, most notice the distorted skull, a memento mori, in the foreground. FTP name this 1543 painting, the most famous work of Hans Holbein the Younger.;;(The) (French) Ambassadors
Literature;;The original two volumes of this text, greatly influential on Eliot's "The Wasteland," were published in 1890, though it was expanded to thirteen volumes in 1915 before finally being condensed by the author to one volume in 1923, making it accessible to the masses.  The book sets out a number of mythical archetypes that are universal elements in religious and magical practices. Its title refers to the branch broken from a sacred tree by Aeneas before his descent into the underworld.  FTP identity this text, the best known by James Frazer.;;(The) Golden Bough
United States History;;At his death in 1728, this man's library of 4,000 books was second in size in North America only to that of William Byrd. After being refused the presidency of Harvard in 1701, he helped found Yale. Though a member of the Royal Society based on his scientific writings, his Wonders of the Invisible World described the Salem Witch Trials as part of an attempt by the devil to ruin the New World. Author of Magnalia Christi Americana, FTP name this colonial figure, son of a father named Increase.;;Cotton Mather;;Mather
Astronomy;;Some astronomers predict it could undergo a supernova explosion in the next thousand years, and after the Sun and R Doradus it has the third largest angular diameter as seen from Earth. It is the tenth brightest star in the night sky, and, with Sirius and Procyon, this red supergiant forms the Winter Triangle. Although the beta star, Rigel, is brighter, FTP, what is this alpha star of Orion?;;Betelgeuse
Religion/Mythology;;In the Hellboy comics, this mythological figure, though not of the Norse pantheon, restores the soul of Rasputin by placing it in the roots of Yggdrasil.  Her house is enclosed by a white fence made of human bones, and she flies through the air in a mortar, using a pestle as a rudder. If you are a good person with a pure heart, you might get help from her, but if your heart isn't pure she will eat your soul.  FTP name this wild forest woman of Slavic myth whose log cabin revolves on a pair of chicken legs.;;Baba Yaga
Literature;;Louisa May Alcott is said to have had an unrequited love for this writer, whom she clearly depicted as the naturalist Mr. Hyde in Little Men. His 1860 essay "A Plea for Captain John Brown" made a case for Brown as a hero supporting the Constitution. His first published work was A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. FTP name this writer who made his mark by recounting two years he spent freeloading on land owned by his friend Ralph Waldo Emerson in Walden.;;(Henry (David)) Thoreau
World History;;In Nahuatl his name means "he who makes himself ruler by his rage". His reign followed that of Auitzotl, and though he converted to Christianity, the Ramirez Codex states that he didn't receive last rites since the priests near him were occupied in trying to find more gold. He converted around 1520 to try to save his empire, but he was pelted by his subjects when he suggested they desist fighting against the Spaniards. FTP name this Aztec emperor who was humiliated by Cortes and whose namesake "revenge" is pretty gross.;;Monte(c)zuma (II|the Second)|Moctezuma (II|the Second)
Music;;The composer of this work wrote that he envisioned its second movement as a sketch toward an opera he wanted to write based on Longfellow's Hiawatha, but he never got around to it. That movement is sometimes set to the lyrics of a black spiritual called "Goin Home". Written in the U.S. during its composers stay in Iowa and New York, FTP name this immensely popular symphony of Antonin Dvorak.;;(Symphony) (From) (the) New World|New World Symphony|Symphony Number (9|Nine){1}?|ninth
Physics;;Materials exhibiting this property tend to exhibit hysteresis because of sluggish realignment.  It breaks down at the Curie point because increased motion keeps the domains from staying aligned.  The strength of a magnetic field in a solenoid can be increased by a factor of 5,000 by adding an iron core, due to this property of iron and a few other metals.  FTP, an applied magnetic field causes the alignment of magnetic dipoles in which form of magnetism, named from the Latin for "iron"?;;ferromagneti(sm|c){1}?
Literature;;Grumio, the servant of one of the protagonists, provides much comic relief in this play. Two frustrated suitors are Gremio and Hortensio, the latter of whom disguises himself as the music teacher of the girl he wishes to wed. Her father, Baptista, however, will not allow those two or Lucentio to marry Bianca until her older sister, the title character, is wed. FTP this is what comedy in which Petruchio finally marries Katherine?;;(The) Taming of the Shrew
United States History;;Protests began on May 1, and after there were skirmishes between police and students that night, town mayor Leroy Satrom declared a state of emergency. On May 4, after 2,000 students rallied on the campus commons, National Guardsmen decided to disperse the protestors. However, after the guard was pinned back on a hill, they opened fire, despite no students being closer than 70 feet. FTP four students were killed in 1970 on what Ohio college campus?;;Kent State (Massacre)
Religion/Mythology;;Her name meant "honeybee," and she lived in the hill country of Ephraim around 1100 BCE. When she heard of the cruel treatment of her people by the Canaanites she summoned Barak from Mt. Tabor to attack Sisera. FTP name this female Hebrew judge whose namesake song appears in Chapter Five of Judges.;;Deborah
Miscellaneous;;One of the title characters in this film has grown an enormous watermelon for a competition, though it is destroyed later in trying to lure the other title character. Peter Sallis reprises his usual vocal role in this film, which took five years to complete. Also featuring the voices of Ralph Fiennes as the pompous Victor Quartermaine and Helena Bonham Carter as Lady Tottington, FTP what is this latest Nick Park release about a cheese-loving clay man and his brilliant dog?;;(Wallace and Gromit) (in the) Curse of the Were-Rabbit;;Wallace and Gromit
Literature;;This man's art criticism was collected in Just Looking, while collections of his short work include Museums and Women and Pigeon Feathers. His best known character sold cars for his wife Janice's father in Mt. Judge Pennsylvania, appearing in four novels titled by his nickname. That character, Harry Angstrom, dies in the last of those novels, Rabbit at Rest. FTP name this novelist of Rabbit, Run and The Witches of Eastwick.;;(John) Updike
Literature;;Occasional hints of racism in this novel appear in the characters of Mexican priest Father Sarria, who is responsible for the rape of Angéle Varrian, and the villain S. Behrman, a vehicle for Jewish stereotypes. Among the locations in this novel are the Home Ranch, the Quien Sabe Rancho, and El Rancho de los Muertos, owned by Magnus Derrick, whose property Presley bicycles across at the beginning of the novel. Inspired by the Mussel Slough incident, it was the first book of its author's planned "Epic of the Wheat". For 10 points, name this Frank Norris novel detailing the struggle in frontier California between farmers and the railroad, which strangles them like the titular animal.;;(The) Octopus
Noncomputational Math;;It has been proved that its value for all even positive numbers is transcendental, but for odd integers, only its value for 3 has been shown to be irrational by Apéry, and that value is sometimes called Apéry's constant. Ramanujan came up with rapidly converging series for its value at odd integers, and his summation can be used to show that its value at –1 is -1/12, as well as the fact that it is zero for any negative even number, called the trivial roots, but the conjecture that all of its nontrival roots have real part 1/2 is one of the most famous unsolved problems in number theory. For 10 points, what is this function, the subject of a namesake hypothesis, closely related to the distribution of prime numbers?;;Riemann zeta (function);;Zeta (Function)
World History;;During this dynasty, the minister Qin Gui committed an infamous act of treachery against the general Yue Fei, and the author of the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, Sima Guang, opposed the New Laws of Wang Anshi. Zhao Kuangyin formed it, and gunpowder, the magnetic compass, and moveable type were invented during this era, before the death of emperor Qinzong led to the decline of its Northern period, but its southern incarnation survived until the Mongol conquest. For 10 points, name this dynasty is credited with unifying China after the Ten Kingdoms and Five Dynasties periods.;;Song (Dynasty)
Miscellaneous;;A stone in Fowey shares this name with the given name of Thomas Pynchon's niece, who directed such films as House of Ass. It is also the first name of the woman who won Olympic gold in skeleton in 2002, and it forms the name of a South Atlantic island group colonized by the British to keep an eye on St. Helena along with "da Cunha". Romanian Sami Rosenstock adopted this as a first name to write "The Inner Face" and "Seven Dada Manifestos". In addition to the poet Tzara, this is the name of the killer of Morholt and nephew of Mark of Cornwall. For 10 points, what is this name, borne by a knight in love with Iseult?;;Tristan
Miscellaneous;;Léon Duguit used this man's ideas to develop a theory of law, while Lucien Lévy-Bruhl elaborated his notion of "group ideas" to explain the difference between primitive and modern socities. He called for studying "social facts," not individuals, in The Rules of Sociological Method. In another work, he stated that a certain organizational phenomenon was the result of population growth and subsequent change in social structure, rather than a conscious attempt to produce more. For 10 points, name the author of The Elementary Forms of Religious Life and The Division of Labor in Society who founded French sociology.;;(Emile) Durkheim
Art;;His portrait of a child in a beret and gold chain exemplifies the tronie style he helped develop. His "Balaam and the Ass" was ripped from a work by his teacher, Pieter Lastman, while green light illuminates a sword, bow, and arrows hanging from the wall of a cave in his "The Raising of Lazarus". A man has his hand on the breast of his titular spouse in "The Jewish bride," but better known portraits include his self-portraits with Saskia. He is widely praised for his painting depicting the "writing on the wall," while an angelic girl stands out in the company of the titular military regiment of his best-known work. FTP name this artist of "The Night Watch".;;Rembrandt (Harmenszoon) (van Rijn)
Biology;;One class of this phylum can vomit its internal organs at potential predators, which it can then regrow. That class, Holothuroidea, has microscopic ossicles with a sponge-like structure called stereom characteristic of the phylum, and has five rows of tube feet running along its body, thus exhibiting the symmetry characteristic of this phylum. Along with the sea cucumbers, this phylum also contains the Echinoidia, or sea urchins, and the Asteroidea, or starfish. For 10 points, what is this deuterostome phylum characterized by fivefold radial symmetry, the closest relatives of the chordates?;;Echinoderm(ata|s)
Religion/Mythology;;This term can refer to the most severe form of damnation in Sufism, a contraceptive diaphragm, or the guard of a government official's office door, and it literally means "barrier". Its requirement is implied by the sura "The Light" and more directly stated in a hadith about Asmaa. At first, it was restricted to Muhammad's wives as an indication of wealth, and many poor Muslims still consider it a luxury. As early as 1866, Richard Burton condemned it as "the slavery of one portion of humanity". For 10 points, give the Arabic word for a common interpretation of the Islamic injunction for female modesty, including veiling.;;hijab
Music;;He wrote a "Greeting Prelude" after a happy birthday melody by C.F. Summy, while an "Intrada," a "song," a "Wedding Dance," and a "Cortege" are the titular components of his Four Norwegian Moods. Small vocal works include a set of songs about a tom-cat and a work in memory of Dylan Thomas, and he wrote a chamber concerto for an American estate, "Dumbarton Oaks". Also known for an oratorio the opera The Rake's Progress and a "Psalm Symphony," he is better-known for a work in which a peasant dances with a bear, Petrouchka. FTP name this Russian composer, remembered primarily for ballets such as The Firebird and The Rite of Spring.;;(Igor) Stravinsky
Philosophy;;His Ordinatio, a commentary on Book I of Lombard's Sentences, was denounced by former chancellor John Lutterll. He fled with Bonagratia and Michael of Cesena to Pisa under the protection of Louis IV, because he was persecuted for defending Franciscan poverty and right of kings to tax the church in Opus nonaginta dierum. A student of Duns Scotus, he was the leading nominalist and became known as "Doctor Invincibilis". For 10 points, who said that "plurality should not be posited without necessity," thus creating his namesake "razor"?;;(William) (of) Oc(k|c){1}?ham
Literature;;In the seventh part of this work, the title character finds "relish sweet," "honey wild," and "manna dew". The work takes place when "The squirrel's granary is full,/And the harvest's done" and when "The sedge has wither'd from the lake/And no birds sing". The speaker has a dream in which he sees "Pale Kings, and Princes too" with their "starved lips in the gloam" who tell him that the title character has him in thrall. The speaker met the title character "in the meads" and makes her "a garland for her head," noting her long hair and wild eyes. FTP name this poem that describes a knight's encounter with the titular elflike pitiless woman, a work of John Keats.;;La Belle Dame sans Merci
Physics;;For a massless bosonic gas, the density of this quantity in natural units is 2 pi squared times temperature cubed over 45 per spin state. The Sackur-Tetrode equation can be used to obtain the exact value of this quantity for a monatomic gas, while Claude Shannon is credited with the development of this quantity in information theory. Its partial derivative with respect to particle number gives the chemical potential, and with respect to internal energy the inverse temperature. Boltzmann was so proud of the expression he derived for this quantity that he placed it on his tombstone. For 10 points, what is this quantity, which, according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, is always globally increasing?;;entropy
Literature;;Her father claims that before her wedding, this woman was "so opposite to marriage that she shunn'd / The wealthy curled darlings of our nation" and that her husband must have "abus'd her delicate youth with drugs or minerals / That weaken motion". Her mother had a maid, Barbary, who "was in love, and he she lov'd prov'd mad / And did forsake her: she had a song of ‘willow,'" which this character sings in similar circumstances, to Emilia, the wife of the man who uses her for revenge. For 10 points, name this woman in a Shakespeare play, daughter of Brabantio, victim of Iago, and wife of Othello.;;Desdemona
United States History;;Its namesake later commented that he "could have traveled the length of the country by the light of bonfires burning his effigy". It called for arbitration committees to set damages for the blockade of the West Indies, established the "rule of 1756," and prohibited the use of American ports to supply pirates. Britain also agreed to remove remaining forts in American territory and recognize free navigation on the Mississippi. For 10 points, issues remaining from the Treaty of Paris were clarified in what 1794 treaty, negotiated for the U.S. by the least prolific author of the Federalist Papers and first chief justice of the Supreme Court?;;Jay(') (s) (Treaty)|Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation (between His Britannic Majesty and The United States of America)
Art;;The arts tower of Sheffield University is a nearly identical half-scale copy of this structure, which sits across the street from the Lever house. Mark Rothko revoked his series of paintings for the restaurant in this structure after realizing how expensive it was, and a backdrop for The Three Cornered Hat by Pablo Picasso now hangs there. Sculptures by Willem de Koonig and Henry Moore were at times placed off-center in the building's plaza, while large reflecting pools grace its North and South faces. Featuring the 24-hour Brasserie restaurant along with the Four Seasons, this is, FTP, what Park Avenue skyscraper designed by Philip Johnson and Mies van der Rohe?;;(the) Seagram (Building)
Literature;;One of this author's stories describes a bachelor trapped in a tower surrounded by the titular marshes. In one of his short works Alissa, in her quest for sainthood, tries to steer Jerome toward her younger sister Juliette, but actually wants him for herself. The novelist Julius, the vivisector Anthime, and the titular bastard are at the center of a scheme to fake a papal kidnapping in Lafcadio's Adventures, while the accidental suicide of Boris mortifies the title figures' leader, the nephew of the man who cares for Bernard Profitendieu, Edouard, in The Counterfeiters. Also the author of a novel about a gay pedophile, this is, FTP what author of The Immoralist.;;(Andre) Gide
Geography;;It is home to the largest non-delta river island in the world, Sauvie Island. Believed by 17th-century cartographers to be an estuary to the mythical Straits of Anian, its mouth was first observed in 1775 by Bruno de Heceta. The site of Hanford, where plutonium enriching was performed during the Manhattan project, lies along it, and dams along its length include Wanapum, Chief Joseph, and the Dalles. Pasco marks the point of confluence with the Snake, while the Willamette flows into it at Portland. For 10 points, what is this river, the second-largest in volume in North America, which forms part of the Oregon-Washington border?;;Columbia (River)
Religion/Mythology;;One person by this name resigned after the Council of Sutri charged him with simony, and another was the Crescentii candidate deposed by Benedict VIII. One of them engineered the election of Rudolf Hapsburg as emperor, another canonized Francis Xavier and Teresa of Ávila, and another was urged by Catherine of Siena to move the Papacy back from Avignon. One dispatched Augustine of Canterbury to Kent, and another's Dictatus proclaimed that he could depose the emperor, leading to a confrontation at Canossa. For 10 points, what Papal name is shared with the engineer of a namesake calendar reform?;;Gregory
Physics;;Long thought to have no direct physical meaning, the Aharanov-Bohm effect showed that a nonzero value for this quantity could cause a phase shift even in a region where its curl was zero. Its derivative is discontinuous across surfaces carrying surface current, and its very existence implies the nonexistence of magnetic monopoles, as the divergence of its curl is by definition zero. In the Coulomb gauge its divergence is set to 0, while in the Lorenz gauge its divergence is proportional to the negative partial derivative of the electric potential. For ten points, what is this quantity, whose curl is equal to the magnetic field?;;(vector|magnetic){1}? potential
Literature;;In one of this author's novels, the chief suggests that a boy ritually murder his stepfather when he decides to retire from sailing. A restaurant owner's attraction to an elderly conservative politician clashes with the radical beliefs of her husband in his novel After the Banquet, while anxiety over a planned mutiny leads to the suicide of Reiko and Takeyama Shinji in "Patriotism". In his first novel, the student Kochan realizes he cannot marry Sonoko after a prostitute fails to arouse him, while the stuttering Mizoguchi sets fire to the title structure in The Temple of the Golden Pavilion. Best known for a series including Spring Snow, this is, FTP, what author of The Sea of Fertility?;;(Yukio) Mishima|(Kimitake) Hiraoka
Physics;;Their energy spectrum is characterized by a steepening at the "knee" at around 10 to the 16th electron-volts and another at the "ankle" at 10 to the 19th electron-volts, the latter possibly due to the GZK cutoff resulting from inelastic collisions with the cosmic microwave background. SuperKamiokande's initial observation of neutrino oscillation was made by comparing the interaction of these with Earth's atmosphere on the two sides of the earth, and Carl Anderson first discovered the positron using the interaction of these in a cloud chamber. Composed of approximately 87% protons and 12% alpha particles, for 10 points, what are these particles which bombard Earth's atmosphere from extraterrestrial sources?;;cosmic ray(s)
Geography;;Dhu Nuwas was the last king of the Himyarites, who ruled in what is now this country, and converted to Judaism, leading to a Jewish population persisting here until airlifted to Israel in Operation Magic Carpet. The Romans called the region "Arabia Felix" because of its trade in frankincense and myrrh, though now its inhabitants are partial to qat. One part of this country was dominated by Zaydi Islam and gained independence in 1918, but the rest was a British protectorate until 1967, instituting a Communist government in 1970. For 10 points, name this Arab country unified as a single republic in 1990.;;(Republic of) Yemen
Religion/Mythology;;He seduced Tyro, the wife of his brother Salmoneus, and he founded the Isthmian Games to honor his nephew Melicertes. After Autolycus stole his cattle, he seduced Anticleia, leading some some sources to say he is the true father of Odysseus. He also revealed Zeus's abduction of Aegina in exchange for a drink of water, which led to his first death, but his undignified funeral resulted in him returning to teach his wife etiquette. He had earlier chained Death to a post, so, after his death of old age, he was kept too busy to think of more tricks. For 10 points, name this king of Corinth who must forever push a boulder up a hill.;;Sisyphus
World History;;Its goal was the "AA line" and it occurred in concert with Operation Silberfuchs. After it was launched, an unsuccessful counterattack was ordered at Suwalki and Lublin, and the prolonging of the battle at Vyzama helped slow it down. This initiatve did not begin to falter until a counteroffensive in the Yelets and Tula sectors used imported Siberian troops to fight in cold weather. It led to the execution of General Pavlov after Fedor von Bock's Army Group Center captured Minsk on the sixth day. For 10 points, what invasion launched on June 22, 1941 began the Nazi war on the USSR?;;(Operation) Barbarossa
World History;;Originally trained as an electrician, criticism of party government cost this man his job at a government owned shipyard in 1976.  He was imprisoned during the military crackdown in 1981 after gaining  numerous concessions from the government, for which he was awarded the 1983 Nobel Peace Prize, while 7 years later he would defeat his former ally Tadeusz Mazowiecki for his country's presidency. FTP name this Polish hero, the leader of Solidarity.;;(Lech) Walesa
Music;;This man's orchestral works include the Othello Suite and the Battle of Stalingrad Suite. Unable to speak Russian or read music when he entered the Russian Conservatory, he went on to write the ballet Spartacus, while Lezghinka and the Dance of the Rose Maidens can be found in Gayaneh, which also includes his most famous work. FTP, who is this Armenian composer of Saber Dance?;;(Aram) Kha(t)chaturian
Literature;;In 1960, he gets his start as a salesman for the MagiPeel Peeler Company. Soon his wife Janice begins an affair with Charlie Stavros while he himself moves in with the prostitute Ruth Leonard. Known by a nickname derived from his habit of bearing his teeth while a star high-school basketball player, his life is defined by his aimless flight south whenever confronted by a major problem. Seen "rich" and "at rest" in recent novels, FTP, who is this protagonist of four novels by John Updike?;;(Harry) Rabbit (Angstrom)|Angstrom
Economics;;Adam Smith divided an elementary representation of it into effective and absolute classes, of which effective was the more important for determining the market price of a good in relation to the cost of producing it. Theories of revealed preference relate it to the individual consumer's preference, while its price elasticity measures how much more or less of a good the consumer will purchase given a decline or a rise in price. FTP name this relation used with supply to determine the equilibrium price and quantity of a good in a market.;;Demand
Physics;;One version of this phenomenon is caused by high gravitational fields, and likely causes the high values over 3 seen in quasars. Predicted by Einstein, this gravitational version is very similar to the more common version, which is usually given a value expressed as delta lambda over lambda, but for relatively low velocities of recession, the equivalent value v over c is used. FTP, what is this displacement in the lines of the spectra of certain galaxies towards longer wavelengths, most famous in its Doppler form?;;redshift
Geography;;This island's Mount Asgard is situated on the Cumberland Peninsula, and the Foxe Basin lies to the south. Home to the Sirmilik and Auyuitiq National Parks, its major cities include Pangnirtung, Pond Inlet, Arctic Bay, and Iqualuit, which now serves as the capital of Nunavat. Separated from Greenland by the Davis Strait and from mainland Canada by the Hudson Strait, FTP, what is this island named for a 17th century English explorer, the 5th largest island in the world?;;Baffin (Island)
World History;;Talat was one of the leaders of this movement which sought to reestablish their country's liberal constitution of 1876. Reformers who wished to modernize and westernize their country, they ousted Abd ul-Hamid II in 1908. Led in part by Jamal and Enver Pasha, FTP, what was this revolutionary group of the Ottoman Empire whose name indicates their upstart nature?;;Young Turk(s)
Geography;;Construction on this building was inititated in the 13th century by Ibn al-Ahmar of the Nasrid dynasty, and as completed it consists of an old fortress and a slightly more modern palace complex. The Court of the Pools makes up part of the palace, while the other major part is home to a famous alabaster basin suported by twelve white marble lions, and is appropriately named The Court of Lions. With a name probably derived from the color of its bricks, FTP, what is this Moorish palace of Grenada.;;(The) (Alhambra|Red Castle){1}?
Literature;;Mysteries in this novel include the birthday of the main character and the identity of Martha Clifford, who flirts with him by mail. In a major event, the protagonist masturbates while looking at Gerty MacDowell's. legs during a fireworks display on June 16, 1904, and the novel closes with a famous stream of consciousness soliloquy by the protagonist's wife Molly. FTP, identify this novel about Leopold Bloom written by James Joyce.;;Ulysses
Biology;;NADPH provides its reducing power, having acquired energized electrons in the previous reaction, while ATP from the previous reaction provides energy for this process, whose ultimate product is glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It begins with carbon fixation catalyzed by the enzyme rubisco, and in most plants it takes place during the daytime, even though sunlight is not required. Also known as the dark cycle, FTP, identify this cycle paired with the light reactions of photosynthesis and named for its discoverer.;;Calvin cycle|dark reactions
United States History;;Originally a professional soldier, this man became governor of Curacao in 1644. Taking his most famous post in 1647, he soon negotiated a mutually acceptable boundary with Connecticut by the Treaty of Hartford. Known for both the efficiency and harsh intolerance of his rule, this governor expanded his colony into the Delaware River area by conquering New Sweden, but was overwhelmed by a surprise English attack and forced to surrender in 1664. FTP, name this one-legged man, the last Dutch ruler of New Netherland.;;(Peter) Stuyvesant
Philosophy;;This thinker is famous for his writings on the concept of the "naturalistic fallacy" within the context of ethical systems. Editor of the periodical Mind, he began teaching in 1911 as a follower of Kant's transcendental epistemology, and went on to expound on the need to carefully clarify and examine the meaning of propositions while championing common sense. The author of Refutation of Idealism and major influence on the Bloomsbury Group, FTP, who was this major British philosopher, the author of Principia Ethica?;;(George) (Edward) Moore
Literature;;The husband of the title character of this literary work is a scholar writing a book about the domestic handicrafts of Brabant in the Middle Ages. A recurring theme is the desire to "die beautifully", and is first seen when the protagonist uses her power over her husband's academic rival Eilert Lovborg to convince him to commit suicide, after which Judge Brack tries to blackmail the title character into sleeping with him. FTP, this is a brief description of what play named for the female protagonist, written by Henrik Ibsen?.;;Hedda Gabler
Art;;Original members of this movement included F.G. Stephens, Thomas Woolner, and James Collinson. Advocating the expression of genuine ideas and study of Nature, their aroused controversy with paintings like The Girlhood of Mary Vrigin and Christ in the House of His Parents. Noted for their association with literature, they published the journal The Germ, and were named for their desire to recapture the artistic spirit of early Renaissance Italy. FTP, what was this 19th century British at movement whose members included William Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti?;;Pre- Raphaelite(s) (Brotherhood)
Astronomy;;These groups of objects are divided into various types using the Trumpler classification. Usually irregular in shape and more loosely packed than their counterparts, they can contain anywhere from a few dozen to several hundred objects. There are about 1,000 known examples, all found in the spiral arms of the galaxy, and their distances are calculated using main-sequence fitting to the Hyades, which with the Beehive is the most famous example of one. FTP, what is this type of star cluster, the counterpart of globular clusters?;;Open (cluster(s))
World History;;This Scirian was one of the chief officers of Orestes, and was murdered at a banquet by his chief rival. After his most famous achievement his troops overran Dalmatia, threatening the power of the eastern emperor Zeno. However, in 493 he was forced to surrender Ravenna when Zeno encouraged Theodoric to attack him. FTP, who was this Gothic chieftain who overthrew Romulus Augustulus to become the first Germanic ruler of Italy?;;Odo(v)acer
Religion/Mythology;;In 1882 all organizations of this religion were divided into two groups, state shrines and sectarian churches. The written record of the ancient beliefs and customs first appeared in 712's Record of Ancient Matters. This religion worships a collection of extraordinary natural objects, gods and supernatural beings known as kami, while emperors were said to be descended from its sun goddess. FTP, name this major Japanese religion.;;Shinto(ism)
Religion/Mythology;;She rides a pale-white horse which keeps a slow, steady gait, yet she cannot be caught by any rider no matter how they spur their horse. After the birth of her son, the six women appointed to watch over her son fell asleep. After his kidnapping the six women smeared this woman's face with blood and pretended she had killed her son. FTP, identify this mother of Pryderi and wife of Pwyll whose name is found in the title of a Fleetwood Mac song.;;Rhiannon
Chemistry;;These elements can be prepared through the reduction of AcF3 or AcF4 with lithium, calcium, or magnesium at temperatures of 1100 to 1400 degrees Celsius. Known for their self-heating, extreme explosiveness, and short lifetimes, all of their isotopes tend to be unstable and most undergo radioactive alpha decay, and the Aufbau principal dictates that they are constructed by adding electrons to the 5f subshell. Characterized by a 7s2 configuration FTP, what is the collective name for chemical elements 89-103?;;Actin(ide(s)|oid(s)) (series)
Literature;;This literary character's death is brought about by his loyalty to Cassy and Emmeline. An intensely Christian man, he had earlier been separated from his wife Chloe by Haley, and is horrified by the brutalities endured by his fellow passangers on a ship during his subsequent voyage to Louisiana. He soon befriends Eva St. Clair, but seees his hopes of freedom ended when he is bought by Simon Legree. FTP, who is this title character of the most famous novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe?;;Uncle Tom
Psychology;;Another name for it is instrumental learning, a term introduced by Thorndike, whose law of effect became the cornerstone of the theory of this process. Unlike the simpler classical variety, in this form of learning the response is mainly influenced by stimuli that follow rather than precede the response, and acquisition of a newly learned pattern of response is typically achieved through reinforcement. Studied by B. F. Skinner, FTP, what is this type of conditioning?;;operant (conditioning)
United States History;;His father organized the investigation into the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby. He served two tours of duty in Vietnam and attained the rank of General in 1978. In 1983 he was a deputy commander in the invasion of Grenada, but he would gain his greatest notoriety several years later. FTP, name this man who commanded the U.S. forces in the Gulf War and authored the book It Doesnít Take a Hero.;;(Herbert) (Norman) Schwarzkopf (Jr)|Stormin Normin
Physics;;From 1662 to the end of his life he held the post of "curator of experiments" to the Royal Society. He worked on a wave theory of light, a theory of gravitation, and speculated on the atomic composition of matter. After the Great Fire of 1666, he was named Surveyor of London. He discovered that spiral springs have a period of oscillation independent of amplitude, and helped Robert Boyle invent a gas pump. FTP, identify this scientist who, while looking at cork through a microscope, coined the term cell.;;(Robert) Hooke
United States History;;Its founder, a veteran named William Mooney, developed a long series of fake Indian rituals as a way to mock its higher-class rival, the Society of Cincinnati.  Named for a Delaware Indian chief and incorporated as an immigrant aid association in 1805, it gradually became active in politics, eventually helping elect Fernando Wood as mayor of New York. Associated with "Boss" Tweed, FTP, what was this New York City political machine?;;(The) (Society of St.) Tammany (Hall)
Biology;;They often stand out in electron micrographs because of a crystalloid core made up of urate oxidase.  In germinating seeds, they are called glyoxysomes, since they convert fats to sugars as part of the glyoxylate cycle.  Remarkably adaptable, they are small in yeast cells grown on sugar, but grow large if the yeast is transferred to methanol.  For 10 points-name these organelles that break down many molecules by producing hydrogen peroxide.;;peroxisome(s)
Literature;;Its coins include the sprug, drurr, and glumgluff.  Its emperor supports the Slamecksan faction, while the prince is thought to favor the rival Tramecksans, who wear high-heeled shoes.  Civil unrest followed the prophet Lustrog's declaration concerning the proper side to break eggs, just one example of the pettiness seen on this island, the first visited by the man who describes it, and who, after initially helping them in their war with Blefuscu, becomes disillusioned when they propose tying him down to prevent him from fending for himself. FTP, what is this island of diminuitive people visited by Lemuel Gulliver?;;Lilliput
Religion/Mythology;;Notable adherents of this doctrine included Edward Herbert of Cherbury and Henry St. John. Arguing against the need for religion to be imposed by religious institutions or supported by divine revelations, it reached its height during the 18th century Enlightenment, and held that belief in God can commend itself to the human mind by its own reasonableness. Adhered to by Voltaire, FTP, what is this religious doctrine usually taken to involve God's leaving the Universe to its own lawful devices?;;deism|natural religion
World History;;The causes of this war included the construction of Mennonite settlements in a disputed region, rumors of new petroleum deposits there, and the recent Tacna-Arica Settlement. When the League of Nations failed as a mediator, the German-trained Bolivian army was expected to win easily, but the inability of the Bolivian Indian conscripts to adapt to the region's weather combined with the tactical skill of Jose Felix Estigarribia led to a Paraguayan victory. FTP, name this 1932-35 war between Bolivia and Paraguay fought over a piece of lowland  territory.;;(Gran) Chaco (War)
Noncomputational Math;;This two dimensional manifold is orientable and has Euler characteristic 0.  It can be expressed as the product of two circles, but like the Klein bottle is more often viewed as a square with opposite sides identified.  FTP, name this surface, which is more familiar to most people as the surface of a donut.;;Torus
Literature;;The female protagonist of this poem is first seen singing the 100th Psalm. The title character says he is not afraid of bullets or cannons, but admits "That of a thundering 'No!' point-blank from the mouth of a woman, / That I confess I'm afraid of".  Due to this, the title character sends his young friend to plead his case for the love of Priscilla, but Priscilla urges John to speak for himself, leading John to declare his own love for Priscilla. FTP, what is this Longfellow poem about a 17th century American historical figure?;;(The) (Courtship of) Miles Standish
Art;;Creator of the painted wooden crucifix in Sta Maria Novella, this man received the world's first technical patent for an invention that he claimed would help him haul marble down the Arno River. Originally a goldsmith and sculptor, he designed the Pazzi chapel and the Church of the Santo Spiritu after he lost a bid to design the gates of the Florence Baptistery to Lorenzo Ghiberti. FTP, name this first great Renaissance architect best-known for his design of the dome of the Florence cathedral.;;(Filippo) Brunelleschi
Physics;;Flaws in Schrodinger's equation or Bohr's formula can be corrected by introducing this value measured in multiples of a unit called the Dirac h, or h-bar. It was first proposed by Samuel Goudsmit and George Uhlenbeck to explain the spectra of light emitted by atoms of alkali metals. Calculated for complex nuclei by taking the vector sum of the intrinsic values for the constituent particles and their orbital angular momentum, it is zero for nuclei with even numbers of neutrons and protons in their ground states and for pions, while for electrons, neutrons, and protons the multiple involved is 1/2. FTP, what is this measure of the amount of angular momentum associated with a subatomic particle or nucleus?;;spin
Music;;Failed romances helped inspire this composer's song cycle Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen and the cantata Das Klagende Lied.  Director of the Imperial Opera of Vienna from 1897-1907, his death fixation helped shape his Kindertotenlieder,or "Songs on the Death of Children", and a year after his cancer diagnosis he wrote Song of the Earth.  FTP, name this Austrian-Jewish composer best-known for the Titan Symphony, the Resurrection Symphony, and the Symphony of a Thousand.;;(Gustav) Mahler
Literature;;It is said that this play's title character "always wears her hair in the same style".  Its author, while attempting to learn English, was amazed by the emptiness of the bits of daily conversation he found in his English phrasebook, and sought to produce a play from such clichéd , meaningless chatter.  The result was a work starring Mr. and Mrs. Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Warren, and the Fire Chief. For ten points, what is this 1950 play by Eugene Ionesco?;;(The) Bald Soprano|(La) Cantatrice chauve
United State History;;Known for the 1972 "Declaration of Conscience", Earl Warren claimed that if he'd been nominated for president in 1952, he would have made this Senator his running mate.  The first Republican to denounce Joseph McCarthy on the Senate floor, this one-time reporter finished second to Barry Goldwater for the 1964 Republican presidential nomination, fourteen years after going to the House of Representatives to succeed her late husband. FTP, name this long-time senator from Maine.;;(Margaret) (Madelin) (Chase) Smith
Geography;;Its northernmost island is Nanumea, and its southernmost is Niulakita.  Made up of nine isolated atolls located north of the Wallis and Futuna Islands and southwest of Kiribati, it won its independence in 1978, only three years after separating from the Gilbert Islands.  Originally known as the Ellice Islands, FTP, name this archipelago whose main island Vaitupu is home to the capital Funafuti.;;Tuvalu
Philosophy;;One of his techniques was writing sous rature, or "under erasure": writing a word, then crossing it out, then leaving the crossed-out word in the text.  His first book was a translation of Husserl's Origin of Geometry, which he followed with the collection Writing and Difference, in which he attacked structuralism and used his famous method to discuss Descartes and Foucault.  FTP, name this author of Of Grammatology and theorist of deconstruction.;;(Jacques) Derrida
World History;;The first, signed in 1668, left France its conquests in Flanders but ended the French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands.  The second gave Silesia to Prussia, recognized the Hanoverian succession in England, and confirmed the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, ensuring Maria Theresa's right to rule Austria.  FTP, what is the shared name of these treaties, the second of which ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748?;;(Treaty of) Aix-la-Chapelle
Miscellaneous;;One of this man's students was Jomo Kenyatta, and he wrote the introduction to Kenyatta's Facing Mount Kenya. Author of 1948's "Magic, Science, and Religion", he attacked Sigmund Freud's concept of the Oedipus complex using evidence collected on the Trobriand Islands. The founder of "functionalism", FTP, who was this Polish-born social anthropologist, the author of Argonauts of the Western Pacific?;;(Bronislaw) Malinowski
Literature;;In this novel, Rosamond Vincy is more interested in money than moral standards, causing trouble for her husband, Dr. Lydgate, as he struggles to decide whether to build a wealthy medical practice or pursue idealistic medical reforms.  These reforms are supported by the main character, who is trying to escape her love for Will Ladislaw, who she must not marry to keep the inheritance of her late husband Edward Casaubon. Centering on the chacacter Dorthea Brooke, FTP, what is this novel, arguably the best-known work of George Eliot?;;Middlemarch
Chemistry;;It can be transformed into lyxose using the Ruff degradation. Like the other aldohexoses, its chemical formula is C6H12O6, but unlike talose or glucose, it gives an optically-inactive meso compound upon reaction with nitric acid. A major component of many gums, mucilages, and pectins in plants, it is also a constituent in animal glycolipids and glycoproteins. For ten points, name this simple sugar which bonds to glucose to form lactose.;;galactose
World History;;In part because of a curse on his family, this Alcmaeonid was opposed by his fellow aristocrats, and turned to the common people to achieve power.  He then instituted ostracism, expanded the Athenian council to 500 members, and reformed the Athenian tribes, abolishing the four old ancestor tribes in favor of ten new ones composed of three trittyes each. FTP, name this Athenian who sought to build on Solon's democratic reforms, generally acknowledged as the founder of Athenian democracy.;;Cleisthenes (of Athens)
Religion/Mythology;;One of his lovers was Uathach, a daughter of his tutor, the warrior-woman Scathach, and forgetting his own strength, he broke Uathach's fingers while taking a dish from her hand. His son Conlaoch later challenged him to single combat, and not recognizing his son, he impaled him on the end of his spear. Possessing seven fingers, seven toes, and seven pupils in each eye, FTP, who is this Celtic hero best-known for fighting off the forces of Queen Maeve?;;Cu Chulainn|Setanta
Noncomputational Math;;Its inventor, Guido van Rossum, claims that he was influenced primarily by ABC and Modula-3. It supports objected-oriented and generic programming styles, and is perhaps best known for its emphasis on readability, with indented blocks and a notable lack of semicolons compared to many other languages. FTP, identify this programming language with a name inspired by a 70s British comedy series rather than a type of snake.;;Python
Literature;;An unusual blend of textbook and novel, it was written by a former high school teacher who wanted to write an introduction to philosophy within the framework of a mystery story.  The title character receives strange mail addressed to someone called "Hilde," and her attempts to discover their source lead her to a course in western philosophy. A Norwegian bestseller, FTP, what is this novel by Jostein Gaarder?;;Sophie's World|Sofies verden
Chemistry;;This man showed that carbon is tetravalent. A native of Darmstadt, he first studied architecture, but became interested in chemistry when he heard Liebig give evidence in a murder trial.  His interest in structure is shown in his study of reaction products, but he never finished his major work, the Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie. For ten points, name this German chemist famous for his dream concerning the structure of benzene.;;(Friedrich) (August) Kekule
United States History;;After studying art with Benjamin West, this man dedicated himself to engineering, patenting machines for sawing marble, for spinning flax, and for twisting hemp into rope. He then entered the canal digging business, publishing "A Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation". While in Paris from 1797-1806 he invented a submarine but failed to interest the French government in the designs, after which he was commissioned by Robert Livingston to build his most famous creation, which was once described as "a backwoods saw-mill mounted on a scow and set on fire".  FTP, who was this inventor whose ship Clermont was the first economically effective steamboat?;;(Robert) Fulton
Art;;This artist painted a series of 4 frescos based on the Decameron for the decoration of the Pucci villa. Also known for "The Madonna of the Pomegranate" and the "Mystic Nativity", his nickname was due to the corpulence of his eldest brother Giovanni, and means "little barrel" in Italian. The artist of "Primavera", FTP, who is this 15th Century Italian painter of The Birth of Venus?;;(Alessandro) Botticelli
World History;;When the invading fleet appeared in the Bay of Phalerum before this battle, they were sent a false message by a spy which led them to blockade the Bay of Eleusis with a thin line of 1,000 ships.  The Greek fleet of 370 vessels attacked and broke the line, resulting in the loss of 500 Persians ships, while the Greeks under Themistocles only lost 40 ships.  FTP, name this major 480 BC naval battle in a strait southwest of Athen.;;(Battle of) (Strait(s) of) Salamis (Bay)
Literature;;In this play, the female protagonist's young son dies only a year after her husband's death, prompting a five year trip to Paris. The plot is set in motion by the need to pay for this trip and for Anya's return home. In response to this need for money, Gaev does nothing but play billiards and Varya merely prays. Lopakhin suggests a way to save the estate, but Madame Ranevsky rejects the plan, and her estate is lost.  FTP, name this play by Anton Chekhov, in which the title object is eventually chopped down.;;(The) Cherry Orchard|Vishnovy sad
Geography;;This Asian body of water receives the Red River, and its main ports include Ben Thuy, Haiphong, and Pei-hai. Measuring 300 miles long by 150 miles wide, it is the northwest arm of the South China Sea bounded by China to the north, Hainan Island to the east, and Vietnam to the west. FTP, what is this gulf notorious for a torpedo attack against two U.S. destroyers in 1964?;;(Gulf of) Tonkin
Physics;;This equation behind this physical law was amended by Newton to take the form 4 pi squared a cubed over T squared equals G times the quantity m plus m sub p. First published in the work "Harmonices mundi" in 1619, like its two partners it was derived from data found in its namesake's "Rudolphine Tables". Stating that the square of a planet's period is proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the sun, FTP, what is this famous law of planetary motion?;;Kepler(')s (Third|3rd){1}? Law (of) (Planetary) (Motion)
Music;;This composer of the "Alto Rhapsody" and "Love-Song Waltzes" expressed his artistic credo in the words, "If we can not compose as beautifully as Mozart and Haydn, let us at least try to compose as purely".  A meticulous worker, he did not complete the first of his four symphonies until age 43. Composer of "Variations on a Theme of Haydn" and the "Four Serious Songs", he is better-known for the "Tragic" and "Academic Festival" Overtures. FTP, name this composer of "A German Requiem" and a famous "lullaby".;;(Johannes) Brahms
Literature;;The death of this poet's second wife Frances Appleton prevented him from working for several years, but he eventually completed the religious poem "Christus". Renowned for his skill with languages, the early romanticism of such early works as "Outre-Mer", "Voices of the Night", and "Hyperion" soon gave way to a fascination with narrative forms and European meters, as seen in works like "Tales of a Wayside Inn". FTP, who was this 19th century poet, the author of "Evangeline" and "Hiawatha"?;;(Henry) (Wadsworth) Longfellow
World History;;The region that now makes up this country was conquered by Rome in 58 BC, and afterwards was controlled by Swabia and Burgandy until the Holy Roman Empire gained the region in 1033. The march towards independence started with a 1291 defensive league formed by the states of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, which resulted in virtual independence from the Hapsburgs in 1499, with official independence recognized in the Peace of Westphalia. An alpine nation of 7 million divided into cantons, FTP, what is this country known for its neutrality?;;Switzerland
Pop Culture;;Famous scenes in the film include the "walls of Jericho" and the hitchhiking lesson, and sales of men's undershirts supposedly plummeted because of its bare-chested star.  In this screwball romantic comedy, a rich heiress runs away from her wedding and winds up on a cross-country bus with a wisecracking reporter.  Directed by Frank Capra, it starred Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable.  FTP, name this 1934 film, the first film to sweep the Academy Awards for Best Actor, Actress, and Picture?;;It Happened One Night
Biology;;Extant classes of this phylum of animals include Crinoidea and Stelleroidea. They have a simple nervous system consisting of nerve rings, a rudimentary circulatory system, and no brain, and movement is achieved using a rounded muscular sac called an ampulla. Unique in their posession of a water vascular system and tube feet, their spiny skin gives them their name, and many of them have pentaradial symmetry. FTP, name this phylum which includes sea cucumbers, sea urchins, and starfish.;;Echinoderm(s)|Echinodermata
Religion/Mythology;;He wore a chain of seashells around his neck and a chain of rattles around his ankles, and he often wore a conical cap made from the skin of a jaguar.  He was once aided by vultures, an eagle, a coyote, a wolf, and hundreds of moles in digging up his slain father, the Sun.  He taught the Toltecs of Tula how to raise corn, but he was forced to flee by Tezcatlipoca.  FTP, name this Toltec and Aztec deity known as the plumed serpent god who was once confused with Hernando Cortez.;;Quetz(a)lcoatl
Literature;;Toward the end of this novel, the title character takes in Sally Godfrey's daughter to raise alongside her own son, Billy, and her husband decides to be faithful to her.  About 900 pages earlier, she is employed as a servant to Lady B, but after Lady B's death she is kidnapped by Lady B's son. However, the protagonist wins Mr. B's respect with her tenacious resistance, and they are soon married. Subtitled "Virtue Rewarded", FTP, what is this first major epistolary novel, which along with "Clarissa" is probably the best-known work by Samuel Richardson?;;Pamela(,) (or Virtue Rewarded)
World History;;In 1930 this man led a 200-mile march to the sea to collect salt in defiance of a government monopoly, marking a renewal of his protest efforts. Trained as a lawyer in London, he spent 21 years in South Africa opposing discrimination on the part of the South African government. Assassinated by Nathuram Godse in 1948, he had earlier become famous for his non-cooperation and civil disobedience in India. FTP, name this Indian nationalist leader known as "Mohatma"?;;(Mohandas) (Karamchand) (Mahatma) Gandhi
Physics;;Developed by Godfrey Hounsfield, the first working version of the device to produce them was built in 1972. In the device to make them, a lead collimator focuses a fan-shaped x-ray beam which is then rotated, with the transmitted fan beam picked up by an arc of detectors. The measurements are then reconstructed into a tomograph providing a 2-dimensional X-ray picture revealing a slice of the body inside the device. FTP, what is this type of medical scan?;;C(A)T (scan)|computerized axial tomography
Miscellaneous;;This woman's writings include the children's story The Eagle and the Wren and the books In the Shadow of Man and Visions of Caliban.  The holder of a PhD in Ethology, she is an explorer-in-residence for the National Geographic Society, as well as the only non-Tanzanian to win the Medal of Tanzania.  She first traveled to Lake Tanganyika at age 26 in 1960, where she established the Gombe Stream Research Centre.  FTP, name this anthropologist, famous for her years of observations of chimpanzees.;;(Jane) Goodall
World History;;It reached the height of its power when it defeated Waldemar IV of Denmark and signed the favorable Treaty of Straslund.  It still met as late as 1669, but it had not been a major power for over a century.  It began in part to facilitate trade of salt and herring for Kiel and Lubeck, but a 1241 mutual defense pact between Lubeck and Hamburg is considered its true beginning.  Consisting of up to 160 members, FTP, name this powerful league which controlled trade in the Baltic and North Sea regions for centuries.;;(the) Hanseatic League|Hansa
Chemistry;;Not easily oxidized, these compounds can be synthesized by using an organolithium reagent on a nitrile, followed by hydrolysis of the product.  Useful as solvents and flavorings, they can also be made by oxidizing a secondary alcohol.  They do not affect Fehling's solution and do not react with the Tollens reagent, which differentiates them from aldehydes.  FTP, name this class of compounds with a carbonyl group between two aryl groups, the simplest of which is acetone.;;ketone(s)
Literature;;The title character of this work takes command of the treasury, declares the assumption of civil authority, and fights off an advance by the Scythians.  Lampito, a Spartan, was the first to support the title character's plan, but some supporters eventually used fear of the snakes and owls of the Acropolis as an excuse to abandon their cause, while others resorted to fake pregnancies. Eventually, the Spartans and Athenians did meet, but failed to sign an agreement ending their war.  FTP, name this play by Aristophanes, in which women withhold sex as leverage to end war.;;Lysistrata
Philosophy;;Sections of this philosophical work include "Of Heresy," "Of the Priesthood of Christ," "The Immutability of God," and "Of the Substance of the Angels Absolutely Considered". Concluding with a section detailing the role of Jesus and the Sacraments in the soul's salvation, it opens with a discussion of God's existence, including the author's famous "Five Proofs". Left incomplete when its author experienced a great change while saying mass in December 1273, it still provides a thorough survey of Scholastic thought and serves as the basis for the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.  FTP, name this massive work by Thomas Aquinas.;;Summa Theologica|Summa totius theologiae
Miscellaneous;;The possibilty of this phenomenon was discussed in a famous report by Turco, Toon, Ackerman, Pollack, and Sagan.  It may result from great fires, wind, and large quantities of smoke and dust.  Theoretically, these effects could reduce incoming solar radiation, resulting in the extreme cooling of the earth's surface, possibly to -15 to -25 Celsius.  FTP, name this two-word "seasonal" term, described as a severe deterioration of climate that might take place as a result of multiple H-bomb explosions on the earth's surface.;;Nuclear Winter
Literature;;As a book editor in the 1960s, this graduate of Howard University worked on the writings of Toni Cade Bambara, Gayl Jones, and several other black female writers.  During this period, she wrote her first novel, about the experiences of young black girls struggling to define themselves, The Bluest Eye, and she later won a Pulitzer Prize for her novel about a woman who tried to kill her children rather than allow them to be sent back into slavery.  FTP, name this author of Jazz, Sula, and Beloved.;;(Toni) Morrison|(Chloe) (Anthony) Wofford
Geography;;A mostly lowland nation except in the dry northern sections, it has the largest artificial lake in the world, Lake Volta.  Gold is a leading export, of which the Ashanti Goldfields Corporation is the chief producer.  The Oti river forms part of its border with Togo, while the Black Volta separates it from Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast.  The home nation of the winner of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize, FTP, name this African nation once known as Gold Coast, with capital at Accra.;;Ghana
Chemistry;;These compounds can be made by fusing a sulphonic acid salt with sodium hydroxide and adding sulphuric acid to liberate them. Unlike normal alcohols, these compounds are acidic because of the presence of an aromatic ring. Named for a compound with formula C6 H5 OH, FTP, what are these compounds containing a hydroxyl group bound directly to a carbon atom in a benzene ring?;;phenol(s)
Literature;;After the failure of her father's utopian community Fruitlands this author began supporting her family by writing Gothic works like "Pauline's Passion and Punishment" and "Perilous Play" under the pseudonym A.N. Barnard.. Author of "Flower Fables", her first success as a serious author came with "Hospital Sketches", describing her time as a nurse in the Civil War. FTP, who is this author of "Little Women"?;;(Louise) (May) Alcott
Geography;;The Kern River Canyon is on the west of this mountain, while its precipitous streams enter Owens Valley on the east. Its summit is a gently sloping tablelike surface notable for its lack of erosion, and was first reached in 1873 by A.H. Johnson, C.D. Begole and J. Lucas. Located on the Inyo-Tulare county line at the east border of Sequoia National Park, it rises to a height of 14,494 feet, making it the culminating summit of the Sierra Nevadas. FTP, what is this mountain, the highest in the contiguous United States?;;(Mount) Whitney
United States History;;During this war a militant Indian faction called the Red Sticks killed 533 frontiersmen in the Fort Mims Massacre. Later that fall, the villages of Talladega and Tallashatchee were destroyed, and by the next spring, 1000 warriors congregated at a village on a peninsula in the Tallapoosa River, where they were destroyed in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. FTP, what was this war named for the Native American tribe defeated by Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812?;;Creek (War)
Religion/Mythology;;The Lesser ones were held in the early Spring at Agrae and involved seed trays called kernos, while the Greater ones were held in the early fall at sowing time, and usually lasted 9 days. Starting with Assembly day, the second day was the Halade, when initiates raced to the sea with a piglet under their arm and bathed themselves for purification, while on the Pompe day the initiates walked 14 miles on the Sacred Way from Athens. FTP this is a description of what mystery religion of Ancient Greece which was performed in honor of Demeter and her daughter?;;Eleusinian Mysteries
Philosophy;;This philosopher died while working on his Compendium of Theology, and a legend holds that he possessed a brazen head which would indicate when his projects would succeed by talking to him. He gained the reputation as an erratic genius for his scientific speculations, and he was declared a heretic by the Franciscans in 1278 due to his advocacy that the Roman Catholic church should embrace all the sciences. Famous for his Opus majus, Opus minus, and Opus tertium, FTP, who was this English philosopher known as "Doctor Mirabilis"?;;R(oger) Bacon;;Bacon
Art;;This man founded the first laboratory of aerodynamics at Auteuil in 1912. His first notable achievement was his 1858 iron bridge over the Garonne, and he went on to specialize in metal construction, building the Garabit viaduct, the moveable dome of the Nice Observatory, and the framework for Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty. FTP, who was this "magician of iron", best known for the Paris tower which bears his name?;;(Alexandre) (Gustave) Eiffel
Literature;;Serialized in the magazine All the Year Round, the scheme at the center of this novel's plot is hatched by Count Fosco and Sir Percival Glyde, and is eventually solved by Walter Hartright and his lover Marian. In an attempt to gain the money of his wife Laura Fairlie, Glyde plans to replace her with the lookalike Anne Catherick, who is dying in a mental asylum. FTP, this describes what Victorian detective novel by Wilkie Collins?;;(The) Woman in White
Miscellaneous;;In addition to his more famous endeavours, this man was a skilled calligrapher who in 1540 published a concise manual on Italic lettering. He gained a mastery of mathematics and astronomy under the guidance of Gemma Frisius and learned of engraving from Gaspar a Myrica, who would become his partners in his life's work, which included a series of publications intended to describe the creation and history of the world, coining the term atlas to describe it. Using the graceful Italic lettering which became his trademark, he gained fame for constructing maps of Palestine, his native Flanders, and the world, the latter of which he presented in a double-heart shape. FTP, who was this cartographer who devised the cylindrical projection named for him?;;(Gerardus) Mercator|(Gerardus de) Cremer
United States History;;In this event's aftermath, Albert Parsons, George Engel, and Adolph Fischer were hanged, while Louis Lingg was found dead in his jail cell. Judge Joseph Gary had sentenced these people, as well as August Spies, as accessories before and after the fact in the deaths of seven people as a rally in support of a 8-hour work day. FTP, name this violent confrontation between police and labor supporters in Chicago in 1886.;;Haymarket (Square) (Riot)
Literature;;The title of this book comes from its introductory piece, which describes the author's farmhouse Arrowhead. The character Bannadonna figures promenantly in the second story, "The Bell Tower", which is followed by The Lightning-Rod Man and The Encantadas. Most famous for its last two stories, Benito Cereno and Bartleby the Scrivener, FTP, what is this collection of "tales" by Herman Melville?;;(The) Piazza (Tales)
World History;;In the aftermath of this battle the losing forces were forced to retreat over a single bridge which was prematurely destroyed, trapping 30,000 troops. Initially, the attacks by Blucher from the north and Schwarzenberg from the south were unsuccessful, but the arrival of Russian and Swedish troops combined by the defection of Saxon forces led to Napoleon's defeat. Breaking French power in Poland and Germany, FTP< what was this October 1813 battle, known as "the battle of the nations"?;;(Battle of) (Leipzig|the Nations){1}?
Psychology;;This man's autobiography was 1963's Memories, Dreams, and Reflections. Originally an assistant at the Burgholzli Clinic under Eugen Bleuler, he went on to develop the concept of shadow, the repressed and guilt laden part of the personality, as well as animus and anima, the male and female parts of the personality. He coined the terms extrovert and introvert in 1923's Psychological Types, while his broader application of the libido signaled his break with Freud. FTP, who was this Swiss analytical psychologist who developed the theory of the collective unconscious and wrote 1912's Psychology of the Unconscious?;;(Carl) (Gustav) Jung
Physics;;This device was first developed to measure the wavelength of light, and is used today to measure the diameter of nearby stars, test flat surfaces, determine the indices of refraction of materials, and measure small distances. The echelon version consists of a stack of glass plates, while the Fabry-Perot type uses a pair of half-silvered mirrors to produce circular fringes. FTP, name this device most famously used by Michelson and Morley to disprove the existence of ether?;;Interferometer
Literature;;A major moment in this novel occurs when the protagonist, lost in the snow, has a vision of a classical temple in which two hags are eating a child. Having come to the Haus Berghof to visit his cousin Joachim Ziemessen, the discovery of a pulmonary defect by Dr, Behrens prompts him to stay for seven years, during which time he falls in love with Claudia Chauchat and argues with Settembrini and Pepperkorn. Set at a tuberculosis clinic, FTP, what is this novel about Hans Castorp, the best-known work by Thoman Mann?;;(The) Magic Mountain|(Die) Zauberberg
Music;;The principal theme of this musical work is used in second movement of Verdi's Manzoni Requiem, in Berlioz's Symphanie Fantasique, and in the third movement of Mozart's Requiem. Probably composed by Thomas of Celano, it is based on the Vulgate version of Joel 2:31, and is used in the mass for the dead and on All Souls' Day. A medieval hymn on the Last Judgement. FTP, name this famous hymn whose name is Latin for a certain 24 hour timespan of vengeance.;;Dies Irae|Day of Wrath
United States History;;This man died of tuberculosis in 1887 in Glenwood Springs, California. Raised in Georgia, he graduated in 1872 from the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. Discovering that he was better at faro than tooth extraction, he lived in places as varied as Pueblo, Dallas, and Las Vegas, at some point marriying Kate Elder. Befriending Wyatt Earp in Dodge City, he fought against the Clanton gang at the OK Corrall. FTP, name this part-time dentist of the American West.;;(John) (Henry) (Doc) Holliday
Biology;;Salts of this acid produced during metabolism can accumulate for form kidney stones, and its accumulation in the synovial fluilds of joints causes gout. The major form in which metabolic nitrogen is execreted from the body, it has formula C3 H4 N4 O3. FTP, what is this acid, the end product of purine breakdown in most mammals?;;Uric acid
Religion/Mythology;;This figure is depicted as having four arms, in which he carries a club, shell, discus, and lotus. Also known as Hari and Narayana, at various times he takes the forms Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Matsya, Vamena, Rama, Krishna, and the Buddha. FTP, who is this kindly preserver god of Hinduism?;;Vishnu|Hari|Narayana
Literature;;Characters in this play include Doctor Pinch, the ludicrously fat maid Luce, and the just Duke Solinus. When it opens, the Syracuse merchant Egeon has been sentenced to death; meanwhile his son is involved in a shipwreck which also involves his lost brother. Confusion ensues due to the fact that each brother shares the name Antipholus and employs a servent named Dromio. FTP, what is this Shakespearean play whose title indicates the confusion involved?;;(The) Comedy of Errors
Religion/Mythology;;One myth holds that this mythological figure was worshipped as the god Virbius in Italy after being brought back to life by Asclepius. Hating luxury, he worshipped only Artemis, causing him to incur the wrath of Aphrodite. After his mother Antiope died, his father Theseus married Phaedra, who fell in love with him. He rejected her advances, but before she killed herself Phaedra accused him of violating her, leading Theseus to banish him and pray to Poseidon for his death. FTP, who was this man dragged to death by his own horses?;;Hippolytus
Literature;;Poems by this author include Tentative Description of a Dinner Given to Promote the Impeachment of President Eisenhower, and One Thousand Fearful Words for Fidel Castro. Author of "Pictures of the Gone World", he was the founder of the City Lights  Bookstore in San Francisco in 1953, and published many of the works of the Beat poets. FTP, name this author of A Coney Island of the Mind.;;(Lawrence) Ferlinghetti
World History;;Its publication was advised by Sergey Witte, and it guaranteed freedom of speech, press and assembly; a broad franchise; and a legislature that had to approve legislation before it could become law. Prompted by a disastrous war with Japan and the Bloody Sunday uprising, FTP, what was this 1905 letter in which Nicholas II ended autocracy in Russia, named for the month in which it was issued?;;October Manifesto
Physics;;The maximum energy involved in this effect is given by the equation h times f minus phi, and it will only occur if h is greater than the work function divided by the threshold frequency. Although it usually occurs with ultraviolet light, it can sometimes occur with sunlight. Discovered in 1887 by Hertz, FTP, what is this effect in which a surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation emits a stream of photons, most associated with the work of Albert Einstein?;;photoelectric (effect)
Economics;;In the extended title of his most famous work this economist claims to respond to the speculations of William Godwin and the Marquis de Condorcet. From 1805-34 professor at the East India Company's college at Haileybury, he wrote 1820's Principles of Political Economy and An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent, but is best-known for a 1798 work in which he uses the argument that one element of society increases at an arithmetic rate, while another increases at a geometric rate, implying the need for moral restriant, crime, disease, war, and vice. FTP, who was this author of An Essay on the Principle of Population?;;(Thomas) Malthus
Literature;;In this work the author tells of his unhappiness at Manchester Grammar School and his subsequent escape. After befriending a 16 year-old prostitute named Ann he went to Oxford, where his two great joys are to hera the soprano Grassini and to take medicine to treat his acute stomach pains. Moving to a cottage in northern England, he initially experiences complete happiness and writes a book on economics, but he soon descends into an extended period of inactivity marked by fantastic visions induced by his laudanum addiction. FTP, what is this most-famous work by Thomas de Quincey?;;Confessions of an English Opium-Eater
World History;;Born with a damaged left arm which he hid with a cloak, this leader was sympathetic to the working class, as seen in his support of the Comprehensive Factory Act of 1908 and the Imperial Insurance Code of 1911. A grandson of Queen Victoria, he became unpopular with Great Britian due to his telegram of congratulations to Kruger for surviving the Jameson raid, while his alliance with Franz Joseph II of Austria eventually cost him the throne, after which he lived as a country gentleman in the Netherlands until his 1941 death. FTP, who was this man who served from 1888-1918 as Kaiser of Germany?;;(Kaiser) (Wilhelm|William){1}? (II|the second){1}?;;(Kaiser) (Wilhelm|William){1}?
Art;;This artist often appended to his paintings quotes from his putative epic poem "The Fallacies of Hope", which he never published and may never have written. Prone to outrageous claims, such as when he vowed he had been lashed to the stern of the ship Ariel in a blizzard in order to create "Steamboat off a Harbour's Mouth", he often gave his paintings grandiose titles, such as "Slaves Throwing Overboard the Dead and the Dying-Typhoon Coming On". Although is work was criticised by Constable as "airy visions, painted with tinted steam", Ruskin championed such works as "Petworth", Fighting Temeriere", and "Burning of the Houses of Parliament. FTP, who was this English painter perhaps best known for "Rain, Steam and Speed", "The Slave Ship", and "Snowstorm:Hannibal Crossing the Alps"?;;(Joseph) (Mallord) (William) Turner
Biology;;This type of algae can occur in running water and in vegetative form, but most are of the conjugative variety and are found in mats over still waters. All of them possess a slippery unbranched filament composed of cylindrical cells containing torodial green chloroplasts and take an uncomplicated structure ideal for microscopic study in secondary schools. With a name meaning "coiled-ring", FTP, what is this type of algae also known as mermaid's tresses, water silk, and pond scum?;;spirogyra
Geography;;This river's tributaries include the Skawa, Sola, San, and Narew rivers, and it forms in the Beskid range from the confluence of the Czarna and Biala Wiselka streams. Connected to the Bug canal via the Dneipr-Bug canal and the Oder by the Bydgoszcz ("bid-gosh") canal, during its 651 miles it passes such cities as Torun, Danzig, and Krakow. FTP, what is this river which flows through Warsaw, the longest in Poland?;;Vistula|Wisla
Geography;;One city of this name was described by Homer as "the Hundred Gated", and stood on the site of modern Al-Uqsur. In Strabo's time it was reduced to a small village, but earlier had served as the Egyptian capital during the 11th dynasty. The one in Boeotia was famous for the seven gates supposedly built using the music of Amphion, and in 336 it was sacked by Alexander the Great, who famously ordered that only the House of Pindar be left standing. FTP, what is the name of these cities, the latter of which was the subject of a mythical attack by seven Greek leaders?;;Thebes
Literature;;The protagonist of this novel was raised by her uncle, from whom she inherited a fortune, but she was actually the daughter of the once-powerful businessman Moodie. A beautiful magazine writer and feminist, the reader is told by Miles Coverdale of her disasterous marriage to the mesmerist Westervelt, and after her-half sister Priscilla wins the heart of the reformer Hollingsworth she kills herself. Centering on Zenobia, FTP, what is this novel set in a utopian community, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne?;;(The) Blithedale Romance
Chemistry;;This chemist's explanation of electrolysis laid the foundation of the modern electrochhemical series, and while working as a laboratory assistant discovered the respiratory effects of laughing gas. Among his practical inventions was a safety lamp usable in the presence of methane, and he is also famous for employing Michael Faraday as his assistant. FTP, who was this English chemist who used electrolysis to discover sodium, potassium, calcium, boron, magnesium, strontium, and barium?;;(Humphry) Davy
World History;;The end of this historical event was put in motion with the publication of Ludvik Vaculik's editorial "Two Thousand Words", and saw  coltrol of the government pass to Gustav Husak. In an attempt to avoid purges to remove hardline apparatchiks from the government, several measures had been passed on April 5 to ease restrictions on civil liberties and to bring about "socialism with a human face", but by August 27th a Soviet garrison was mandated, leading to the removal of Alexander Dubcek as First Secretary. FTP, what was this brief 1968 period of increaed freedom named for the capital of Czechoslovakia and the season during which it occurred?;;Prague Spring
Philosophy;;Lesser known works of this thinker include "Repition", "Dread", and "Crisis and the Crisis in the Life of an Actress", written under such pseudonyms as Inter et Inter and Virgilius Haufnienses. His opposition to Hegel can be seen in the works written as Johannes Climaticus, including "On All Things to be Doubted", "Philosophical Fragments", and "Concluding Unscientific Postscript", while is analysis of the "teleological suspension of the ethical" is found in Fear and Trembling. FTP, name this Danish forerunner of existentialism, the author of "Either/Or".;;(Soren) Kierkegaard
Physics;;A key part of this apparatus is an insulating stopper through which is passed a chain or conducting rod, which is then attached to the inner wall of the container. Usually charged using an electrostatic generator, it is coated on the inside and outside with metal foil, allowing it to store the electric charge. Now used almost exclusively in classrooms and named for the university at which it was invented, FTP, what is this jar, the earliest known capacitor?;;Leyden jar
Religion/Mythology;;Anecdotes about the deeds of this religious leader are found in the Janam-sakhis, and relate his travels to such places as Rome and China. Born into the mercantile Khatri caste in the village of Rai Bhoi di Talvandi, he worked in a granary until his religion inspired a lengthy period of travels. Until his death, when he was replaced by his hand-picked successor Angad, he preached salvation by meditation on the name of God from his home in the village of Kartarpur, and his hymns dedicated to this purpose are collected in the Adi-Granth. FTP, who was this first guru of Sikhism?;;(Guru) Nanak
Music;;Set during the reign of the Tsar Berendey, the opera features the wealthy youth Misgir, whose love of the title character cannot console her after she is repeatedly rejected by the shepherd Lehl,. who in turn loves Misgir's betrothed Kupava. Longing both to love and be loved, the title character prays to her mother, the Fairy Spring,. to be able to return the affection of Misgir, a request that is granted, but when she is about to marry him her heart is melted by a ray from the sun god Yarilo and dies,. leading to Misgir's suicide. Such are the events in, FTP, what opera about the daughter of Spring and Winter whose words and music were composed by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov?;;(The) Snow- Maiden|Snegurochka
Literature;;At one point this author of "Arc de Triomphe" supported himself as a race-car driver and sportswriter. Although he received acclaim for his late novel "A Time to Love and a Time to Die", he is best-known for a novel continued in "The Road Back" and which tells of Paul Baumer's experiences in WWI. FTP, who was this German author of "All Quiet on the Western Front"?;;(Erich) (Maria) Remarque
United State History;;One of this organization's founders was a fugitive from justice who evaded arrest due to the aid of Jerry Brown and Mario Cuomo from 1975-84. Founded by Minneapolis in 1968 by George Mitchell, Clyde Bellecourt, and Dennis Banks, they gained attention for their 1969-71 occupation of Alcatraz prison, marking them as the most militant group of their kind. Organizers of the Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan and Wounded Knee Reservation Seizure, FTP, what is this militant Indian organization.;;AIM|American Indian Movement
Noncomputational Math;;The basics behind this computer language were developed by its inventor at a 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project, and its primary dialect, version 1.5, came out in 1965. Its significant features include the use of "atoms", reliance on recursion, garbage collection, and computation performed by applying functions to arguments rather than variables. Invented by John McCarthy, FTP, what is this language famous for its use in artificial intelligence whose name is short for "List Processing"?;;LISP
Religion/Mythology;;This god held court at Svarga, his heaven in the clouds, and his attendant were called the Maruts. His most notable exploit was returning water to the earth by defeating the evil dragon Vritra, which he achieved by drinking large amounts of soma to take on giant form. The son of Dyaus Pita and Prthivi, from whom he was born fully grown and armed, he rode the great white elephant Airavata, and his most famous son was Arjuna. FTP, who was this supreme ruler of the gods in Vedic times, the husband of Indrani?;;Indra
Literature;;One major character in this novel is a Mississipian practicing law in New York while writing tracts against "modern times". In opposition to this character is his cousin, an feminist activist. They both vye for the attentions of a pretty, intectually vacant girl who finally decides to leave the women's movement and settle down with Basil Ransom, thus disappointing her protector, Olive Chancellor. Centering on the character Verena Tenent, FTP, what is this Henry James novel whose title refers to the Massachusetts home town of Verena and Olive?;;(The) Bostonians
United States History;;In the majority opinion for this case the Supreme Court first ruled that the plaintiff, referred to several times as an "eelemosynary" institution, was a private corporation which could not be subjected to meddling by the legislature. This was a de facto victory for the plaintiff which was then bolstered by acknowledging that the Royal Charter in essence consisted of a contract between the government and the plaintiff which, according to Article I secion 10, could not be impaired by the actions of a state, in this case New Hampshire.  This is a summary of Chief Justice John Marshall's ruling in, FTP, what 1819 case argued by Daniel Webster on behalf of a college which claimed the right to appoint its own governing body independent of the action of the state to modify it?;;(The) (Trustees of) Dartmouth (College) v(s)(.) Woodward
Literature;;The action of the play takes place in the basement of what appears to be a restauraunt in Birmingham, where the two main characters have been sent by the mysterious and uncommunicative Wilson. Confused by several cryptic messages sent to them, they are aware that they have been sent to kill someone though they don't know who, and this ambiguity remains  unresolved in the end even when it appears that one of the men is going to kill the other one. Such is a brief sketch of the adventures of Gus and Ben in, FTP, what absurdist play by Harold Pinter whose title refers to the device by which they are sent unfillable requests?;;(The) Dumb Waiter
Earth Science;;In Europe fossil strata from this epoch are divided into the Ypresian, Lutetian, Bartonian, and Priabonian stages, while in North America they are referred to as the Wasatchian, Bridgerian, Uintan, and Duchesnean stages. In it, marine mammals such as the the cetaceans and the sirenians first appeared, as did the artiodactyls, which were precursors to the deer, cattle, and sheep, and perissodactlys, ancestors of rhinoceroses, tapirs, and horses. FTP name this second division of the Tertiary Period that began about 57.8 million years ago and ended about 36.6 million years ago, which followed the Paleocene Epoch and precedes the Oligocene Epoch, and which, as its name suggests, was the "dawn" of recent life.;;Eocene (epoch)
Art;;Just to the left of center on the bottom of this painting is a spotted dog standing at the edge of the water, while on the far right is a man in the overgrowth on the opposite shore. A man is seen reaching into the water at the house which dominates the far left, while in the center two men are trying to navigate the shallow water with a cart drawn by several black animals with red bridles. FTP, what is this famous painting by John Constable?;;(The) Hay Wain
United States History;;This military leader resigned his commission when he was blamed by a court of inquiry for not following up on the explosion of a mine before the Battle of Petersburg. In February 1862 he captured Roanoke Island, but soon after taking command of the Army of the Potomic led the unsuccessful Fredericksburg campaign and was relieved of command. Also known for his 1866-69 stint as governor of Rhode Island, FTP, who was this Union army officer who lent his name to a style of facial hair?;;(Ambrose) Burnside
Literature;;Throughout this novel the author comments on the changing nature of Russian farm life through observations concerning the estate Maryino, while comic relief is provided by the vainglorious intellectuals Madame Kukshin and Sitnikov, who stand in contrast to Madame Odintsov. Its main plot concerns a young man who has a flirtation with Fenitchka and who believes that progress can only be achieved by rejecting the principles of the past, which the reader observes through his conversations with his protege Arkady and his arguments with Paval Kirsanov. FTP, what is this novel about the nihilist Bazarov, the best-known work of Ivan Turgenev?;;Fathers and Sons
Chemistry;;This element's only oxidation state is -1, and it is impossible to free from its compounds by chemical means. It is prepared commercially be the same method which Henri Moisson used to isolate it in 1886, and is also found in the mineral cryolite. Its only isotope is the stabe 19 version, and in its gaseous form takes on a pale yellow color. The most electronegative and reactive of the elements, FTP, what is this lightest of the halogens with atomic number 9 and symbol F?;;Fluorine
Religion/Mythology;;Although the actual author of this book is unknown, its first verse attributes it to "qohelet", or "preacher", who is identifiied as "the son of David, king in Jerusalem". Questioning the doctrine of retributive justice, chapter 9, verse 1 holds that man's fate does not depend on righteous or wicked conduct, but is rather an inscrutable mystery that remains hidden in God, and goes on to observe that "the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong,...but time and chance happen to them all". FTP, what is this book of the Old Testament containing the famous observation that "All is vanity"?;;Ecclesiastes
World History;;The stage was set for this war by Britain's alliance with Prussia in the Treaty of Westminster and Austria's alliance with France in the so-called "diplomatic revolution". Early success went to Prussia with their victories at Rossbach, Leuthen, and Zorndorf, which were soon followed by British victories at Minden and Quiberon Bay. However, Spain's entry into the war coupled with the death of Russia's Elizabeth Petrovna and the resignation of Pitt the Elder led all parties to conclude hostilities with the Treaty of Paris. FTP, what was this European war lasting from 1756-63?;;Seven Years(') (War)
Religion/Mythology;;This mythological figure avenged his brother's death by killing Lynceus after having abducted and married Lynceus's cousin Hilaeira. While one of the Argonauts he killed the belligerent king Amycus with his boxing skills, but he is best-known for exploits performed with his brother, including the abduction of Theseus's mother Aethra and the rescue from Aphidnae of their sister Helen. Granted immortality by Zeus, FTP, who is this man who then shared that immortality with his slain brother Castor?;;Pollux|Polydeuces
Literature;;This author's first novel, Jocelyn, was published under the pseudonym John Sinjohn, while the first book to appear under his own name was The Island Pharisees. A successful dramatist who examined controversial social issues in plays like Loyalties, Justice, Strife, and The Silver Box, he secured lasting success by examining the members of one family in works like The End of the Novel and A Modern Comedy and in the novels The Man of Property, In Chancery, and To Let, which comprise his most famous trilogy. FTP, who was this author of The Forsyte Saga?;;(John) Galsworthy
Biology;;This body part is divided into three parallel canals by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane. Those three canals, the scala vestibule, scala media, and scala tympani, contain endolymph and perilymph fluid which transmits vibrations from the oval window to the organ of Corti, whose sensory hairs produce impulses in the brain. FTP, what is this coiled, shell-like part of the inner ear responsible for transforming sound waves into nerve impulses?;;cochlea
Miscellaneous;;The one called Crow Dog denied US courts jurisdiction over crimes committed by and against members of reservations. Vallandigham concerned military tribunals, while Quirin held that the sixth amendment did not apply to military tribunals. Garland was one of the test-oath cases, and Yarbrough upheld passage of the Force Act of 1870. FTP, these are all examples of what type of court case, the most famous of which are probably Milligan and Merryman, whose two word name means "from one party only"?;;ex parte
Literature;;This author left unfinished the poetic drama Politian, and shortly before his death finished the essay Eureka. Rising to fame with early works like Al Aaraaf, Berenice, and Hans Pfaal, many of his greatest short stories were published in his first collection, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque, but he considered himself mainly a poet, turning out such works as Ulalume, Sonnet-To Science, and The Conquerer Worm. FTP, who was this master of the short story responsible for tales like A Descent Into the Maelstrom, The Masque of the Red Death, and The Gold Bug?;;(Edgar) (Allan) Poe
World History;;The measures taken by this leader to restore popular confidence in the government is recorded in the so-called "Restoration Stela" from Karnak. Also known as Nebkheperure, he came to the throne circa 1352 BCE, succeeding his brother Smenkhkare, and he soon married the priestess Ankhesenamun and restored the worship of Amun after the Amarna interlude before dying without an heir circa 1343 BCE, making him the last of the 18th Dynasty. FTP, who was this child pharoah famous for the virtually intact tomb discovered in 1922 by Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter?;;(King|Pharaoh) Tut(ankha(m(u|e){1}?n|ten){1}?)
Geography;;The Great Karroo can be found in the south of this country which contains four regions, Venda, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, and Transkei, which were declared independent from 1976-94. On its west coast are False Bay and St. Helena Bay, while on its east coast are the ports of Durban and Port Elizabeth. In the southeast is the Drakensberg Mountain Range, while rivers which have their source here include the Vaal and Limpopo. FTP, what is this country whose three capitals are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, and Pretoria?;;(Republic of) South Africa
Astronomy;;This moon is covered with large impact craters, with the largest, Stickney, measuring 11.5 kilometers in diameter, and it also features several families of parallel grooves or chains of craters. It is irregularly shaped, measuring 27 by 22 by 19 kilometers in size, and maintains a distance of only 6,000 kilometers from the surface, making it the innermost of its planet's moons. Like its famous partner, it always keeps one face turned towards the planet's surface, and was discovered by Asaph Hall in 1877. FTP, what is this larger moon of Mars, the partner of Deimos?;;Phobos
Philosophy;;Among this philosopher's important early work are the essays "The Uses and Disadvantages of History For Life" and "Schopenhauer as Educator", which he grouped with two other essays under the collective title "Untimely Meditations". He gained notoriety for the section entitled "The Madman" in "The Gay Science", but in 1889 the sight of a horse being flogged led to his mental collapse, ending the writing of his so-called "Nachlass" materials, including "The Case of Wagner", "Twilight of the Idols", and "Ecce Homo". FTP, who was this German philosopher probably best-known for "Thus Spake Zarathustra"?;;(Friedrich) Nietzsche
Literature;;The title figure of this poem is initially described as "Marble-heavy, a bag full of God", but is soon referred to as a "Ghastly statue". Opening with the speaker's statement that "you do not do anymore", she compares the title figure as a Nazi, describing him as "a man in black with a Meinkampf look", and after claiming that he bit her "pretty red heart in two", she finally frees herself from his memory, concluding the poem by telling him "you bastard, I'm through". FTP, what is this confessional poem by Syliva Plath?;;Daddy
World History;;This man was trained as an advocate, but resigned his post as a judge in 1782 and for a time lived the life of a dandy in Arras. Known as the "Incorruptible", in 1791 he became public accuser, and the next year he emerged as the leader of the Mountain faction of the National Convention, but in 1794 was ousted and killed in the Thermidorian Reaction. FTP, who was this member of the Committee of Public Safety who dominated France during the Reign of Terror?;;(Maximilien) (Francois) (Marie) (Isidore) (de) Robespierre
Music;;Throughout this musical work, the same theme is taken up by different combinations of instruments, constantly increasing the sonority of the piece until the full force of the orchestra makes a final, thunderous statement of the theme just before its conclusion. Its single theme is in two sections, the first heard in the flute and clarinet, the second in the bassoon and clarinet. During a slow, 17-minute long crescendo, a side drum punctuates the Spanish dance rhythm for which it is named. FTP, what is this most-famous piece by Maurice Ravel?;;Bolero
Chemistry;;The properties that make this polymer useful probably derive from its helical structure with the fluorine atoms on the surface of an inner ring of carbon atoms. Possessing a high softening point of 327 degrees Celsius, its preparation requires ammonium peroxosulphate as an initiator, and it is formed by the polymerization of tetrafluoroethene. FTP, what is this plastic used in electrical insulation, gaskets, and non-stick cookware?;;Teflon|P(oly)T(etra)F(louro)E(thylene)
Literature;;After the protagonist of this play suffers a series of misadventures, including a dunking in the Thames, he winds up dressed in a costume adorned with stag's horns being teased and frightened by fairies and witches, who turn out to be his friends in disguise. A subplot of this play concerns Anne Page, who is simultaneously courted by Fenton, Dr. Caius, and Slender, but the main plot concerns the realization by Mrs. Ford and Mrs. Page that they are both being wooed by John Falstaff. Said to have been requested by Queen Elizabeth, FTP, what is this comedy by Shakespeare?;;(The) Merry Wives of Windsor
Miscellaneous;;Chloracne is the major biological result from this chemical mixture consisting of equal parts of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, the latter of which contains varying amounts of the by-product tetrachlrodibenzodioxin, which is often refered to as TCDD or simply as dioxin. Named for the stripe marking drums containing it, it was used in Operation Ranch Hand, which sought to destroy crops and defoliate forest areas that might serve as cover for enemy troops. FTP, what is this mixture of herbicides which from 1962-71 was sprayed in Vietnam?;;Agent Orange
Religion/Mythology;;Among the exploits of the mythological figure were the capture of the Marathonian bull and the slaying of the Crommyonian sow. In his old age his unpopulatity forced him to take refuge in Scyros, where he was murdered by Lycomedes. Earlier, he had left home after becoming strong enough to lift the stone under which his father Aegeus' sword was hidden, and went on to marry Phaedra, who bore him the son Hippolytus. FTP, who was this chief hero of Attica who, with the aid of Ariadne, slew the Minotaur?;;Theseus
World History;;This ruler died during his siege of Szigeth in his war with Austria. Establisher of the Corsair States in north Africa, he developed a series of new regulations concerning land tenure which earned him the nickname Qanuni, or Lawgiver, among his people. In three camapigns against Safavid Persia he confirmed Ottoman control of eastern Asia Minor, maintained a naval supremacy in the eastern Mediterranean marred only by his costly failure to take Malta, and advanced all the way to the middle Danube with his victory at Mohacs in 1526. FTP, who was this Ottoman sultan, known as the "Magnificent"?;;Sule(i|y){1}?man (I|1st|the First|the Magnificent)
Literature;;One of the key ideas of this novel is the comparison made by Mozart between life and a radio playing Handel's Concerto Grosso in F Major, while another major moment is the protagonist's dream of a conversation with Goethe while sleeping at the The Black Eagle. The title figure is forced to reevaluate his life after meeting the bandleader Pablo and Hermine, and after visiting the Magic Theater he begins to realize the errors of his earlier way of life, in which the conflict between his intellectual ideals and his animal impulses led to his estarangment from society. FTP, such describes what novel about Harry Haller by Hermann Hesse?;;(Der) Steppenwolf
Geography;;This lake contains only limited numbers of fish, all of which were artificially introduced. Attaining a depth of 1,932 feet, it is famous for its intense blue color. Home to Wizard Island, it is located in the Cascade Range of southwestern Oregon, and was made a national park in 1902. Found in the remnant of Mount Mazama, FTP, what is this lake located in a huge volcanic caldera?;;Crater Lake
Physics;;The energy loss which results from this effect is governed by the formula h times the quantity v sub 1 minus v sub 2. When low-energy photons and high-energy electrons are involved the inverse effect occurs. This effect results in an increase of the wavelength of the radiation involved, and it was first discovered in 1923, resulting in a share of the 1927 Physics Nobel Prize for its discoveror. FTP, what is this effect in which the energy of high-energy photons is reduced when they are scattered bu free electrons?;;Compton (effect)
Art;;Among this artist's important works painted in the United States are a painting for the San Francisco Stock Exchange, as well as "Detroit Industry". He gained an intenational reputation with The Nightmare of War and the Dream of Peace and Man at the Crossroads, and created a scandal by including the phrase "God Does Not Exist" in Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Central Alameda. Known for his monstrously ugly appearance, FTP, who was this most popular of the Mexican muralists?;;(Diego) Rivera
World History;;This man served as minister of foreign affairs in the French government in 1849, and his book on the French Revolution entitled The Old Regime and the Revolution was unfinished at his death in 1859. He is famous today for work resulting from 9 months he spent travelling with Gustave de Beaumont, resulting in two major works, one of which was The Penal System in the United States and its Application in France. FTP, who was this French writer and politician best-known for his magnum opus Democracy in America?;;(Alexis) (de) Tocqueville
Literature;;Forced to live on a limited income after his family lost its fortune in mysterious circumstances, this literary character shares a remote Gothic mansion in the Faubourg-St.-Germain with his unnamed companion, a fellow bookworm who he met at an obscure library in Montmartre. He shows that a former suitor murdered Marie Roget, but is better known for solving two other crimes, one involving Minister D--'s blackmailing of a woman of royalty, the other concerning the murder of Madame L'Espanaye and her daughter in a locked room. FTP, who is this Edgar Allan Poe creation described in The Purloined Letter and The Murders in the Rue Morgue?;;(C(.)) (Auguste) Dupin
United States History;;This man's grandfather Christopher was a Revolutionary War leader and head of the South Carolina radicals. After serving in the U.S. army he was made U.S. commissioner to remove the Seminole Indians to reservations in 1823. From 1840-50 he was president of the South Carolina Railroad Company, during which time he projected a southern route for a transcontinental railroad, which is closely related to his most famous achievement, which occurred while he was U.S. minister to Mexico. FTP, who was this man who negotiated the purchase of nearly 30,000 square miles of land in Arizona and New Mexico?;;(James) Gadsden
Biology;;This body part regulates fluid intake and feelings of thirst, contains a center that determines wakefulness and sleep, regulates body heat in response to variations in external temperature, and influences caloric intake and weight regulation by establishing a stable "set point" for individual weight gain. It is connected by both nervous and chemical pathways to the pituitary, and triggers the pituitary's release of growth hormone, oxytocin, and vasopressin. FTP, what is this region of the brain making up the floor of the third cerebral ventricle, named for its location below the thalamus?;;hypothalamus
Philosophy;;This thinker studied first under Roscellinus and then under William of Champeaux. Author of Historia calamitatum, he was an extremely popular lecturer at Notre Dame who developed conceptualism, which served as a compromise to the schools of realism and nominalism, but his rationalism angered the clergy, and he died on his way to Rome to appeal a condemnation caused by the prosecution of Bernard of Clairvaux. FTP, who was this 12th century scholastic philosopher best-known for his love affair with Heloise?;;(Pierre) Abelard
Literature;;Some of this poet's notable works include Robert of Lincoln, The Fountain, and The Flood of Years. A direct descendant of John and Priscilla Alden, he influenced politics as editor of the New York Evening Post, but is most important today for works written in his youth, including a satirical poem attacking Jefferson entitled The Embargo and the short poem To a Waterfowl. FTP, who was this first great American poet most famous for Thanatopsis?;;(William) (Cullen) Bryant
Biology;;This scientist discovered parthenogenesis in aphids, as well as protozoa, which he called animalicules. Apprenticed to a cloth maker in his native Delft, where he was friends with Jan Vermeer, in 1660 he obtained the sinecure of chamberlain to the sheriffs of Delft, after which he undertook work which led him to see bacteria, sperm, and red blood cells, achievements not repeated for more than a century. FTP, who was this Dutch pioneer in microscopic research?;;(Anton) (van) Leeuwenhoek
United States History;;On the opening day of this battle Stonewall Jackson's forces kept Union troops from taking Centreville, and on the final day of fighting Jackson defeated retreating Union forces at Chantilly. The main fighting occurred on August 29-30, 1862, when Lee's forces defeated those of John Pope. FTP, what is this Civil War battle, the second of two with the same name?;;(2nd|Second) (Battle of) Bull Run|(2nd|Second) (Battle of) Manassas
Miscellaneous;;This hominid was at one point erroneously placed in the Sinanthropus group. Characterized by a flat skull with a small forehead, cranial capacity averaging 1,075 cubic centimeters, and a large, powerful, chinless jaw, these hominids had a well-developed communal culture, practiced hunting, and used fire domestically. First identified as a new fossil human by Davidson Black in 1927 on the basis of a single tooth, later excavations yielded fossils from about 40 individuals, but these finds mysteriously disappeared during an attempt to smuggle them into the United States in 1941. FTP, what is this member of homo erectus discovered in Chou-k'ou-tien cave and named for the Chinese city nearby?;;Peking man
Chemistry;;These compounds dehydrate to give alkenes or ethers, and react with acids to give esters. The primary type have two hydrogen atoms on the carbon joined to the central group, secondary ones have one hydrogen atom on the carbon, and tertiary ones have no hydrogen on the carbon. Methanol and ethanol are examples of, FTP, what organic compounds containing the OH group?;;alcohol(s)
Religion/Mythology;;The earliest reference to this festival is from the pilgrim Etheria, who attended it in Jerusalem in the late 4th century. Called Hypapante in the Greek church, it was instituted in the Western chirch by Pope Sergius I, and commemorates the occasion when the Virgin Mary, in accordance with Jewish law, went to the Temple in Jerusalem to be purified 40 days after the birth of her son and to present Jesus to God as her firstborn. Celebrated on February 2, FTP, what is this festival whose current name derives from the custom of observing it with lighted candles?;;Candlemas(s)|Presentation of the Lord|Presentation of Christ in the Temple
Literature;;The protagonist of this novel and Herbert Pocket are discovered by the police trying to help their friend escape London due to a tip provided by the criminal Compeyson, while at the same time the woman the protagonist loves marries Bentley Drummle. A key moment occurs when the lawyer Jaggers informs the protagonist that he has been given a large fortune, leading him to mistreat his brother-in-law Joe Gargary, but he soon learns that his benefactor is not Miss Havisham but rather Abel Magwitch. FTP, such is a partial description of what novel about Philip Pirrip, written by Charles Dickens?;;Great Expectations
Music;;While most of these musical pieces follow the same pattern, the first features a minuet as a fourth movement, while the third features only two movements separated by two slow chords, and is written for strings alone, while the fifth features the harpsichord. The most famous of these pieces is the second, which is written in the Italian concerto grosso style and features trumpet, flute, oboe, and violin. Named for a margrave, FTP, what are these six concertos by J.S. Bach?;;Brandenburg (Concert(o(s)|i){1}?)
World History;;It ended the oppressive dragonnades, but the end of its political benefits was achieved by the Peace of Alais and the capture of the stronghold at La Rochelle, while a series of declarations beginning in 1665 interpreted it so narrowly that it became virtually useless. Officially revoked in 1685, it had originally created what was essentially an independent state within France with its provisions for French subsidies for troops and fortifications for its constituents. FTP, what was this 1598 edict of Henry IV which ended the Wars of Religion by granting religious toleration to the Huguenots?;;(Edict of) Nantes
Music;;After working as the band director at his home county's mental asylum, this composer gained notice with early works like Sevilliana, the Imperial March,. Scenes from the Saga of King Olaf, and Scenes from the Bavarian Highlands, while works created during WWI include The Sanguine Fan and Carillon. Many critics consider his finest work to be the cantata The Dream of Gerontius, which followed shortly after his first major success,. the Enigma Variations. FTP, who was this British composer best known for five marches entitled Pomp and Circumstance?;;(Edward) Elgar
Literature;;The theme for this play is set in the first act, when the protagonist insults Oronte by attacking the quality of one of his sonnets, while in the final act a damaging letter causes Oronte, Acaste, and Clitandre to reject the coquettish Celimene. The protagonist's reasonable friend Philinte wins Eliante, while the protagonist, angered by the unjust loss of a court case and the dishonesty found in society, decides to flee to the country after seeing the results of his plan to always speak with complete honesty. FTP, what is this play about Alceste by Moliere?;;(The) Misanthrope
United States History;;At the age of 10 this person was captured by Gros Ventres, and was later sold as a wife to Toussaint Charbonneau. Known as "Bird Woman", she, her husband, and her infant son were soon employed as interpreters, but her most valuable service to her employers was to secure horses needed to cross the Rockies from her native Shoshoni tribe. FTP, who was this Native American who took part in the Lewis and Clark Expedition?;;Sacagawea
Art;;Canvases by this artist include The Companions of Fear, The Castle of the Pyrenees, and The Tomb of the Wrestlers, and he also made analogues of famous paintings like David's Madame Recamier and Manet's The Balcony in which he replaced the figures with coffins. Influenced by de Chirico, he gained renown for the painting The Menaced Assassin, while works like Golconda and The Red Model demonstrate his use of visual paradoxes and everyday objects taken out of context, such as enormous rocks floating in air and fishes with legs. FTP, name this Belgian surrealist best-known for his recurring motifs of bowler hats and apples.;;(Rene) Magritte
Chemistry;;This chemist coined the terms protein, allotropy, isomerism, and halogen, was the first to isolate zirconium, and proposed the system of chemical symbols and formulae now in use. By his observations of platinum's behaviour during some reactions he postulated catalysis, and he was able to estallish the validity of Proust's law of definite proportions and Dalton's atomic theory with the 2,000 relative atomic and molecular masses he determined. FTP, who was this Swedish chemist, the discoveror of the elements thorium, selenium, and cerium?;;(Jons) (Jakob) Berzelius
Geography;;The largest river emptying into this lake is the Ramis, while the Desaquadero drains it at its southern end. The large island Isla del Sol lies just off the tip of the Copacabana Peninsula, and it is divided into two parts by the narrow Tiquina strait. Covering some 3,200 square miles, it extends in a northwest-to-southeast direction for a distance of 120 miles, and lies at 12,500 feet above sea level, making it the highest major lake in the world and second largest in South America behind Lake Maracaibo. FTP, what is this Andes lake on the Peru-Bolivia border?;;(Lake) Titicaca
Literature;;One of the best of this man's early poems was "Neutral Tones", and he described his first meetings with his wife in a group of poems known as Veteris Vestigiae Flammae, or Vestiges of an Old Flame. Due to prompting by George Meredith he wrote a novel, Desperate Remedies, and began a series of novels set in an imaginary county of England in Under the Greenwood Tree., while his more famous works include The Trumpet-Major, and The Dynasts. FTP, who was this English writer, author of Far From the Madding Crowd and Jude the Obscure?;;(Thomas) Hardy
Miscellaneous;;Number 11 is the Wild Duck, number 27 is the Dumbbell, entry 44 is the Beehive, 51 is the Whirlpool, and 64 is the Black Eye, and despite their name many of these objects were originally discovered by Pierre Mechain. In its first incarnation it consisted of 45 objects, but was later extended to 68 and finally to 103, and was intended as a list of objects that might be mistaken for comets, including its first entry, the Crab Nebula, which is designated M1. FTP, what is this famous star catalogue named for the Frenchman who compiled it?;;Messier (Catalog(ue)|objects)
Philosophy;;The content of this philosophical work is a story Apollodorus learned from Aristodemus, which begins with a suggestion by Eryximachus that a certain topic should be discussed and ends with a speech by a very drunk Alcibiades. The climax occurs when Socrates tells of what he has learned from the wise woman Diotima, which follows speechs on the nature of love by Phaedrus, Pausanias, Aristophanes, and the party's guest of honor, Agathon. FTP, what is this Platonic dialogue which takes its name from the dinner party where it is set?;;(The) Symposium
World History;;This man's son David II succeeded him as king. As Earl of Carrick he swore fealty to England. He consolidated his power by stabbing his political rival John Comyn to death, and after being forced to flee to Ireland returned the next year to defeat the British at Loudoun Hill, but it would be another 21 years until he would be recognized as king in the Treaty of Northampton. FTP, who was this man who, with his 1314 victory at Bannockburn, established himself as King of the Scots?;;Robert the Bruce
Literature;;On a magazine assignment the narrator of this novel goes to the island of San Lorenzo, where the black adventurer Earl McCabe has been ousted by Papa Monzano with the aid of Franklin Hoenikker. Meanwhile, Lionel Boyd Johnson has become a spiritual leader by creating a religion called Bokononism. The climax occurs with Papa Monzano kills himself with an invention of Franklin's father Felix called ice-nine, which freezes any water in which it comes in contact. FTP, such is a description of what 1963 novel by Kurt Vonnegut?;;Cat(')s Cradle
Religion/Mythology;;An everlasting supply of boar's flesh is produced here by Saehrimnir, while mead is provided by the magical goat Heidrun. Possessing 540 gates through which 800 can pass at a time, it is here that the Einherjar are waited upon by the Valkyries, while the wolves Geri and Freki are fed at the feet of Odin. FTP, what is this great hall where slain soldiers await Ragnarok?;;Valhalla
Biology;;These bodies exist in a precisely folded three-dimensional L-shaped structure, and about 25 percent of its bases are unusual in being modifications of the four standard bases, such as methylations. Typically 70-90 nucleotides long, they are able to recognize the proper amino acid activating enzyme so that the proper amino acid will be sent to its free 2 prime or 3 prime OH group. Acting as adapters that translate nucleotide sequences of mRNA into protein sequences, FTP, what are these structures that carry amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis?;;t(ransfer) RNA|transfer Ribonucleic acid
World History;;This man's reign saw the subjugation of Bijapur and Golconda, attacks on the Uzbegs and Persians, and two wars in the Deccan. Coming to power in 1628, a severe illness in 1657 led to a succession war which saw his imprisonment by his son Aurangzeb, and on his death he was buried with his favorite wife, Mumtaz. FTP, who was this Mughal ruler who immortalized his wife with the construction in Agra of the Taj Mahal?;;(Shah) Jahan|
Literature;;In Act 5 Scene 4 of this play, the god Jupiter promises the ancestors of the male protagonist that he will care for him. In it, the evil Queen tries to secure her arrogant son Cloten's marriage to the female protagonist, who avoids death when the servant Pisanio refuses an order to murder her. This occurred after her husband Posthumus is tricked into believing Imogen has been unfaithful with Iachimo. FTP, what is this play whose title refers to a British king, written by William Shakespeare?;;Cymbeline
Religion/Mythology;;The final passage in this book, consisting of Chapter 16, Verses 9-20 and accounting for the Resurrection, is omitted in some manuscripts and replaced by a shorter passage in others. Among its notable aspects is the author's emphasis on Jesus' reluctance to reveal himself as the Messiah, as well as the author's attention to the Passion, predicting it as early as chapter 8 and devoting the final third of the book to the last week in Jesus' life. The shortest and earliest of the four gospels, FTP, what is this second book of the four New Testament Gospels?;;(The) (Holy Gospel) (of) (Jesus Christ) (According to) (St.|Saint) Mark
Chemistry;;In the presence of hydrogen and nickel at 180 degrees Celsius this compound will reduce to cyclohexane. Remarkably resistant to oxidation, the fact that it does not show the properties normally associated with double bonds and the fact that the number of isomeric disubstituted ones is smaller than predicted led Linus Pauling to describe its structure as a hybrid state, which explains the odd distance of 1.39 angstroms between the bonded carbon atoms. This was an improvement on an 1865 proposal that its formula was a hexagon with alternating single and double bonds. FTP, what is this simplest aromatic hydrocarbon with formula C6 H6, whose original structure was proposed by August Kekule after experiencing a dream in which a snake bit its own tail?;;benzene
United States History;;By a 5-4 Supreme Court vote this endeavour was ruled constitutional in the Ashwander case. An independent public corporation governed by a board of three and originally chaired by Arthur Morgan, one of its purposes was to sell inexpensive fertilizers and electricity, and just nine years after its May 18, 1933 establishment it generated more electricity than any US utility due to its renovation of five dams and construction of 20 new ones, transforming a violent, uncontrolled river into an efficient inland-transportation system. FTP, what was this New Deal Authority established in a southern state?;;Tennessee Valley Authority|TVA
Miscellaneous;;This work consists of an introduction and five chapters whose titles include "Religious Affiliation and Social Stratification", "Luther's Conception of the Calling and the Task of the Investigation", and "The Religious Foundations of Worldly Asceticism". The author attempts to explain one reason for the modern view that turning a profit is virtuous, claiming that the psychological need for clues concerning whether one was saved ot damned led many Calvinists to seek worldly success, sparking the modern "spirit of capitalism". FTP, what is this major work by Max Weber?;;(The) Protestant Ethic (and) (the) (Spirit of Capitalism)
Literature;;The protagonist of this novel is educated on matters of wealth and social position by Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Vance, while an encounter with Bob Ames inspires her to resume her career as an actress, prompting her to work on the New York stage under the name Madenda. Having left her hometown of Columbia City, Wisconsin for the Chicago apartment of her sister Minnie, she soon begins an affair with Charles Drouet, but her desire for material wealth and social connections leads her to leave Drouet for George Hurstwood, who commits suicide when she leaves him. FTP, what is this novel about Caroline Meeber, written by Theodore Dreiser?;;Sister Carrie
Literature;;Shortly before his death this author began a new trilogy with the novel The Dunne Family, while his last collection of stories is Olive and Mary Anne. Arousing controversy with his frankly naturalistic style, he wrote a series of novels about the character Danny O'Neill, who first appeared in his most famous trilogy. FTP, who is this author of the Studs Lonigan trilogy?;;(James) (T.) Ferrell
United States History;;A major development of this historical event was the publication of letters written to Henry McComb. It began when Thomas Durant and other stockholders organized a company under an existing charter which soon assigned contracts to seven trustees. The reputations of congressmen James Brooks and James Patterson and Vice President Schulyer Colfax were ruined when it was revealed that they had been given stock in a company run by Oakes Ames. FTP, what was this scandal involving a scheme surrounding the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad?;;Credit Mobilier (scandal)
Physics;;Several methods to detect this particle rely on its interactions with isotopes, including its conversion of gallium-71 to germanium-71 and chlorine-37 to radioactive argon, the latter of which is used at the Homestake gold mine observatory in South Dakota. Postulated in 1931 to account for the missing energy in beta decay, it was tenitively identified in 1953 and more definitely in 1956, has no charge, and is thought to travel at the speed of light and have zero rest mass, although in some grand unified theories it is predicted to have nonzero mass. FTP, what are these leptons associated with the tau particle, muons, and electrons?;;neutrino(s)
Art;;The godson of Anthony Koberger, this artist wrote the theoretical studies Treatise on Measurement and Four Books on Human Proportions. Called "the Apelles of black lines" by Erasmus, his early works include illustrations for Brant's Ship of Fools and the Paumgarter Alter, while mature work's like Feast of the Rose-garlands were intended to compete with the best Italian paintings. His best-known works came from his middle period, including St. Jerome in his Study and The Knight, Death and the Devil. FTP, name this great German Renaissance artist and engraver, creator of the Apocalypse series.;;(Albrecht) Du(e)rer
Literature;;This literary character was originally named Maury by his mother, who frequently calls him God's judgment on her. Often supervised by Versh, T.P., and Luster Gibson, he is often seen standing at the gate of his family's house, but when it was once left unlocked he grabbed a passing girl, leading his older brother Jason to have him castrated. Throughout his life, the only person who can stop his bellowing is his sister Caddie. FTP, who is this mentally impaired youngest son of the Compson family in The Sound and the Fury?;;(Ben(jy)|Bejamin){1}? (Compson)
Religion/Mythology;;The most important rituals of this religion are the bembes, in which spirits enter the bodies of the participants. Its adherants prefer to call it Lucumi, and its principal saints include Elegua and Shango. Collectively, its saints, called orishas, were identified with major Roman Catholic saints in order to protect its early practitioners, Yoruba slaves who were forced to work in Cuba, and who later migrated to the United States. Spanish for "the way of the saints", FTP, what is this religion which gained attention in the early 1990s when its animal sacrifices were declared to be protected by the first amendment?;;Santeria
Miscellaneous;;In 1994 this man was made head of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee. After studying at King's College, London, he was ordained a deacon of the Anglican Church in 1960 and held a number of church positions in England. He returned to Sputh Africa in 1975 to become Dean of Johannesburg, and went on to become Bishop of Lesotho, Bishop of Johanesburg, and Archbishop of Cape Town. FTP, who was this leader awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his nonviolent protest against apartheid?;;(Bishop) (Desmond) Tutu
Philosophy;;At the end of this philosophical work, the author discusses the awe induced by "the starry heavens above and the moral law within". In it, the author maintains that to act morally is to act for the sake of duty, and deduces that it is never right to tell a lie, sighting as an example the desire to lie to a murderer who is searching for your friend. Offering a philosophy of ethics based on the free will of man, this work's main feature is a new formula which can be used to judge whether an action is moral. FTP, what is this 1788 work containing the "categorical imperative", the second of three "critiques" by Immanuel Kant?;;Critique of Practical Reason|Kritik der praktischen Vermunft
Biology;;This compound acts as a neurotransmitter by inhibiting the transmission of nerve impulses in the substantia nigra, basal ganglia, and corpus striatum. A catecholamine, it is formed as an intermediate compound from dihydroxyphenylalanine during the metabolism of tyrosine, and is the precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine. FTP, what is this nitrogen-containing organic compound whose deficiency leads to Parkinson's disease?;;dopamine|hydroxytyramine
Geography;;During its early course this river picks up melted snow and glacial meltwaters from the Zaskar, Shyok, and Gilgit streams, and flows as a rapid stream between the Swat and Hazara regions and across the Salt Range. It then receives its most notable tributaries, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej, also known as the "Five Rivers", and after reaching Thatta it begins its delta stage and empties into the Arabian Sea. FTP, what is this 1,800 mile long river, the chief river of Pakistan?;;Indus
Literature;;The protagonist of this novella is inspired to travel by the sight of a man standing before a mortuary chapel, while symbolically important is his encounter with an old man who has joined a group of young clerks by donning a wig and false teeth. The protagonist, the acclaimed author of Maia and The Abject, sees his prized discipline and reasonableness desert him after encountering a vacationing Polish family, whose youngest member, the charming youth Tadzio, captivates the protagonist and leads him to his downfall. FTP, what is this work about Gustav von Aschenbach, arguably the best-known novella by Thomas Mann?;;Death in Venice
World History;;This man's Memoirs of His Life and Writings, commonly called the Autobiography, first appeared in a highly bowdlerized version published by Lord Sheffield, and is one of the more acclaimed English-language works of its kind. In his youth he was engaged to Suzanne Curchod, future mother of Madame de Stael, but his father prevented the marriage. Although he was harshly criticised for the historical criticism of Christianity found in several chapters of his most famous work, he gained general acclaim for his masterpiece, whose scheme was developed  in Italy while he was "musing amidst the ruins of the Capitol". FTP, who was this author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"?;;(Edward) Gibbon
Chemistry;;In his final paper this chemist described palladium hydride, the first known instance of a solid compound formed from a metal and a gas. From his work on the three forms of phosphoric acid he developed the concept of polybasic acids, devised the method of dialysis, and proved that partial decomposition of certain chemical compounds results from liquid diffusion, but is best known for a law used to separate isotopes stating that the rates at which gases diffuse is inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities. FTP, who was this Scottish chemist, considered the father of colloid chemistry?;;(Thomas) Graham
United States History;;The main leaders of this political group were Carl Schurz, George Curtis, and Henry Cabot Lodge. Single-issue reformers who took orthodox Republican positions on most issues, they defected from their party on the issue of civil service reform, and their name was first used by Charles Dana in the New York Sun, deriving it from an Algonkian word meaning "great chief". FTP, who were these politicians who deserted James Blaine in favor of Grover Cleveland in the 1884 presidential election?;;mugwump(s)
Literature;;Included in this novel are descriptions of Interzone, where Liquiefactionists, Divisionists, Senders, and Factualists contend for control. It opens with the protagonist disposing of his herion paraphernalia in Washington Square, after which he travels with his friend Gains buying drugs, escapes the narcotics agents Hauser and O'Brien, and travels to South America in search of sex and a halucinogenic vine called Yage. Throughout the novel, the protagonist, Bill Lee, experiences paranoid fantasies in which he believes he works for Islam Incorporated in Freeland, where he engages the services of Dr. Benway. FTP, what is this surrealistic classic of Beat Literature written by William S. Burroughs?;;Naked Lunch
World History;;Author of the book "Theism and Humanism", this man became Secretary for Scotland in 1886, and from 1887-91 served as Chief Secretary for Ireland, where his policy of suppression earned him the nickname "bloody". He engineered the 1904 entente with France and succeeded Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty in 1915, ten years after his four year stint as Prime Minister ended, but he is best-known for his time as Foreign Secretary from 1916-19, specifically a short November 2, 1917 communication to Lord Rothschild. FTP, name this man whose declaration expressed Great Britain's support for a Jewish homeland.;;(Arthur) (James) Balfour
Economics;;In 1980 Robert Axelrod held an experiment in which a number of computer programs opposed each other in this game, and determined that the best long-term strategy is to adopt a forgiving approach. Applicable to real-life problems such as the nuclear arms race and price wars, it was first formulated by Albert Tucker, and concerns two criminals who must each decide whether to confess to a robbery. FTP, what is this famous dilemma?;;Prisoner(')s dilemma
Religion/Mythology;;This goddess formed an astral triad with the sun god Shamash and the moon god Sin, and her symbol was a star with 6, 8, or 16 rays within a circle. A major myth tells how she was rescued by the creature Asushu-Namir from her sister, the underworld goddess Ereshkigal. She had descended to the underworld by passing through seven gates, losing an article of clothing at each, in an attempt to retrieve her beloved Tammuz. FTP, who was this Babylonian goddess who, in her anger, sent the bull of heaven against Gilgamesh after he rejected her, not to be confused with a bad movie starring Dustin Hoffman and Warren Beatty?;;Ishtar
Biology;;Among the most famous types of this animal are sooty, laysan, and black-browed, and because of their tameness on land they are also known by common names like mollymawk and gooney. Making up the family Diomedeidae, they are among the most spectacular gliders of all birds, using their long, narrow wings to stay aloft in windy weather for hours, although in calm air they have trouble keeping their stout bodies airborne and prefer to rest on the ocean surface. Known for their size, the wandering version has a typical wingspread of more than 11 feet, the largest among living birds. FTP, what is this type of bird which sailors held were bad luck to kill?;;albatross
Music;;Questa o quella is a notworthy aria in this opera, one of the few post-1830's operas to feature the baritone as the chief protagonist. The action is driven by a curse placed by Monterone on the protagonist, who is soon approached by the assassin Sparafucile, who is soon paid to kill the libertine Duke of Mantua. However, Maddalena falls for the duke and has Sparafucile spare him, after which he mistakenly kills Gilda, the protagonist's daughter. Featuring the aria La donne e mobile, FTP, what is this opera about a court jester by Verdi?;;Rigoletto
Literature;;Near the end of this poem, the poet imagines an old farmer, described as a "hoary-headed swain", who replies to the questions the poet has posed. Earlier, the author claimed that many of the poor could have flourished outside their rural environment, stating "Full many a flower is born to blush unseen/ And waste its sweetness on the desert air". Lamenting the unfulfilled potential of a "mute inglorious Milton", he then wonders how many potential evil doers were rendered guiltless by living "far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife". FTP, such is a partial description of what famous poem by Thomas Gray?;;Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
World History;;At the age of 7 this man was given the title Duke of Reichstadt, but possessed no official political power. From the age of 3 until his death in 1832 he lived at Vienna under the control of Metternich. Known as l'Aiglon, or The Eaglet, he was named King of Rome on his birth, but never ruled. FTP, who was this son of Marie Louise who was named successor to Napoleon Bonaparte on his abdication?;;Napoleon (II|2|(the) 2nd|(the) second){1}?
United States History;;Entering the navy in 1809, this leader first gained favorable attention for his plans for officer education, improved gunnery training, and a naval engineer corps. In 1837 he took command of the Fulton, one of the first naval steamships, and during the early 1840s he aided the British in suppression of the slave trade, but is best known for negotiating the Treaty of Kanagawa. FTP, who was this brother of another naval leader who anchored off Yedo Bay in Japan in 1853 in order to force open Japanese ports to U.S. trade?;;(Matthew) Perry
Geography;;Connected to the Neales River, this lake's northern and southern parts are connected by the narrow Goyder Channel. Its lowest part lies 50 feet below sea level, which causes it to fill completely only twice a century, and although it is occasionally partially filled by flood waters delivered by rivers like the Diamantina it is normally dry, during which times its extremely flat surface has made it a site of attempts to establish land speed records. FTP, what is this great salt lake located in the southwest corner of the Great Artesian Basin in central South Australia?;;(Lake) Eyre
Literature;;This author's novel Mr. Stone and the Knight's Companion marked a change in style from his first three novels, The Mystic Masseur, The Suffrage of Elvira, and Miguel Street. His recent work includes the novel A Way of the World, and he won a Booker Prize for In a Free State, but he is better known for works like A Bend in the River. FTP, who is this Trinidadian novelist, author of A House For Mr. Biswas and winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize in literature?;;(Vidiadhar) (Surajprassad) (V. S.) Naipaul
Music;;Shortly before his death this composer wrote a third opera, entitled The Bigamist, while his songs include The Toasting Cup, The Gulf of Finland, "Where is our rose"?, and "I recall a wonderful moment". Several trips to Spain influenced his First and Second Spanish Overtures, but he is better known for works related to his native land, including his opera Ruslan and Ludmilla and a work originally titled Ivan Susanin. FTP, who is this father of Russian classical music best-known for his first opera, A Life For the Tsar?;;(Mikhail) Glinka
Biology;;Among the parts of the body named for this scientist are corpuscles of the spleen, tufts in the kidney, and the deep layer of the epidermis. Personal pyhsician to Pope Innocent XII, he studied the metamorphosis of the silkworm, described the structure of the brain, spinal cord, and taste buds, and used his studies of frogs to describe the capillary circulation of the lungs. FTP, who was this 17th century Italian whose use of the microscope has led him to be called the father of microscopic anatomy?;;(Marcello) Malpighi
World History;;This battle led directly to the Treaty of Pressburg. Fought in Moravia, Alexander I convinced Francis I to attack before reinforcements arrived, and their complicated plan to encircle the French allowed Napoleon to split the Austrian and Russian forces and defeat each half. Fought on December 2, 1805, FTP, what was this battle known by another name since all participating titular rulers were present on the field commanding their troops?;;Austerlitz|Battle of the Three Emperors
Religion/Mythology;;During the Trojan War, the bones of this king were brought to Troy because of a prophecy that this was the only way the Greeks could conquer the city. He had become king of Pisa by convincing Myrtilus to remove the linchpins from the chariot of King Oenomaus, so that when he carried off Oenomaus' daughter Hippodameia her father was thrown from the vehicle and dragged to death. However, this man then betrayed Myrtilus, leading Myrtilus to curse his sons. FTP, who was this man who possessed an ivory shoulder after being cut to pieces by his father Tantalus and served as a meal to the gods?;;Pelops
Literature;;Important developments in this novel are often related by the sewing-machine salesman V.K. Ratliff, and include a crooked horse-trading deal struck by Pat Stamper and the schoolteacher Labove's failed seduction of one of the female protagonists. The central character becomes wealthy by conning Henry Armstid into believing there is buried treasure at the Old Frenchman place. Initially given a job as a store clerk to placate his father Ab, he later marries into a rich family when Hoake McCarron abandons Eula Varner. FTP, what is this novel detailing the rise of Flem Snopes, the first in a trilogy by William Faulkner?;;(The) Hamlet
Biology;;Some of these units possess an attenuator site which can control processes according to the amount of end-product found in the cell. If a represser molecule binds to one of its adjacent loci transcription is prevented, but if an inducer binds to the represser its promoter site can bind the RNA polymerase, initiating transcription of its structural genes. Proposed in the Jacob-Monod hypothesis and modeled after the lac version, FTP, what are these genetic units which control gene expression in bacteria.;;operon(s)
Astronomy;;John Goodricke discovered delta prototype of this type of star in 1784. The exceptional RR Lyrae type hinders its main use, which derives from the fact that its size fluctuates anywhere from 7 to 15 percent, allowing them to be used to determine stellar distances using their period-luminosity law, discovered by Henrietta Leavitt. FTP, what are these pulsating variable stars?;;Cepheid (Variable(s)) (Star(s))
Philosophy;;One of this thinker's main ideas called for the distribution of goods amongst free individuals who cooperated spontaneously outside a framework of state authority, a philosophy he called "mutualism". Considered Marx's main rival in the international socialist movement, he gained notoriety for his violent attacks on French church and state in 1858's La Justice dans la Revolution et dans l'Eglise, while many critics consider his best work to be Systeme des contradictiones economiques. FTP, who was this thinker best-known for denouncing private ownership in his seminal work What is Property?;;(Pierre) (Joseph) Proudhon
World History;;Having fought in the Chaco War, this man served as commander-in-chief of his nation's armed forces from 1951-54, and in 1954 he ousted President Frederico Chavez. Nicknamed Colonel Trunk, he essentially ruled as a totalitarian, and membership in his Colorado Party was a requirement for most jobs. His country became notorious for its illegal trade, drug trafficing, and harboring of NAZI war criminals, and in 1989 he was ousted by so-called "traditionalists" led by Andres Rodriguez. FTP, who was this son of a German immigrant, the long-time president of Paraguay?;;(Alfredo) Stroessner
Art;;The English manifesto for this art movement was entitled Circle. Rejecting the idea that art must serve a social purpose, the brothers Antoine Pevsner and Naum Gabo issued their Realist Manifesto, in which they conceived of a purely abstract art that reflected modern machinery and technology and which used inductrial materials, and their ideas were applied to architecture and design by Alexander Rodchenko, among others. FTP, what was this Russian art movement founded in 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin?;;Constructivis(m|t Movement){1}?
Chemistry;;Among the disadvantages to using this type of device is its bulky size and the need for a constant supply of gas. Its most basic version contains a compartment filled with a hot alkaline electrolyte, which separates porous sintered nickel electrodes. A supply of gaseous hydrogen is fed to a compartment containing the porous cathode, while oxygen is fed to a compartment containing the porous anode, and after the hydrogen reacts with the hydroxide ions in the electrolyte two electrons are released, which then flow to the anode through an external circuit. FTP, such is a description of what cell which is more efficient in converting electric energy than a heat engine?;;fuel cell(s)
Literature;;Among the characters in this novel are the slave girl Sada, who risks her life to pray before a statue of the Virgin Mary, and Jacinto, who risks his life protecting the secrets of the Navajo faith. The protagonist, an aristocrat from Auvergne, France, initially comes into conflict with the morally suspect Padre Martinez, but with the aid of his friend Joseph Vaillant he is soon successful enough in his endeavours to build the cathedral in Sante Fe which eventually becomes his resting place. FTP, what is this novel about Archbishop Jean Latour's attempts to bring Catholicism to the American West, written by Willa Cather?;;Death Comes for the Archbishop
Miscellaneous;;Originally named Alekseyev, this man joined Vladimir Nemirovitch-Danchenko in founding the Moscow Art Theater, producing plays like The Seagull and The Lower Depths. Author of the autobiography My Life in Art, he headed the Bolshoi Opera Studio, which was later named for him, and founded the Opera Drama Studio. FTP, who is this actor, director, and producer best-known for his innovative "method" style of acting?;;(Konstantin) Stanislavsky
United States History;;This scandal was brought to light due to the secret investigation of Benjamin Bristow. Led by John McDonald, it was centered in Milwaukee, Chicago, and St. Louis, and defrauded the US treasury of $2 million in excise taxes. In its aftermath, the government indicted 238 people, including the president's private secretary Oliver Babcock, but President Grant himself was cleared of any wrongdoing. FTP, what was this conspiracy involving distillers of a certain alcoholic beverage?;;Whiskey Ring
Literature;;This author of the essay collection Sociology and Anthropology was renowned for his encyclopedic recall of ethnographic knowledge, and although he never did field work, he focused the attention of French thinkers on ethnology. Among his early works was 1899's Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function, but he is more important for his novel ideas concerning the forms of exchange in Melanesia, Polynesia, and northwestern North America. FTP, who was this nephew of Emile Durkheim, author of Essai sur le don, or The Gift?;;(Marcel) Mauss
Chemistry;;An important feature of this model is that qualitative predictions about deviations from ideal shapes can be made on the basis of differences in the sizes of the domains involved. Developed by Gillespie and Nyholm based on proposals by Sidgwick and Powell, its basic postulate is that the region of space occupied by a pair of electrons can be approximately represented by a sphere, with the preferred arrangements of pairs those in which the spheres are closely packed around the core of the atom. A simple method for predicting the arrangements of bonds around an atom in a covament molecule, FTP, what is this model with a five-letter acronym?;;VSEPR (theory)|Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (theory)
Literature;;The historical event at the center of the novel is the murder of the "Red Fox" of Glenure. The miserly villain Ebenezer has his nephew, the protagonist, carried off on a ship bound for the Carolinas, where he meets the Jacobite Alan Breck. Escaping with Alan when the ship sinks on the coast of Mull, they witness the murder of Colin Campbell, and after suspicion falls on them they make a perilous escape across the Highlands, while in the sequel Catriona David Balfour tries to gain the acquittal of James Stewart of the Glens. FTP, what is this novel by Robert Louis Stevenson whose title indicates what happened to Balfour?;;Kidnapped
World History;;This group's name comes from the Peshto for "seekers". Formed by theological students in the south of their country with the intention of unifying the country, the experienced early setbacks before defeating rival Mujaheddin forces and capturing Herat in September 1995 and the capital a year later, executing former president Najibullah. Currently opposed by UIFSA forces int he northeast, they have instituted a strict Islamic code of law, restricting the role of women and banning television. FTP, what is this group which currently rules Afghanistan?;;Taliban
Literature;;This poem ends each of its 4 stanzas with the same invocation, though the last line becomes a positive statement with the insertion of the word "enjoy". The speaker compares himself to a "committed linnet", or finch, and celebrates the title character, imagining himself "tangled in her hair" and "fettered to her eye", much preferring the restraining effects of love to the literal restraints he must deal with. FTP identify this 1649 work by Richard Lovelace that includes the lines "Stone walls do not a prison make/ Nor iron bars a cage".;;To Althea(,) from Prison
World History;;Though he was to be burned at the stake, Vincente de Valverde converted him on his death-bed and he was strangled instead. He was enjoying a recent military victory at the hot springs in Cajamarca when a force of 180 men arrived to take him hostage. The son of an Ecuadorian princess, he ruled the Northern part of his empire until his victory over Huascar in 1532 consolidated the empire, but his supreme rule was cut short by the former governor of Panama, Francisco Pizarro. FTP identify this 13th and last emperor of the Incan empire.;;Atahualpa
Biology;;Swelling and the appearance of calcium deposits in this organelle signify that the cell is undergoing necrosis. Bounded by a smooth outer membrane, its inner membrane consists of several shelf-like folds called cristae. Possessing its own type of DNA, it contains the machinery for synthesizing proteins. FTP, what is this organelle which provides energy for animal cells.;;mitochondrion|mitochondria
Geography;;Sharing its name with a lake in southeast Wisconsin, the Venoge and Dranse are two of the three major rivers that drain it, and the Strait of Promenthoux divides it into two sections.  Its northern shore gives way to the wine-producing Jura region, and resorts on this lake include Évian-les-Baines, Montreux, and Lausanne.  FTP, identify this crescent-shaped lake formed by the Rhône River and named for a city in Switzerland.;;(Lake) Geneva
Music;;One of this composer's highly influential works was his String Octet in E-flat Major. Also an important conductor whose performance of the St. Matthew Passion rejuvenated the reputation of Bach, this composer of the "Elijah" oratorio was inspired by the waves on the Scottish coast, leading to the "Hebrides" overture. FTP, who was this composer of "A Midsummer Night's Dream" Overture and the "Italian" Symphony?;;(Felix) Mendelssohn
Literature;;The locale of this story and its "flush times" become news in Red Dog after the pony expressman leaves. Many of the tough residents attribute the changes that occur at the site to the arrival of the title character, whose ‘rasslin' tendencies impress Kentuck, and make Man O'War Jack start singing lullabies. Stumpy eventually names him and raises the boy on Ass's milk, but it is John Oakhurst who first gives the boy his nickname for surviving the birth that kills his mom, Cherokee Sal. FTP, identify this short story featured in the Overland Monthly in 1868, one of Bret Harte's most famous works.;;(The) Luck of Roaring Camp
Psychology;;His papers were published posthumously as The Farther Reaches of Human Nature.  Instead of studying troubled clinical cases, he studied normal individuals, including Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Eleanor Roosevelt, and based his theories on common traits he encountered in their histories.  In Toward a Psychology of Being and Motivation and Personality, he put forth the idea that each person has a hierarchy of needs which must be satisfied.  FTP, identify this proponent of the theory of self-acutalization.;;(Abraham) (Harold) Maslow
United States History;;He migrated to the colonies after his father-in-law disinherited his wife and he was caught trying to defraud his neighbor of his inheritance.  He acquired two estates, and less than a year after he arrived, he was appointed to the council of the governor, his cousin by marriage. Although his camapign disintegrated after his death from dysentary, he had achieved military success after responding to an attack by Susquehannock Indians, leading him to be declared a traitor by Governor Berkeley. FTP, who was this western Virginia leader of a rebellion which eventually burned Jamestown?;;(Nathaniel) Bacon
Biology;;Studies of metabolic similarities and ribosomal RNA sequences suggest that these organisms form a good, monophyletic taxon. Motile species of them utilize the same gliding locomotion as other gram-negative gliding bacteria, and while they are unicellular, they sometimes form colonies of filaments, sheets, or hollow balls joined by a sheath of mucilage. Some possess the red pigment phycoerythrin, while all of them possess phycocyanin, which led them to be misclassified. FTP, what are these prokaryotes found in all aquatic habitats originally misidentified as blue-green algae?;;cyanobacteria
Philosophy;;In his earliest works he argued for as disassociation between psychology and philosophy in order to fully understand man. More specific doctrinal criticisms grew out of his studies with Heinrich Rickert and are expressed in such works as _Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics _ and _What is Called Thinking? _.  His most controversial comments were made with his Freiburg acceptance speech, entitled "The German University's Self-Affirmation" which many saw as an affirmation of Nazism. The developer of "dasein", FTP identify this philosopher who argued that man was thrown into existence and is always struggling for an authentic existence in his 1927 masterpiece _Being and Time _.;;(Martin) Heidegger
World History;;Preceded by the taking of Norham by the invaders, this battle may have been decided by a commander's dalliance with Lady Ford, who was likely a spy. One side crossed Twisel Bridge and took a stretch of earth called Brankstone. Although the Scots had one more division than the British, the British took control of this battle after Lord Dacre held off the forces of Lord Home, leading to the loss of 10,000 Scots. FTP, what was this major 1513 battle that saw the death of King James IV?;;Flodden Field
Literature;;One of his teachers in college once told him of the importance of kissing in American culture, prompting him to practice on an oak tree. He had reluctantly enrolled in college because his goal of becoming a forest ranger required that he learn Latin, but after switching to French literature he wrote a national award-winning story about a boy's friendship with an African-American POW entitled "The Catch". Later works like "A Personal Matter" often deal with the birth of his brain-damaged son.  FTP, name this 1994 Japanese Nobel Laureate, author of "The Silent Cry".;;(Kenzaburo) Oe|Oe (Kenzaburo)
Astronomy;;They were not believed to exist until Shiv Kumar claimed to see one in 1963. Extremely faint compared to other cosmic objects, the first indisputable evidence of their existence was not found until 1995, at which point several were found thanks to the evolution of the lithium test.  G1 229B was, for 10 points, the first clear indication of the existence of what stellar object, essentially considered to be a failed star?;;brown dwarf(s)
Religion/Mythology;;This mythical name identifies a man from Hellas who was blinded and cursed by his father Amyntor after they quarreled. Eventually healed by Chiron, he became friends with Peleus and was soon responsible for raising Achilles. This name also identifies a creature that, according to Ovid, lives on frankincense and odoriferous gums and makes its way to Heliopolis with the charred remains of its parent to deposit in the temple of the sun. FTP identify this name most commonly associated with a magical bird that lives 500 years before it is destroyed and reborn in flame.;;Phoenix
Art;;The wall in the background holds a bell, an hourglass and scales, directly under which sits a dejected looking cherub on top of a wheel. The foreground features a sleeping dog to the left, while tools of intellectual pursuits, including a sphere and a polyhedron,  lie scattered around the folds of the title figure's dress. She is sitting and fingers a divider in her right hand, while her left holds up her chin. FTP identify this 1514 work whose title is carried by a strange creature in the upper left hand corner, an engraving by Albrecht Durer.;;Melencolia (I)
Literature;;This play features a fire at the beginning of the third act which cruelly reminds the nurse Anfisa and the old boarder Ferapont of class distinctions. Act 4 features Solyoni and Tuzenbach killing one another in a duel for the hand of Irina, while Natasha is seduced by Protopopov. These events are foreshadowed by Olga's initial distrust and Chebutykin's melancholy attitude, and conclude with Masha reechoing her unrequited love for Vershinin. FTP identify this 1901 work focusing on the titular siblings of Andrei Prozorov, a work by Anton Chekov.;;(The) Three Sisters
United States History;;In 1920, the Supreme Court applied the "rule of reason" interpretation of this act. It was first interpreted in 1895 in U.S. v. E.C. Knight Company, in which the Court declared that manufacturing was a local industry and did not fall into the realm of interstate commerce. It had little impact during its first eleven years, but was made into an effective weapon against monopolies by Theodore Roosevelt. FTP, name this first major antitrust legislation.;;Sherman (Anti-Trust) (Act)
Geography;;The last two of its 20,000 defenders under General Kuribayashi Tadamichi finally surrendered in 1949. Unclaimed by any nation until 1891, it was administered as part of Tokyo due to its strategic importance during World War II, and then by the United States until 1968.  Located between Saipan and Japan, it was valuable as a base for fighter escorts and a haven for crippled bombers. With a name meaning "sulfur island",  FTP, identify this largest of the Volcano Islands, home to Mt. Suribachi and the scene of bloody fighting in February and March 1945.;;Iwo Jima
Chemistry;;A derivative of phthalic anhydride, this compound was freqently used in laxatives until it was discovered that it might be carcinogenic.  It is insoluble in water but soluble in most basic solutions or acetone, and for its primary use is most frequently found in a 1% alcohol solution.  For 10 points, identify this crystalline organic compound with formula C20 H14 O4, an indicator which turns red above a pH of 9.6.;;phenolphthalein
Literature;;He founded the literary review "Barandal" at the age of 17, and his early poems were later collected in "Configurations". Other collections include "Airborn" and "Blanco", while specific poems like "Freedom Under Parole" and "Eagle or Sun" express the type of sympathy for the Indians in his homeland instilled by his father, who served as a secretary to Zapata. He is most famous for non-fiction such as "The Pears of the Elm" and an essay written in 1950 that analyzes what it means to be Mexican. FTP identify this poet and diplomat who wrote "Luna Silvestre" and "The Labyrinth of Solitude".;;(Octavio) Paz
Religion/Mytholog;;Some translations of this book take it as a conversation between a "bride" and a "bridegroom", even though there is no evidence of marriage and no sign of who is speaking. Most scholars hold that it is an allegory concerning the spiritual love of God for Israel rather than a depiction of sensual love. FTP, name this book of the ketuvim sometimes attributed to a wise king of Israel.;;Song of Solomon|Song of Songs|Canticle of Canticles
Biology;;This drug has antiinflammatory properties useful in treating leprosy and rheumatoid arthritis, and is useful in treating AIDS due to its ability to inhibit the function of the Tumor Necrosis Factor protein, and may even inhibit replication of HIV.  Developed in the 1950s in West Germany, it was not approved for use in the US until 1998.  It is now known to exist as two enantiomers, one of which is believed responsible for its sedative effects, the other for its notorious side effects.  FTP identify this drug, taken off the market in 1962 because it caused thousands of birth defects.;;thalidomide
Literature;;It ends with a separate section portraying seven black men and five white men working in a chain gang by the Forks Falls highway.  Denizens of the nameless Georgia town include the Rainey twins, malaria victim Merlie Ryan, and the Macy brothers, which consist of the amiable Henry and the violent Marvin.  The latter defeats the protagonist Miss Amelia in a wrestling match at the title locale after the malevolent hunchback Lymon intervenes.  FTP, name this dark tale about the parasitic nature of love, a 1951 novella by Carson McCullers.;;(The) Ballad of the Sad Cafe
Economics;;His theoretical work on inequality provided an explanation for why there are fewer women than men in some economically disadvantaged countries. This study is included in the work _Collective Choice and Social Welfare _ in which he argues that social reform must precede economic growth. His other important work was inspired by his own experience in Bengal during the 1940s and is called _Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation _. FTP identify this noted economist whose work to help the poor earned him the Nobel Prize in 1998.;;(Amartya) Sen
Literature;;He collaborated with Roy DeCarava on a pictorial essay which was published posthumously as The Sweet Flypaper of Life. He wrote a semi-autobiographical novel about the picaresque adventures of Sandy Rodgers entitled Not Without Laughter, while his dramas include Simply Heavenly and Tambourines to Glory. He also wrote a series of newspaper sketches about the urban folk hero Jesse B. Simple, but he is better known for his poetry, collected in works like The Pather and the Lash and Fine Clothes for the Jew. FTP, identify this Harlem Renaissance author of The Weary Blues and Montage of a Dream Deferred.;;(Langston) Hughes
United States History;;To many critics his most important writing was the essay The Dividing Line Between Federal and Local Authority.  His rejection of the demands of William Yancey led to a split in his party.   The author of the sections of the Compromise of 1850 relating to the governments of the Kansas and New Mexico territories, he created the famous "Freeport Doctrine" annunciating his theory of popular sovereignty during his run for senator in 1858.  For 10 points, name this "Little Giant," who authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act and defeated Abraham Lincoln after a series of famous debates.;;(Stephen) Douglas
Religion/Mythology;;One myth tells of this god's pursuit of the numph Lotis, who was changed into a lotus tree to escape him. The brother of Hymen, he could supposedly be kept away by the braying of a donkey. Imported from Lampascus, where Pausanias reported he was supreme among all gods, he became popular in the Roman Empire, where he served as a god of sailors, fishermen, and gardens, and red satyr-like statues of him where placed in the fields to ensure fruitfulness. FTP, who was this fertility god known for his enormous phallus?;;Priapus
Earth Science;;During this geologic period the first flying reptiles, the pterosaurs, appears, as did Archaeopteryx, the first primitive bird. Ammonites are used as index fossils for this period in which reptiles dominated the vertebrates, and which featured ferns, ginkgos, conifers, brachiopods, bivalves, and echinoids. Named in 1829 by A. Brongniart for a mountain range on the French-Swiss border, it extended from 190 to 139 million years ago. FTP, what is this period of the Mesozoic era between the Triassic and Cretaceous Periods?;;Jurassic (Period)
Literature;;This play begins with a nurse recounting and lamenting the events that have led to the events described. The title character gains sanctuary in Athens in exchange for a fertility drug for the king Aegeus, then escapes in a chariot sent by her grandfather, the Sun-God, following the death of Creon,  who is poisoned via the clothes of his daughter Glauce. FTP, identify this play about the vengeful machinations of the former wife of Jason, a tragedy of Euripides.;;Medea
Music;;His songs include words by Housman, Hopkins, Yeats, and Stephens, and he set to music James Joyce's Chamber Music.  His operas include A Hand of Bridge and Antony and Cleopatra and he composed the Capricorn Concerto for flute, oboe, trumpet, and strings.  Known for the vocal piece Dover Beach, his best known opera is Vanessa.  For 10 points, name this American composer best-known for Adagio for Strings.;;(Samuel) Barber
World History;;Geoffrey of Villehardouin wrote the principle account of this event and Fulk of Neuilly helped drum up support for it.  Despite papal objections, it attacked and captured the Christian city of Zara and spent the winter there.  After the death of Thibaut of Champagne, the leadership of the Crusade passed to Boniface of Montferrat.  The future Alexius IV appealed to European kings on behalf of his father Isaac Angelus, leading Doge Dandolo to divert the crusade to Constantinople.  For 10 points, name this 1202-04 crusade in which Venice sacked Constantinople.;;(The) (4th|fourth){1}? Crusade
Philosophy;;Chapter three, entitled, "Of the Consequence or Train of the Imaginations" asserts that the continuance of motion is responsible for human thinking. The third part claims that the universe is a plenum containing no angels or apparitions, thus undermining orthodox Christianity, and is entitled "Of A Christian Commonwealth". Finally, the fourth part, "Of the Kingdom of Darkness", builds up the authors materialist program. Famous for its description of man in a state of nature, FTP, identify this work describing the "Matter, Form and Power of a Commonwealth", written by Thomas Hobbes.;;Leviathan
Biology;;In samples, the presence of gram negative cocci pairs displaying a typical kidney bean shape is usually a diagnostic of this disease.  Occasionally, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease or even death if the infection spreads to the lungs, heart, or brain.  A member of the genus Neisseria, it is usually treated with Cetriaxone, Cefixime, Ciprofloaxin, or Ofloxacin, but not Penicillin, as it has developed resistance to that drug.  Characterized by appearance of pus and a burning feeling during urination, this is, FTP, what venereal disease also known as "the clap"?;;Gonorrhea
Literature;;The seventh stanza alludes to the story of Ruth, saying that "when sick for home, she stood in tears amid the alien corn". In the sixth stanza the poet says that he has often been "half in love" with the idea of Death, and called Death soft names in many rhymes. In the second stanza the poet finds himself wishing for the oblivion of "a draught of vintage" though later on he repudiates his earlier Bacchanalian tendencies in favor of the pursuit of poetry. In the end, the word "forlorn" tolls like a bell to restore him from his speculations concerning the titular animal. FTP, identify this poem about a bird, written by John Keats.;;Ode to a Nightingale
World History;;His reign was troubled by a tribal insurrection under the Chaldean Merodach-Baladan which led him to appoint Bel-ibni as sub-king to deal with the problems.  He was constantly threated by the Elamites, who he defeated at Halule.  He attacked Jerusalem, but did not sack the city and Isaiah described him as God's instrument, but didn't not condemn his actions.  His wife Naqai fathered his heir Esarhaddon, and he was known for his splendid palace: Shanina-la-ishu or "Nonesuch".  FTP, name this son of Sargon II who made Nineveh his capital and the destruction of whose armies is the subject of a Byron poem?;;Sennacherib
Chemistry;;It is a polyamide in which all the amide groups attach to the phenyl rings opposite to each other at carbons 1 and 4, forcing it to maintain a "trans" formation, producing long, stackable fibers.  Its high tensile strength, flame resistance, high chemical resistance, and high cut resistance made its inventors, Herbert Blades and Stephanie Kwolek of DuPont, unsure of what it could be used for, as it could not easily be melted down or put in solution. FTP, name this strong synthetic fiber used in sails, kayaks, firefighter gloves, run-flat tires, and bullet-proof vests.;;Kevlar
Art;;Shortly before his death this artist began The Cross of the World, a series of paintings on a religious theme.  One of his most famous works was based on the Count de Volney's Ruines and was painted while he was living with Henry Greenough in Florence. In The Voyage of Life he depicts the progression of a young man from birth to old age, while the stages of a society is seen in "The Course of Empire".  For 10 points, name this painter of the Hudson River School best remembered for The Ox-Bow.;;(Thomas) Cole
United States History;;He became active in Republican politics under Harold Stassen, serving as floor manager at the 1948 and 1952 Republican conventions.  Chairman of the commission planning the bicentennial celebration of the U.S. constitution, he was appointed assistant Attorney General in 1953, and two years later Eisenhower appointed him to the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.  Contrary to expectations, this conservative upheld the Miranda decision, and it was his court that presided over Roe v. Wade.  For 10 points, name this Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who in 1969 succeeded Earl Warren.;;(Warren) Burger
Economics;;The theory behind this basic concept has been augmented in the 20th century by the pioneering work in indifference analysis of Edgeworth, and its first formulation can be attributed to William Stanley Jevons. It grew out of speculations about the origins of price and the paradox of value, seen in the lesser of cost of bread than diamonds, which implied the need to consider scarcity in determinations of price. FTP, identify this basic economics concept which is defined as the additional benefit that the consumer acquires from the purchase of an additional unit of a commodity.;;marginal (utility|benefit){1}?
Literature;;The title character is wooed via trips to the theater to see plays in which a girl is skirted away from a palatial home and a cruel guardian by a hero with "beautiful sentiments". The phrase "gone to the devil" is repeated several times as the heroine is disowned by her drunkard mother, and despite the promise of a happy, petit-bourgeois life, everything is ruined by the schemes of Nellie, an audacious woman who steals Pete the bartender away from the title character. FTP, identify this sad tale of a doomed girl-come-prostitute in the Bowery district, written by Stephen Crane.;;Maggie(:|,) (A Girl of the Streets)
Miscellaneous;;He regularly gave lectures on popular astronomy to working class audiences, leading to the publication of his A Philosophical Treatise of Popular Astronomy, and at his death he left a book on the philosophy of mathematics entitled The Subjective Synthesis. He argued that human kind progressed through a theological stage, a metaphysical stage, and finally a scientific stage, in his appropriately-named "law of three stages," while his romance with the tubercular Clotilde de Vaux influenced his view of the woman's place in an ideal science-based society. FTP, identify this French founder of positivism, considered to be the first sociologist.;;(Auguste) Comte
Physics;;Nearly all of the energy leakage in a nuclear fusion reactor is due to this phenomenon, and it is also observed when beta decay products propagate through uranium in a fission reactor. When coherently applied to crystals with incident energetic electron beams, photon beams in the range of 200 giga-electron volts have been observed.  FTP, name this phenomenon in which x-rays are produced when charged particles are accelerated by the strong electric fields of atomic nuclei, whose name comes from the German for "braking radiation".;;bremsstrahlung
Geography;;It was founded as a result of mining activities overseen by Gonzalo Pizarro, who was interested in exploring the highland east region of the Andean Cordillera.  Located on the Rio Cachimayo, this city's main attractions are el Museo de la Recoleta, el Palacio de la Glorieta, la Casa de la Libertad, and la Universidad Mayor de San Francisco Xavier.  Founded by Pedro de Anzúres, it was originally named La Plata, and has also been called Charcas and Ciudad Blanca until its name was permanently changed on August 11, 1825 to honor a Venezuelan freedom fighter.  For 10 points, name this legal capital of Bolivia.;;Sucre
Literature;;He wrote a series of parodies of his favorite authors published in Le Figaro entitled "The Lemon Affair," while his theories on the universal function of literature can be seen in "Contre Saint-Beuve". Author of the collection of sketches Pleasures and Days, his work on the novel Jean Santeuil contained the seeds of his most famous work, whose sections include "The Sweet Cheat Gone" and "Swann's Way". FTP, identify this French author of The Remembrance of Things Past.;;(Marcel) Proust
Noncomputational Math;;He told his most famous student not to study too much math, lest it interfere with her child birthing abilities.  In 1838, he presented one of the first clear explanations of mathematical induction, a term which he coined, but his real contributions lie in the field of symbolic logic, where he invented notations that help prove prepositional equivalences.  FTP, name this teacher of Ada Lovelace, one of whose two namesake laws states that the negation of the conjunction of two propositions is logically equivalent to the disjunction of their negations.;;(August) De Morgan
Literature;;The climax of this novel occurs on the narrator's thirtieth birthday, when he declares "I'm five years too old to lie to myself and call it honor".  Descended from the Dukes of Buccleuch, the narrator had come east to learn the bond business. He is constantly offered "gonnegtions" by the wily Jew purported to have fixed the 1919 World Series, Meyer Wolfsheim, becomes involved with Jordan Baker, and becomes privy to the secrets of the title character, who loves Daisy Buchanan.  Narrated by Nick Carraway, FTP, what is this most-famous novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald?;;(The) Great Gatsby
Physics;;This physical law was first derived from experiments resulting in the structures of sodium chloride and zinc sulfide.  This law was derived from Ewald's theory of atomic distance and greatly simplifies the von Laue description of wave interference.  It is governed by a simple equation that relates the diffraction of X-rays in crystals at certain angles of incidence, stating that n lambda equals two d times the sine of theta.  FTP, identify this law named after a father and son pair who won a Nobel Prize for their work in 1915.;;Bragg('s) (law)
World History;;Ecclesiastically, it ended all religious persecution in Germany and confirmed the Treaty of Passau and the Peace of Augsburg.  Politically, it ceded the archbishoprics of Bremen and Verden to Sweden, while the Lower Palatinate was restored to Charles Louis, eldest son of Frederick V, and the de facto independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands was recognized.  Including the Treaties of Munster and Osnabruck, FTP, what was this agreement that was signed on October 24, 1648 and ended the Thirty Years' War?;;(Peace of) Westphalia
Music;;The composer of this piece had projected an additional slow movement, a larghetto in D major, of which only sixteen measures survive.  The second movement features a dialogue between the first violins and the low strings to the accompaniment of sixteenth notes in the middle instruments. In the first movement, the string quartet plays an arpeggiation of the tonic triad which is answered by the arpeggiation of the dominant seventh chord.  The composer halted his work on Don Giovanni to write this piece, K. 525.  FTP, identify this serenade by Mozart that shares its name with a Stephen Sondheim musical.;;Eine Kleine Nachtmusik|(A) Little Night Music
Philosophy;;This thinker's first work was published while a professor at the University of Halle, and was entitled Philosophie der Arithmetik.  His most important contribution to philosophy was considered solipsistic by others, so he attempted to show how individual consciousness can be applied to other minds and history in Cartesian Meditations.  His most important idea involved "bracketing existence" in contemplating an object, providing a means of describing "things themselves".  FTP, identify this German philosopher and author of Ideas: A General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology.;;(Edmund) Husserl
Literature;;Among its powers are invisibility, flight, the creation of magical music, misdirection, the creation of storms and fire, and transformation, the last of which is used to change into a nymph in Act I, Scene ii, and to a harpy in Act III, Scene iii.  This creature of ambiguous gender was imprisoned in a pine tree's trunk by the evil witch Sycorax, but then freed by the newly arrived island inhabitants, both of whom it serves in return, creating a storm to exact revenge upon Antonio and his kinsmen at the behest of Miranda and Prospero.  FTP, identify this airy spirit that appears in Shakespeare's The Tempest.;;Ariel
Biology;;The relative rate of this compound's carboxylation is varied by the YPC model parameter.  In a pathway that regenerates NAD+ from NADH, this triose ketoacid is converted via acetaldehyde into carbon dioxide and ethanol in an anaerobic environment.  It is also anaerobically converted into lactate during muscle contraction, and serves as an important biochemical intermediate by bonding with acetyl coenzyme A to enter the Krebs cycle.  FTP, identify this molecule produced by glycolysis.;;pyruv(ate|ic){1}? (acid)
World History;;It was described in some detail by the Muslim geographer al-Bakri, while the first known references to it occur in Arabic writings that date from the 5th century.  Its major trade centers included Awdaghost and Walata, and its ruling dynasty belonged to the Soninke people.  It was revived for a brief time after being overrun by the Almoravids in 1076, though it finally succumbed to the Susu tribe in 1203 when they captured its capital, Kumbi Saleh.  FTP, identify this ancient kingdom that gives its name to a modern African country formerly known as the Gold Coast and whose capital is Accra.;;(Kingdom of) Ghana
Literature;;Perhaps in anticipation of his death, this author posed in photographs as a shipwrecked sailor and St. Sebastian shot dead with arrows.  Author of the dramas The Moon Like a Drawn Bow and My Friend Hitler, he is more famous for his novels, such as 1950's Thirst for Love.  Among his best works were the novels Spring Snow, Runaway Horses, The Temple of Dawn, and Five Signs of a God's Decay, which made up the tetralogy The Sea of Fertility. Famous for committing seppuku in 1970,  FTP, identify this Japanese writer most famous for The Temple of the Golden Pavilion.;;(Yukio) Mishima
Biology;;During this phase, Brachet's cleft becomes visible between the epiblast and the hypoblast.  Epiboly arrests briefly and then continues after formation of the embryonic shield.  Its primary characteristic is the archenteron, which eventually forms the cavity of the gut and is connected to the outside by the blastopore, which becomes either an animal's mouth or anus.  The primary germ layers are also formed during this stage of development.  FTP, identify this stage of embryonic development that follows the blastula.;;gastrula(tion)
United States History;;The intent of the Federal advance in this battle was to seize the Memphis & Charleston Railroad.  The Union counterattack was led by Major General Lewis Wallace on April 7, against which Beauregard managed a tenacious defense.  Beginning when Confederate forces launched an offense attempting to push the Union, led by Grant, into the swamps at Owl Creek, the Confederate flank attack was stalled at Sarah Bell's peach orchard and the "hornet's nest," during which General A. S. Johnston was killed.  FTP, identify this early battle of the Civil War that took place at Pittsburg Landing.;;(Battle of) Shiloh
Economics;;The eleventh chapter of this work declares gambling a "subsidiary trait of the barbarian temperament," and is entitled "The Belief in Luck". It expounds on society's "need" for fashionable clothing in the chapter entitled "Dress as an Expression of the Pecuniary Culture", while the introductory chapter describes the namesake social stratum and attempts to account for their seemingly wasteful expenditures, as detailed in the chapter entitled "Conspicuous Consumption".  FTP, identify this seminal 1899 work of economics by Thorstein Veblen.;;(The) Theory of the Leisure Class
Religion/Mythology;;One of his aspects is the cosmic dancer Nataraja, and his phallus is represented by the stone lingam.  At one point he swallowed the world's sins and has held them in his throat ever since, contributing to his blue color.  Named for the Sanskrit for "Auspicious One", this father of Ganesha had a bull called Nandi, and his consort is represented in many forms, including Uma, Shakti, Durga, Kali, and Parvati.  FTP, identify this god of the Hindu trinity that is usually given the epithet "The Destroyer".;;Shiva
Literature;;This poem is composed of four quattrains in which the speaker beseeches the reader, "may there be no sadness of farewell, / When I embark…"  The dark comes after "twilight and evening bell," and the speaker expresses his wish to see his "Pilot face to face" after the title journey is complete. Beginning with the speaker's assessment that there is one clear call for him, FTP, identify this poem that employs the metaphor of a sandbar as a line between life and death, intended to appear as the final poem in all collections of the poems of Alfred, Lord Tennyson.;;Crossing the Bar
Geography;;Among the attractions in this city are the Underground Palace, the Tekfur Sarayi, and the Topkapi Palace. The modern center is in the northern part, Beyoglu, which is separated by the Golden Horn from the old walled city, which is home to seven steep hills which maintain a medieval appearance. Home to the Blue Mosque and the Hagia Sophia, FTP, what is this largest city in Turkey formerly known as Constantinople?;;Istanbul
Chemistry;;Recent studies have shown that infectivity of the cytomegalovirus may require this functional group in its free form.  It can be qualitatively detected using lead(II) acetate, which produces a yellow solid if this functional group is present.  They are oxidized by mild oxidizing agents such as molecular iodine to produce disulfides, and cysteine is unique in that it is the only amino acid to bear this functional group.  FTP, identify this functional group from organic chemistry formerly known as mercaptan and consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.;;thiol|sulfahydrl
World History;;This man gained the throne in accordance with the Treaty of Wallingford.  His northern campaigns regained Cumbria and Northumbria from Malcom IV of Scotland, but his sons conspired with Philip II Augustus to remove him from power.  He more than doubled his continental holdings when he married the ex-wife of Louis VII, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and he earned the scorn of his nation after he was implicated in the assassination of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas a Becket.  FTP, identify this British monarch that ruled from 1154-1189, the first of the Plantagenets.;;Henry (II|2|(the) (second|2nd){1}?){1}?
Art;;A contributor to the magazine G, this man served as director of the Werkbund-sponsored Weissenhof project in the 1920s and 30s, producing the Weissenhof Apartment Complex in Stuttgart in 1927. Architect of the New National Gallery in Berlin and the Tugendhat House in Brno, he was famous for his dictum "Less is more". One-time director of the Bauhaus, he also produced the Farnsworth House in Plano, Illinois and the Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago.  FTP, identify this architect perhaps most famous for collaborating with Philip Johnson on New York's Seagram Building.;;(Ludwig) Mies (van der Rohe)
Psychology;;Wolfgang Kohler's The Mentality of Apes presents a refutation of the ideas of this psychologist.  He served as an instructor in genetic psychology at Columbia and in 1904 was made director of the Institute of Educational Research.  His works Educational Psychology and Mental and Social Measurements reflected his interest in the intelligence of children, but he is better known for his namesake puzzle box that he used for testing animal psychology.  FTP, identify this psychologist and author of Animal Intelligence, the developer of the laws of exercise and effect.;;(Edward) Thorndike
Literature;;This poem's eleventh section contains the famous episode of the "twenty-ninth bather," who watches twenty-eight men bathing in the ocean and wishes she could join them unobserved.  The poet takes on the speaker's voice in the twenty-fifth section, proclaiming "Speech is the twin of my vision, it is unequal to measure itself," while the sixth section contains another famous scene in which a child asks the narrator, "What is the grass"?  The first work in the collection Leaves of Grass, FTP, identify this autobiographical poem by Walt Whitman.;;Song of Myself
Economics;;The curve representing this quantity is always downward sloping due to Pigou's wealth effect, Keynes' interest-rate effect, and the Mundell-Fleming exchange-rate effect.  In the Mundell-Fleming model, it can be stated by an equation that relates consumption as a function of disposable income and investment as a function of interest rates, net exports, and the GDP, all of which, when added together, equal the total income or output. FTP, what is this economics concept that represents the total demand for goods and services in an economy?;;aggregate demand
United States History;;His name means "Panther Crossing," and he fought alongside Little Turtle at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, gaining notoriety for not signing the 1795 Treaty of Greenville.  His people were forced out of Ohio and moved in 1808 to Indiana, where he tried to form an alliance with other Native American tribes.  However, his plans were thwarted when his brother was defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe, and Richard M. Johnson claimed to have killed him at the Battle of the Thames.  FTP, identify this Shawnee leader, brother of The Prophet.;;Tecumseh
Literature;;This author's early travails contributed to his pseudonym, which means "the bitter one".  Some of his works helped to found the socialist realism movement, including Queer People, Enemies, and The Last One.  His first play, The Smug Citizen, garnered much attention for depicting the worker as superior to the intellectual, but he is most famous for his second play.  FTP, identify this Russian playwright of The Lower Depths.;;(Maxim) Gorky
Chemistry;;This rule holds valid if the following approximations are made: all overlap integrals are set equal to zero, all resonance integrals between non-neighboring atoms are set equal to zero, and all remaining resonance integrals are set equal to each other.  Essentially, all the Coulomb integrals for the atomic orbitals that contribute to the pi orbitals are set equal.  This rule states that pi electrons undergo delocalization if there are 4n+2 pi electrons in a given molecule.  FTP, identify this rule that determines a molecule's planarity and aromaticity.;;Huckel('s) (rule)
United States History;;Early in his career this politician served as private secretary to associate justice Louis Brandeis, and in 1933 was undersecretary of the treasury.  Among his writings are Power and Diplomacy and Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department, which received a Pulitzer in 1970.  He was accused by McCarthy for protecting Communists due to his defense of Alger Hiss, but is more famous for implementing the Marshall Plan.  FTP, identify this secretary of state under Harry Truman.;;(Dean) Acheson
Literature;;2,400 square miles in area, this region takes its name from the Chickasaw for "water flowing slow through the flatland, " and is bounded on the north by the Tallahatchie River and on the south by its namesake. Jefferson is the seat of this county based on Lafayette, its creator's home, and it is the site of numerous plantations, including those of the Greniers, McCaslins, and Sutpens. FTP name this county in northern Mississippi that is the setting for many of the works of William Faulkner.;;Yoknapatawpha (County)
Biology;;The Ames cancer test uses a strain of this bacteria whose typhi and paratyphi types cause typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria, they can exist for long periods outside their hosts, often in sewage and surface water, and are best known for causing disease when occupying the intestines. FTP, what is this bacteria which can cause gastroenteritis and septicaemia and are often transmitted by unhygienic food preparation?;;Salmonella
Religion/Mythology;;In Rome these Greek figures were named Nona, Decuma, and Morta, and were collectively called the Parcae. In Greece, their collective name derived from the word meaning "a lot", and like the Hesperides they were considered to be the daughters of Nyx. FTP, who were these sisters named Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos who by spinning, measuring out, and cutting the thread of life controlled the destines of man?;;(the) Fates|Moirai
Philosophy;;This philosopher's early death left his works in an incomplete state, with much of his work compiled by his students, including the "Opus Parisiense" and the "Opus Oxoniense". Famous for his defense of Immaculate Conception and his analogy comparing man's free will to a horse capable of throwing off grace, its rider, he gained notoriety for challenging the ideas of Thomas Aquinas. FTP, who was this Scottish Fransciscan thinker known as "Doctor Subtilis", whose followers were often called "dunces"?;;(John) Duns Scotus
United States History;;This man rose to the rank of mate while involved in the slave trade, but settled in America after killing a mutinous sailor. Late in his life he served as an admiral in the Russian navy against the Turks, but is better-known for his exploits against the British, including spiking the guns of his old home port Whitehaven and capturing the HMS Drake. FTP, who is this admiral who defeated the HMS Serapis with his ship the Bonhomme Richard, best-known for the quote "I have not yet begun to fight"?;;(John Paul) Jones|John Paul (jones)
Literature;;On the night of the title character's birth, his father murdered his employer Mr. Haredale, a fact mysteriously connected with his mental retardation.  He wears all green and always carries a raven named Grip in a basket on his back, and is condemned to death for his role in a riot, even though he participated in it only for the pleasure of carrying a flag and wearing a blue bow. Famous for its depictions of the Gordon Riots, FTP, identify this novel by Charles Dickens.;;Barnaby Rudge
Economics;;Formally, this economics term is defined as the difference between the total return from a factor of production and its supply price; that is, the minimum amount necessary to attain a factor of production.  Alfred Marshall analysed the "quasi" version, while the traditional use of this term refers to the special case of a specific factor of production which is always present in a fixed quantity and therefore has zero supply cost.  FTP, identify this term, most commonly used to refer to the price paid for use of land.;;(economic) rent
World History;;This region is divided by the Eider River. After Christian IX violated the protocols of the 1852 London Convention, the Treaty of Vienna ceded it to Austria and Prussia. However, Austria lost its part after the Seven Weeks War, and following World War I, the northern part of its northern duchy voted to be reunited with its northern neighbor.  FTP, identify this region now shared by Germany and Denmark.;;Schleswig-Holstein
Physics;;This law is governed by the same equations which govern Fick's Law of diffusion and Fourier's Law of heat transfer. Not holding for semiconductors, it is true for magnets under adiabatic conditions, and has as constant the ratio of the magnet's force to its flux. It was first shown experimentally in 1827, but since it was not expected in the German scientific community, its namesake was forced to resign from his high-school teaching position and lived in poverty for 25 years. FTP name this law which states that the voltage of a circuit is equal to the product of its current and impedance.;;Ohm('s) (Law)
Literature;;Famed for his skill in duels, this author was wounded during the siege of Arras in 1640, and gave up his military career to study under the philosopher Pierre Gassendi. He aroused controversy with his blasphemous play The Death of Agrippina, but Moliere admired his skill as a satirist so much he model several scenes in The Rogeries of Scapin on this man's play The Pedant Imitated. His best-known works are the Voyages to the Moon and Sun, but he is famous today mainly because of a play by Edmond Rostand. FTP, who was this author famous for his large nose?;;(Savinien) Cyrano (de Bergerac)
World History;;This man's doctrine declared the right of the Soviet Union to intervene in the affairs of other Communist countries when their governments were threatened. In 1950 he spent time in Moldavia sovietizing Romanians, and after losing and then regaining his seat on the Politburo he became President of the Praesidium if the Supreme Soviet in 1960. Although he briefly shared power with Alexei Kosygin after he engineered the ouster of Khrushchev, he soon took over full control of the government. FTP, who was this man who served as general secretary of the Soviet Union until 1982?;;(Leonid) Brezhnev
Art;;A former schoolmate and friend of Emile Zola, this painter of The Murder was greatly influenced by the work of Manet, as seen in A Modern Olympia or The Pasha. He soon focused on brush strokes and the balance of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional images, developing his technique of breaking down an natural object into its composite shapes, including the cylinder, sphere, and cone, a technique clearly seen in his most famous series of works. FTP name this French forerunner of cubism and painter of Mount Saint Victoire.;;(Paul) Cezanne
Astronomy;;This celestial body is surrounded by 4 rings, the outermost of which, 1989N1R, displays non-uniformity of particle density never before observed in the solar system. Visited by Voyager 2, the mission found it to be characterized by a bright feature dubbed the "scooter," an atmospheric storm called the "Great Dark Spot", and not 2 moons, as was previously believed, but rather 8, including Despina, Larissa, and Proteus. With an nearly circular orbital eccentricity of 0.009, FTP name this planet, usually the 8th in distance from the sun.;;Neptune
Literature;;This group met regularly in the Apollo Room of the Devil Tavern, and were particularly noted for their frank, fanciful love poems.  Works of this group included "To Make Much of Time", "Delight in Disorder", "Aglaura", "Brennoralt", and "To Althea from Prison".  FTP, identify this literary group whose members included Thomas Carew, Robert Herrick, John Suckling, and Richard Lovelace, named either for their association with the court of King Charles I or for their mentor.;;Cavalier (Poets)|Sons of Ben|Tribe of Ben
Chemistry;;Closely linked to the compounds theobromine and theophylline, this odorless compound occurs naturally as a white powder or as silky needles, and is characterized by a bitter taste. Scientifically called tri-methyl-xanthine, it is very soluble in hot water, and upon cooling deposits crystals of its namesake monohydrate. A member of the alkaloid group, its toxic oral dosage is 10 grams, and more than half of American adults consume over 3% of that dose daily. A cardiac stimulant and a mild diuretic having formula C8H10N4O2, FTP name this substance commonly found in guarana, maté, tea, and coffee.;;caffeine
Geography;;Rising in the Gaumukh River, this river's source is traditionally held to be the sacred glacier Gangotori. Traversing some 1500 miles and draining one-fourth of its nation's land, it flows though the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar before emptying into the Bay of Bengal near Calcutta. Joining the Brahmaputra to form the Padma, FTP, name this sacred river of the Hindus.;;Ganges
Geography;;At the center of this city was a building symbolic of Mount Meru. Important until its capture by an army from Ayutthaya in 1431, it came to prominence in the late ninth century when King Yashovarman I moved there, and it is most famous for complexes erected by Kings Jayavarman VII and Suryavarman II.  FTP, identify this capital of the Khmer Empire noted for its Thom and Wat.;;Angkor
Music;;Famous arias in this opera include "Let her among you without fault" and "Steady! There you are! Nearly home!", while its orchestral sections are often performed separately under the title of "sea interludes". Based on a libretto by Montagu Slater, its protagonist, already under suspicion for the death of a previous apprentice, disregards the advice of Ellen Orford and takes on a second apprentice, who is also killed as they flee an angry mob, prompting the protagonist, a  Suffolk fisherman, to sink with his boat into the sea.  FTP, identify this most frequently performed English opera, composed by Benjamin Britten.;;Peter Grimes
Miscellaneous;;Beginning with a description of the priesthood of the "king of the wood," its author argues that the institution of divine kingships derived from the belief that the well being of the natural order depends upon the vitality of the king. Published in 1890, the work traces the mechanisms of thought from the modern, scientific stage back to the religious stage, and finally the magical stage. FTP identify this no longer accepted, though nonetheless revolutionary, work of comparative religion and mythology written by James Frazer.;;(The) Golden Bough
Literature;;This novelist depicted a talented writer based on Thomas Wolfe in Youngblood Hawke, and wrote of the founding of Israel in The Hope and The Glory. An aspiring New York actress is the focus of Marjorie Morningstar, while the Henry family is described in The Winds of War and War and Remembrance.  In his best-known work, Willie Keith narrates the story of Steve Maryk's rebellion against Captain Queeg on a World War II minesweeper.  FTP, identify this author of the 1952 Pulitzer Prize winning novel The Caine Mutiny.;;(Herman) Wouk
Geography;;This body of water contains the Hecla, Deer, and Black Islands, and is fed from many sources, including the Red River and a river of the same name, which means "muddy water" in the Cree Indian language.  A remnant of glacial Lake Agassiz, it is drained by the Nelson River to the Hudson Bay.  FTP, identify this lake which ranks as the 13th largest in the world and the third largest entirely within Canada, which shares its name with the nearby capital of Manitoba.;;(Lake) Winnipeg
World History;;Important members of this dynasty included Rimush, Manishtusu, Naram-Sin, and Shar-kali-sharri.  The Gutians and the Amorites brought about its downfall after about 200 years of rule. Founded circa 2350 BC and uniting much of southern Mesopotamia, FTP, identify this Sumerian dynasty begun by the 56-year reign of Sargon I.;;Akkad(ian) (Dynasty)
Religion/Mythology;;This religious text was originally transmitted orally, but an effort to compile a written version culminated in the Ninth Century with the efforts of Bokhari and Moshin. It consists of six compilations, the two most important of which are the Sahih Bukhari and the Sahih Muslim.  FTP, identify this complement to the Quran containing the traditions of the sayings and doings of Muhammed, the second most important text of Islam.;;Hadith
World History;;Planning to emancipate the serfs upon ascension, this ruler was forced instead to secularize clerical land due to debt left by the empress Elisabeth. This monarch successfully conducted war against Turkey and put down Pugachov's rebellion, and before her mysterious 1797 death engaged in an affair with Grigory Potemkin. A friend of the enlightenment FTP identify this German-born Russian empress known as "the Great"?;;Catherine (II|2|(the) (second|2nd){1}?){1}?|Catherine the Great
Art;;This artist's decorations for the Chapelle des Anges of S Sulpice included his "Heliodorus Expelled from the Temple". Rumored to be the son of Talleyrand, he debuted at the Paris Salon of 1822 with Dante and Virgil in Hell, while a trip to northern Africa provided inspiration for exotic subjects like The Women of Algiers. Creator of "The Massacre at Chios" and "The Death of Sardanopolus", FTP, who was this French Romantic painter of "Liberty Leading the People"?;;(Eugene) Delacroix
Physics;;The basis for the Venturi effect, this law can be used to explain the principle of flight. In it , compressibility and viscosity are assumed to be negligible. Equivalent to a statement of the law of conservation of energy, it states that the total mechanical energy of a fluid is the sum of the energy resulting from the fluid pressure and the potential and kinetic energies of the fluid. FTP, what is this law formulated in 1738 by its namesake Swiss scientist?;;Bernoulli('s) (Law|Principle)
Literature;;"Is it a fit time, said my father to himself, to talk of Pensions and Grenadiers"? is the entire content of Chapter 5 of Volume IV of this novel, while both Chapters 18 and 19 of Volume IX of this novel are completely devoid of content. At various stages we learn of the protagonist's uncle, who was wounded at the siege of Namur, as well as Hafen Slawkenbergius, who is an expert on noses. Full of typographical eccentricities and violations of the conventions of the novel, other characters include the Widow Wadman, Parson Yorick, Uncle Toby, and the protagonist's father Walter. FTP, what is this novel describing the Life and Opinions of a Gentleman, written by Laurence Sterne?;;(The) (Life and Opinions of) Tristram Shandy(, Gentleman)
Music;;This composer of the one-act opera "Overnight" showed an early interest in music, but had to wait for the "S" volume of an encyclopedia his family was buying on an installment plan before he could learn how to compose a sonata. Influenced by Richard Strauss, his Gurrelieder was one of the high points of post-romanticism. Departing from that style, he is famous today for works like "Moses and Aaron" and "Transfigured Night". FTP, name this German composer of "Pierrot Lunaire" who developed the 12-tone method of Composition.;;(Arnold) Schoenberg
Physics;;The centers of these objects consist of mesons and hyperons, its intermediate layers maintain a superfluid state, while its outermost kilometer is solid, reaching temperatures as high as 1 million Kelvin. Perhaps their most important characteristic are their magnetic fields, which cause surface ions to polymerize into long chains of iron atoms. Believed to result when a massive star undergoes a Type II supernove explosion, its mass is restricted to below two solar masses by the Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit. FTP, what are these extremely small, superdense stars named for the presence of a certain type of particle?;;neutron star(s)
World History;;United in 1632 by King Fasilides, its first permanent capital was Gonder. Home to the monolithic churches of King Lalibela, the youngest member of the Zagwe dynasty, a major event in its modern history was its repudiation of the Treaty of Ucciali, which led to its 1896 victory over Italy at Adowa, led by Menelik II. FTP, what is this African country whose most famous 20th century ruler was Haile Seslassie?;;Ethiopia
Religion/Mythology;;In the Thioreskssaga, he was the grandson of the King of Spain, wielded the sword Garm, and rode the fearless horse Grani, an offspring of Sleipnir. After killing Fafnir he captured the Andvaranant and was married before falling under the spell of Grimhild. Forgetting his wife, he married Gundrun, and was eventually slain by Gundrun's brother Guttorm. FTP identify this husband of Brunhilde and hero of the Ring Cycle.;;Siegfried|Sigurd
Philosophy;;Anticipated in the 11th chapter of Augustine's City of God, this philosophical statement served as the basis for its creator's entire philosophy, and created the basis of solipsism. It was first introduced in 1644's Principles of Philosophy, but its French equivalent received more notice in 1637's Discourse on Method. Based on the idea that the ability to doubt one's existence necessarily implies one does exist, FTP name this famous Latin dictum of Rene Descartes.;;Cogito Ergo Sum|I think(,) therefore I am
Miscellaneous;;Classified into 4 categories, the last is susceptible only to a tachyon heterodyne grid. Used in the Tomad Incident to destroy an S-4023 ship, its weakness, the inability to fire torpedos, was described by the Khitomer Conference and eventually overcome by the renegade Klingon vessel, Dakronh. Used and then set aside by Starfleet, FTP, identify this Romulan technology which allows star ships to conceal themselves.;;Cloaking (Device)
Literature;;Much of the information in this book comes from Floyd Wells, who is serving time in Lansing Prison. The central event is investigated by KBI agent Alvin Dewey, while other information and rumors are circulated in Hartman's Café. The original suspect, Bobby Rupp, is cleared after passing a lie detector test, and it is eventually learned that the murderers are Richard Hickock and Perry Smith. FTP, what is this work about the murders of Nancy, Gonnie, Herbert, and Kenyon Clutter, written by Truman Capote?;;In Cold Blood
Chemistry;;Solutions are called perfect is they obey this law over a wide range of concentrations. This law only holds for ideal binary mixtures, with positive or negative deviations occuring depending on whether the activity coefficient is greater than one or less than one. These deviations for mixtures of liquids result in the formation of azeotropes. Stated mathematically as p equals p sub 0 times X, FTP, what is this chemical law stating that the partial pressure of a solvent is proportional to its mole fraction?;;Raoult('s) (law)
Geography;;This area was originally known as Mukuntuweap National Monument, but was enlarged to 230 miles in area and made a national park. 1,500 fott high walls can be found in its fingerlike Koblob Canyons, but its main attraction is a canyon cut by the Virgin River. FTP name this national park that is home to Sentinel Mountain, East Temple Mountain, and West Temple Mountain, located in southwestern Utah.;;Zion (National Park|NP)
World History;;Originally a province of Scandinavia, its second incarnation reached its height under King Gundobad, but in 534 the Merovigians subjugated it. Broken up by the Treaty of Verdun and later by John the Good, its attempts to attain de facto independence were strengthened by dynastic marriages with the rulers of Flanders and reached their height under Duke Charles the Bold, but his death in 1477 brought it back under French control. Known for supporting England during the Hundred Years War, FTP, identify this region with capital at Dijon whose name also identifies a type of wine.;;Burgundy
Literature;;As this novel opens, one main character is returning from his first visit to Bombay in fifteen years. On the same plane is the other protagonist, an Indian film star who specializes in playing Hindu gods. After the plane is hijacked and explodes over the English channel, the two men, Saladin Chamcha and Gibreel Farishta, experience a series of metamorphoses, dreams, and revelations that imply a new interpretation for the founding of Islam. FTP, what was this controversial novel by Salman Rushdie?;;(The) Satanic Verses
Biology;;Members of this phylum possess gelatinous mesohyl regions through which food-collecting amoebocytes travel.  Most are hermaphrodites, lack nerves and muscles, and were not regarded as animals until the eighteenth century.  Water flows through the osculum in and out of the central cavity, called the spongocoel.  FTP, identify this invertebrate phylum which includes the sponges.;;Porifera
United States History;;The recipient of the first Political Science PhD from Harvard, this man began his political career in 1880. Co-author with Theodore Roosevelt of a book of "Hero Tales", like Roosevelt he issued a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, his concerning the disapproval of sale of strategically important land by Latin-American countries. As chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations committee, he issued 14 reservations in opposition to Wilson's 14 points. FTP identify this Massachusettes politician whose grandson of the same name also went on to a career in politics.;;(Henry) (Cabot) Lodge
Miscellaneous;;While a student of the Ecole Normale in the 1870's this author of "Pedogogical Evolution of France" became acquainted with Jean Juares, the future leader of the French Socialist party. Impressed by Wilhelm Wundt, many of his ideas can be found in "The Rules of Sociological Method" and "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life", while in "The Division of Labor in Society", he expressed his belief in the existence of a social disconnectedness, which he termed anomie. FTP identify this French sociologist best-known for his 1897 study "Suicide".;;(Emile) Durkheim
Literature;;This author first gained acclaim for early novels line "The Victim" and "Dangling Man", while recent novels include "The Dean's December" and "The Theft". Known for drawing attention to the modern moral and social crises experienced by Jewish-Americans, his work ranges from the picaresque "The Adventures of Augie March" to philosophical works like "Mr. Sammler's Planet" and "Henderson, the Rain King". Winner of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Literature, FTP, who is this author of "Humboldt's Gift"?;;(Saul) Bellow
Noncomputational Math;;This mathematician's "characteristic" is defined to be the number of vertices of a graph minus the number of edges plus the number of faces. He introduced the symbols of pi and sigma to mathematics, and his phi function tells the amount of numbers between 1 and n relatively prime to n. He solved the Seven Bridges of Konigsburg problem, but went completely blind by 1766. FTP, who was this Swiss mathematicisn whose namesake identity involves the number e?;;(Leonhard) Euler
Literature;;This poetic work gives its name to the meter in which it is written, a 4-couplet mix of iamb and anapest. An unfinished supernatural romance, the title character discoveres Geraldine while praying for her fiance in the woods and brings her back to her father's castle. However, she soon discoveres Geraldine is an enchantress, but when she tries to warn her father Sir Leoline he fails to believe her. FTP, what is this gothic ballad by Samuel Taylor Coleridge?;;Christabel
Noncomputational Math;;Capable of being bounded by Gresgorin discs, Jacques Strum first studied these numbers in a general setting. Often labelled by a lambda, their constituent set is referred to as the spectrum, and are solutions to the characteristic polynomial. Their sum equals the matrix's trace, and their product equals the matrix's determinant. FTP, what are these "values" which for some value of x and matrix A fulfill the equation A times x equals lambda x?;;eigenvalue(s)|characteristic value(s)
Miscellaneous;;Returning from Athens, the protagonist of this work meets Polemarchos on the road and goes back with him to his home. Meeting Polemarchos' father, Cephalus, in the courtyard, the three men and Thrasymachus engage in a conversation during which Thrasymachus attempts to force the central figure to abandon his question-and-answer method. Dicussing the question of justice, the group concludes that justice favors the strong. A work in 10 Books, the tenth rejects poetry while the seventh contains the famous allegory of the cave. FTP identify this Platonic Dialouge in which Socrates describes the idea of the philosopher king and the government of an ideal state.;;(The) Republic
World History;;His father created him King of Chile, but his ambitions on France were renounced in the Peace of Vervins. His approval of the murder of Juan de Escobedo is one factor in the "Black Legend" of his cruelty. His successor was not produced until his final marriage, to Maximilian II's daughter Anna of Austria. Following the death of King Sebastian, he annexed Portugal, but his childless marriage to Mary I led to disaster in his English ambitions, culminating in the 1588 failure of the Armada. For 10 points, name this builder of the Escorial and successor to Charles V as King of Spain.;;(King) Philip (II|the Second){1}?;;(King) Philip
Biology;;Hyperplasia in this organ is associated with myasthenia gravis, while aplasia of it results from failure of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches to develop and is known as DiGeorge syndrome. Keratinized cells called Hassall's corpuscles are found in its medulla, and dendritic cells at its corticomedullary junction recognize self-reactive cells. Epithelial cells in its cortex express MHC molecules that allow for positive selection. Found posterior to the manubrium of the sternum, this pyramid-shaped organ reaches its maximum size at puberty. For 10 points, identify this lymphoid organ, the site of T cell development.;;thymus
Religion/Myhtology;;In Latvia, the pagan holiday of Zvaignes was assimilated to this Christian feast, observed in Latin America by leaving one's shoes out the night before. In Orthodox Christianity, it is often accompanied by a Blessing of the Waters and usually called the Feast of the Theophany. Remembering the miracle of Cana and the baptism of Christ, it is also called Little Christmas in Ireland and the Day of the Kings in Spanish-speaking countries. It commemorates the visit of the three magi and marks the end of the twelve days of Christmas. For 10 points, name this Christian feast that takes place on January 6.;;Epiphany
Physics;;The de Hoffman-Teller frame can be found by a transformation setting this quantity to zero upstream and downstream of a shock. In some media it is equal to the drift velocity over the mobility, and for a moving point particle it has velocity field and acceleration field terms. A generalized form of Ohm's law relates it to the conductivity tensor and the current density. Poisson related its Laplacian to the charge density, and its surface integral is related to enclosed charge in Gauss's law. For 10 points, name this quantity which is proportional when static to the source charge over the distance squared, according to Coulomb's law.;;electric field(s)
World History;;It was re-established after the Battle of Tigranocerta, which freed it from the rule of King Tigranes of Armenia. It also fought Egypt at the Battle of Panium before being defeated by the Romans at Magnesia.. It reached its greatest extent after the 281 BCE Battle of Corupedium, where its founder defeated Lysimachus. In 250 BC, Bactria and Parthia succeeded from this kingdom, which was also expelled from Judea by the revolt of the Maccabees. Finally extinguished by Pompey in 63 BCE, its capital was at Antioch. For 10 points, name this kingdom founded by an Alexandrian general known as Nicator.;;Seleucid (Kingdom)
Literature;;This author is the primary subject of T.S. Eliot's "What Is Minor Poetry"? He thinks "how sweetly flows/The liquefaction" of the title garments in one poem, and "His Litany to the Holy Spirit" was included in the collection His Noble Numbers. Other poems include one in which he remarks that they should engage in the title activity "while time serves, and we are but decaying," and another in which he tells the title group to "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may". For 10 points, name this Cavalier author of the collection Hesperides, including "Corinna's Gone A-Maying" and "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time".;;(Robert) Herrick
United States History;;A rejected version of its charter forbade lawyers, doctors, and preachers from serving in the legislature. The Treaty of Hopewell voided its attempt in the Treaty of Dumpling Creek to define one of its borders at the Little River. Eventually, forces led by John Tipton triumphed over the government of John Sevier, who had tried to colonize Muscle Shoals. This entity was inspired by North Carolina's withdrawn attempt to give part of its land to the US government, and lasted from 1784 to 1788. For 10 points, name this abortive U.S. state, named for a Founding Father, whose land was incorporated into the new state of Tennessee.;;(State of) Frankl(in|and){1}?
Art;;A second version of this painting adds a shield and plumed helmet propped against the pedestal on the right, and a nearby dancing pair holding hands. Both versions include a small dog mirroring the pose of a woman clutching a staff, who gazes back at the grove on the right while her partner leads the way downhill. The second version shows pennants flying from the mast of the ship waiting at the left for the various lovers, and both versions feature a garlanded statue of a goddess of love. For 10 points, name this fête gallant showing couples preparing for a trip to or from the birthplace of Aphrodite, a painting by Watteau.;;(The) Embarkation f(rom|or){1}? Cythera|(The) Pilgrimage to Cythera|(l')Embarquement de Cythere|(Le) Pelerinage a Cythera
Music;;This work's final movement slows to poco andante after the eighth variation, a double fugue based on a theme the composer had earlier written as a contredanse. English horns figure prominently in the third movement trio and in a fugue that follows the trio in the second movement's Funeral March. A solo horn also announces the recapitulation in the first movement before the rest of the orchestra. It opens with two short E-flat major chords and concluding with a set of variations on a theme used in The Creatures of Prometheus. For 10 points, identify this Beethoven symphony, originally dedicated to Napoleon.;;Eroica (Symphony)|(Beethoven's) Third Symphony
Music;;His prominent roles include the lead in Le Dieu Bleu and Le Pavillon d'Armide, as well as a setting of Weber's Invitation to the Dance. As the "poet" who with the title characters plotlessly seeks the ideal, he worked in Les Sylphides with Tamara Karsavina, who was his partner in the premiere of Daphnis et Chloe. He also danced the lead roles in Till Eulenspiegel and Jeux, works which he had choreographed. Admired for his roles in Fokine works such as Scheherazade and Petrouchka, for 10 points, identify this man who choreographed and danced in Afternoon of a Faun and The Rite of Spring during his tenure in Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.;;(Vaslav) (Fomich) Nijinsky
Psychology;;His theories were the basis of Rudolf Dreikurs's practical therapy. He argued that the unhappiness of homosexuals stems from failure to meet a social need to reproduce in What Life Could Mean to You. His theory about the personality traits of eldest, second, middle, and youngest children has become conventional wisdom, while his theory of socially useful and antisocial personality types and the struggle between social demands and self-idealization are discussed in 1912's The Neurotic Character. For 10 points, name this founder of individual psychology, who pioneered work on inferiority complexes.;;(Alfred) Adler
Literature;;In one story he is said to have a brother, Gormant of Ricca, and to cross rivers on the blade of Osla Big-knife. In that story he captures Odgar and fights a whole day to kill one piglet of the brood of Twrch Trwyth. He refuses to stop the slaughter of a bunch of ravens in "The Dream of Rhonabwy" while playing a game against Owain. He disappears after his butler Lucan dies after a battle that begins?? when an adder prompts a warrior to draw a sword. During that battle at Camlann, he kills and is fatally wounded by Morgause's treacherous son, Mordred. For 10 points, name this king who wields Excalibur in battle.;;(King) Arthur
Biology;;Notable species of this genus include longispinus, discovered by Charles Gilmore, and armatus, discovered by Othniel Marsh. Their lack of the antorbital fenestra is unusual among members of their order and suggests a relationship to crocodilians. Some have theorized that their tail and hindleg reflexes were improved by a second brain housed in the hip region of the spinal cord in these herbivores. Another physical feature may have functioned as temperature regulators, attractors of mates, or armor. For 10 points, name this genus of dinosaurs with rows of armored plates and spikes on their backs and tails.;;stegosaur(us)
Literature;;One notable comedic scene in this novel includes depictions of the main characters as a shepherdess, an Amazon, and Venus in a family portrait that is too large to fit in their home. Among the misfortunes borne with Job-like fortitude by the protagonist are financial ruin due to the bankruptcy of a merchant, the suspected abduction by Mr. Burchell of his daughter, and imprisonment at the hands of Squire Thornhill. Finally, Sophia and Olivia are reunited with George, Moses, and the protagonist, whose innate goodness is at last rewarded. For 10 points, name this novel about the titular cleric, Dr. Primrose, a work by Oliver Goldsmith.;;(The) Vicar of Wakefield
Earth Science;;These features are termed "leaky" when they show a small divergence. At sea they are typically associated with a fracture zone extending beyond the active region, which usually lies between offset ridge segments. When three of these meet they form an unstable triple junction, and at the unstable Mendocino triple junction two of these meet a trench. They accommodate conservative plate boundaries since they show little or no movement in the dip direction, instead moving in right-lateral or left-lateral senses of relative plate motion. For 10 points, name these specific linear structures where plates slip past each other, exemplified by the San Andreas Fault.;;(transform|strike-slip){1}? fault
United States History;;He negotiated the Tipitapa Pact with Moncada in Nicaragua, and was responsible for the closure of an organization led by Herbert Yardley, the "Black Chamber" or MI-8. He led the US delegation to the London Naval Conference in his capacity as Secretary of State under Hoover, and he is also known for discouraging the bombing of Kyoto and delineating a certain policy after a section of railroad in Mukden was destroyed by Japanese soldiers. For 10 points, identify this Secretary of War under Taft and FDR, who advised nonrecognition of territories obtained by aggression in his namesake doctrine.;;(Henry) (Lewis) Stimson
Literature;;In one of this author's stories, a man wins a round of the titular activity and refuses to let go of the button controlling the prize wheel. In addition to "King of the Bingo Game," this author worked on a novel whose central character adopts the moniker Movie-Man for a time before becoming Senator Sunraider. His essays "On Bird, Bird-Watching, and Jazz" and "Richard Wright's Blues" appear in the collection Shadow and Act. He wrote a novel whose central character works briefly at Liberty Paint company and later meets Ras the Exhorter. For 10 points, name this writer who left unfinished his novel Juneteenth and wrote Invisible Man.;;(Ralph) (Waldo) Ellison
Philosophy;;In one of this philosopher's works, he argues against a charge of treason by Odyssues in the Defense of Palamedes. In another work, via proof by exhaustion, he exculpates a different major figure of the Trojan War; that is his Encomium of Helen. In addition to Pyrhho, this philosopher's work is transmitted through Sextus Empiricus, who wrote of the metaphysical solipsism presented in this man's On Non-Existence. His eponymous Platonic dialogue features Polus and Callicles, who orders Socrates to debate himself. For 10 points, name this Greek, whose sophism, like that of Protagoras, is contrasted with Socratic philosophy.;;Gorgias
Literature;;Unseen in this play are the gossipy "neighbor Daphne and her little spouse". We also never see Argas, who left a casket of important papers with the head of the central family. The head of this play's central family hides under a table at his wife's insistence after that wife sees a ploy ruined by her hotheaded son-in-law Damis. The title character tears a fine handkerchief out of a copy of Pilgrim's Progress, calling it a "horrid profanation," during a scene between the servant Dorine and Cléante. The title character finally exposes himself by trying to seduce Elmire, the wife of his host, Orgon. For 10 points, name this Molière play featuring the titular religious hypocrite.;;Tartuffe
Chemistry;;This formula begins to indicate that the vapor pressure of a material varies with its volume as conditions approach those prompting a first-order phase transition; this is its most egregious failure. It can be understood as a second-order truncation of the more accurate virial equation. The attraction and repulsion parameters are represented by the coefficients a and b and reflect that this formula was proposed by its namesake to account for intermolecular forces and the size of individual particles in the interactions of gases, refining the ideal gas law. For 10 points, name this equation of state.;;van der Waals (equation)
Literature;;The protagonist of this novel flees as a boy after his grandmother's mulatto caretaker, Lunero, witnesses him murdering his drunken uncle. At the beginning of the novel his only comfort is the recordings of business transactions played to him by Padilla. After returning home from war he marries Catalina, the sister of Gonzalo, who is later disillusioned by Father Paez. The protagonist's son Lorenzo is killed in the Spanish Civil War, and the love of his life, Regina, is captured and hanged by Pancho Villa. A veteran of the Revolution of 1910, he recalls his life as the title event is coming near. FTP name this novel about a Mexican business tycoon by Carlos Fuentes.;;(The) Death of Artemio Cruz|(La) Muerte de Artemio Cruz
Geography;;In this country, women often wear nickels attached to a red and white string on their breasts for the first two weeks of March. The wearing of leather slippers called opinci remains common in the Maramures region, as does the consumption of oversized donuts. Tourists often see the "ladder of virtue," a wall painting at the Sucevita monastery, in this nation, which was inducted along with Bulgaria into the EU on January 1st, 2007. On December 1st, it celebrates the day on which Bukovina, Bessarabia, and Transylvania were originally united. Situated where the Danube flows into the Black Sea, this is, for 10 points, what Eastern European nation with capital at Bucharest?;;Romania
Noncomputational Math;;For a differential equation, the elliptic type of these occurs when the stability matrix is purely imaginary. The subfactorial of n gives the number of permutations of n elements with none of these; such permutations are known as derangements. For a continuous function f of x whose graph lies in the unit square, the intermediate value theorem applied to the function f of x minus x shows that f has one of these in the unit interval. Any continuous map from the unit n-ball to itself has one, according to a theorem of Brouwer. For 10 points, name these points which remain invariant under a differential equation or map, so that f of x equals x.;;fixed point(s)|(critical|stationary){1}? point(s)
World History;;The Taizong and Xuanzong emperors were notable members of this dynasty, which was founded by the governor of Shanxi ["Shanhsyee"] and ruled by the Turkic-derived Li family. It was the first dynasty to implement civil service examinations, and its capital at Chang'an was the eastern terminus of the Silk Road. The reign of Empress Wu and the An Lushan rebellion also occurred during this dynasty, which succeeded the Sui and was the time of the poets Du Fu and Li Po. For 10 points, name this dynasty that reigned in China from 618 to 907.;;Tang (Dynasty)
World History;;One of the military commanders under his administration wrote Holland and Belgium in their Mutual Relations. He appointed Adalbert Falk to be Minister of Education during one of his domestic programs, which was opposed by the Zentrum party. He was more strenuously opposed by Eduard Kullman, who tried to assassinate him after he issued the May Laws. He used a dispute over the succession to the Spanish throne to alter the Ems telegram, and he fought the influence of Catholicism in the kulturkampf. For 10 points, name this engineer of the Franco-Prussian War and first Chancellor of Germany.;;(Otto (von)) Bismarck
Economics;;The 1923 Supreme Court case Adkins v. Children's Hospital concerned a law establishing one of these. In a 1946 paper, George Stigler accounted for positive effects of them by noting that employers act as monopsonists in certain sectors. The 1985 case Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority allowed the continuing existence of these by upholding the Fair Labor Standards Act. A 1995 book by Card and Kruger controversially denied that they have any disemployment effect. For 10 points, the 110th Congress's Democratic leadership has stated an intent to raise what price floor, the lowest legal compensation by a for-profit employer for an hour of work?;;minimum wage(s)
Pop Culture;;His hobbies include raising show turtles and taking correspondence courses in Russian. He often relies on his right-hand man Octavio, whom he employed to destroy a ventriloquist dummy that triggered his childhood anxiety. The only document he has signed with his real name is the neighborhood block charter; for all else he uses the alias "Rusty Shackleford". He is oblivious to the fact that his wife Nancy cheated on him for fifteen years with the lead singer of Big Mountain Fudgecake, migraine therapist John Redcorn, who is thus the biological father of his son, Joseph. For 10 points, name this chain-smoking conspiracy theorist and neighbor of Hank Hill on King of the Hill.;;Dale (Gribble)|(D) Gribble
Geography;;Plateaus in the western part of this nation include the Nechako and Chilcotin, while mountains in the eastern part of this country include the Monteregian hills and the Long Range Mountains. This nation's northernmost drainage basin includes rivers such as the Liard, Parsnip, and Peace, while islands in its largest bay include the Belcher Islands, the southernmost part of this nation's newest territory. It's tallest peak is Mt. Logan, and it may become politically important due to the discovery of oil sands in one of its western provinces. For 10 points, name this country, home of the Athabasca, Fraser, and Mackenzie rivers and the Great Bear Lake, with capital at Ottawa.;;Canada
Literature;;In one of this man's works, Noorna, disguised as a crone, meets the barber Shibli just before he performs the title action, while the titular lowly boy meets and marries the upper class Rose Jocelyn in Evan Harrington. The speaker describes himself as the pilot of his own life after his wife cuckolds him in this author's best-known poem, Modern Love, but he is better known for a novel in which the prohibition of female encounters until the protagonist turns 25 leads to a young man's travails, The Ordeal of Richard Feverel. FTP name this author, also known for a novel in which the title character's relationship with Laetitia Dale reveals the harm of his excessive pride, The Egoist.;;(George) Meredith
Astronomy;;In his "The Nature of the Physical World," he postulated the Two Tables paradox to demonstrate the incommensurability of common-sensical and scientific inquiry. In that same work, he also promoted the first incarnation of the infinite monkey theorem, which held that "if an army of monkeys were strumming on typewriters, they might write all the books in the British Museum". More a scientist than a philosopher, however, he explained the pulsation of Cepheid variables, though he is better known for his work on black holes, in which he unsuccessfully opposed the idea of the Chandrasekhar limit. He also unsuccessfully attempted to establish the fine structure constant as exactly 1/137, a value now known as his number. For 10 points, name this British astrophysicist who discovered proof of gravitational lensing?;;(Arthur) (Stanley) Eddington
Art;;One of this man's works features the titular dark-skinned man in a gold-trimmed red garment with absurdly huge buttons, while a more recognizable one depicts a bird on the shoulder of the eponymous stein-bearing crone. A black shirt with red frills adorns the titular clown in his Jester with a Lute, and the titular woman's breasts are nearly popping out in Gypsy Girl, but he is better known for portraits of figures like Jacobus Zaffius and the Company of Saint George. Best-known, however, is a painting of a mustachioed hat-wearing man notably not performing the titular jocular action. FTP name this Haarlem painter best-known for his The Laughing Cavalier.;;(Frans) Hals
Music;;In the composer of this work's autobiography, he remarks that he was inspired to create it after viewing Titian's Assumption of the Virgin in Venice. Controversy surrounds the image of a bird flying out of a thornbush in this work, which features the "Midsummer Magic" music and the "Wahn" monologue. One of the title characters is beaten in the street while searching for Eva Pogner, who confides in the cobbler Hans Sachs about her anxiety over the contest at the center of this opera. Walther van Stolzing eventually saves her from the evil Jewlike Sixtus Beckmesser in, FTP, what opera about a vocal contest in a German city by Richard Wagner?;;(Die) Meistersinger von Nürnberg|(The) Mastersingers of Nuremberg
Literature;;In the preface to a book of his lectures this writer notes that the literary critic Henry Louis Gates was one of his students at Cambridge. He served a lengthy prison term that he described in the book of poems A Shuttle in the Crypt and in the memoir The Man Died. His novels include The Interpreters and Season of Anomy, and his satirical plays include Kongi's Harvest and The Trials of Brother Jero, but this author is best known for dramas that delve into Yoruba myth, like The Lion and the Jewel. For 10 points, identify this author who also wrote a play in which Olunde attempts to stop his father, the title servant, from committing suicide, Death and the King's Horseman.;;(Wole) Soyinka
Philosophy;;Arthur Pap theoriezed! a "functional" kind of this. David Hume termed it the "relations of ideas" as opposed to "matters of fact". An early version of it can be found in Plato's Meno, in which it takes the form of the "theory of recollection". Kant appealed to it for "necessary truth" and asserted its transcendental nature, claiming that it involved form rather than content, and that moral principles can only be discovered through it rather than experience. For 10 points, name this epistemological concept, a type of knowledge that is gained independently of empirical or "a posteriori" knowledge.;;a priori (knowledge|reasoning)
Biology;;Genera in this phylum include Haemonchus, Necator, Ancylostoma, and Trichuris. These creatures' ameoboid sperm is believed to be the only eukaryotic cell without G-actin, and they mate through the use of a chitin-coated spicule and often with the aid of specially bent tails. To avoid dessication, their epidermis secretes a keratin cuticle, which also means that they molt. Some also have cilia, but all move primarily through their hydrostatic skeleton. Sensory structures called phasmids can be found near their anus, which serves as the end of the pseudocoel of these triploblastic creatures, which include biological superstar C. elegans. For 10 points, name this phylum of worms that are round.;;Nematod(e(s)|a){1}?|Nemat(a|es){1}?
United States History;;Robert Conrad was elected mayor of Philadelphia after being revealed as a member of this group. In Massachusetts, it helped elect Senator Henry Wilson, while in Indiana it recruited congressman Schuyler Colfax. One member was the only man to defeat Boss Tweed in an election. Their presidential candidate was a former Comptroller of New York who led the Silver-Grey Whigs, while their vice-Presidential candidate was Kitchen Cabinet member Andrew Donnelson. For 10 points, name this political party formed out of the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, which nominated Millard Fillmore for President and was defined by its secrecy and opposition to Catholic immigrants.;;(Know-Nothing|American){1}? (Party)
United States History;;His father was killed during Lord Dunmore's War, and his boyhood home was destroyed in the Battle of Piqua. His collaborators included Isaac Brock, a brother with whom he captured a fort commanded by William Hull, and Henry Proctor. After adopting the economic theories of Joseph Brant, he broke with Black Hoof and decried the abdication of land claims. Henry Proctor failed to show up to his final battle near Chatham, where he was killed, possibly by Richard Mentor Johnson, after rising to prominence as the brother of Tenskwatawa, a prophet. For 10 points, name this Indian leader, the loser at the Battle of the Thames and the Battle of Tippecanoe.;;Tecumseh
Miscellaneous;;The Egyptian general Ganymedes and regent Pothinus were both this type of person. One of them, Judar Pasha, won the battle of Tondibi against Askia Ishaq II, putting an end to the Songhai Empire. The theologian Tertullian claimed that Jesus was one of these, which was believed by the Russian Skoptzy sect. In China, one of these was responsible for the Tumu Crisis, while an influencial group of them was known as the Ten Attendants, and one of them is credited by Gavin Menzies with discovering Greenland, Antartica, and the Americas in 1421. Apart from Zheng He, they were often used to guard harems. For 10 points, name this type of court official, who has been castrated.;;eunuch(s)
Literature;;A key point in this novel comes when one of the characters realizes that a book written under the pseudonym Joseph Emory Prank was actually written by her acquaintance Miss Lavish. Miss Lavish had written about an actual event: a woman is kissed on a violet-covered terrace while wandering in search of Mr. Eager and Mr. Beere. This woman eventually breaks off her engagement to Cecil Vyse, and instead marries the man who had kissed her in Florence, George Emerson. Lucy Honeychurch is the heroine of—for 10 points—this E.M. Forester novel, which takes its title from her lodgings in Florence, from which one can see the Arno River.;;(A) Room with a View
World History;;After he came to power, he sent Wulfstan of Haithabu to the Baltic and fought the battle of Wilton. Made a Consul of Rome at the age of five by Pope Leo IV, this man forced Guthrum convert to Christianity and sign the Treaty of Wedmore after winning the Battle of Edington. He allegedly spied on his opponents by entering their camp as a minstrel, which allowed him to extend his lands all the way to Watling Street, deep into the Danelaw. He is credited with creating the shire system as well as standardizing English law. For 10 points, name this king of Wessex, called "the Great".;;Alfred (the Great)
Chemistry;;In Contact, Carl Sagan quipped that there was enough of this compound in galactic cloud W-3 to completely satisfy the entire population of the planet for the age of the solar system. Although used by humans since at least the Neolithic period, it was first isolated through distillation by Persian alchemists in the Abbasid Caliphate. Recent evidence has shown that this compound can in fact increase the growth of the bacterium responsible for pneumonia, meningitis, and urinary tract infections, contradicting a common conception about the ability of this compound to kill budding infections. For 10 points, identify this organic compound with empirical formula C2H6O used as a fuel additive and in adult beverages.;;Ethanol|(Ethyl|Grain){1}? Alcohol
Religion/Mythology;;One of this figure's forms, Khepri, was originally a separate deity with the head of a dung beetle. In another form he is combined with the ram-headed god Heryshaf, and in yet another he is depicted as the youth Nefertum, who masturbated the Ennead into existence. During his most important task, one of his protectors is Mehen, a snake-like deity with a namesake board game, while other assistants include Thoth and Seth. Seth uses a blade to accomplish what this figure usually does by transforming into a giant cat, namely, killing Apophis. Originally the chief god of Heliopolis, he was eventually merged with the Theban Amun. For 10 points, name this Egyptian solar deity.;;Ra|Re
Literature;;Although she claims that she is just on leave from from her job teaching high school English, she was actually fired for an inappropriate behavior with a student, and she was evicted from the low-rent Flamingo Hotel for her wild sexual affairs. These affairs are largely motivated by the guilt she feels as a result of the death of her husband, Allen Grey, who killed himself after she discovered that he was gay. At the end of the play, she is taken off to a mental institution, as she reveals that she has "always depended on the kindness of strangers". For 10 points, name this Southern belle, the female lead in Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire.;;Blanche (DuBois)
Chemistry;;In 1964 Cotton elucidated the first report of bonding interactions specifically between these type of orbitals, in dirhenium complexes. The splitting between their e-gerade and t-1-gerade sets is directly proportional to the colors displayed by inorganic complexes, and the crystal field model was an early attempt to explain their orientations in space. The conventional z-squared one is actually a combination of two possible solution to the Schrodinger equation. For ten points, name these atomic orbitals with principal quantum number, and with one more node than p orbitals, originally "diffuse" in spectroscopic measurement.;;d (orbital(s))
Literature;;Major Effingham becomes a father figure in this character's life after his parents are killed by Mingo Indians. He refers to himself as a "younker" and fondly remembers attending Reformed church in Albany, suggesting that he may be of partial Dutch descent. He cries out to his protégé Oliver and to Oliver's wife Elizabeth after the death of his friend Chingachgook, and he ends up giving Chingachgook's son Uncas his gun Killdeer. La Longue Carabine, Lap Ear, Pigeon, and Hawkeye are among the nicknames of—for 10 points—this character, the hero of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales.;;(Natty) Bumppo
Miscellaneous;;This term was used by Fred Hoyle in the 1980s as part of his promotion of the theory of panspermia, but its most well-known meaning has its roots in an 1850 book by Patrick Edward Dove. In 1873, Paleyite botanist George James Allman used the current meaning of the term at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, but it is perhaps most famously associated with the Wedge Document, which outlined a public relations campaign meant to sway public opinion and policy and to obtain charitable funding for the Discovery Institute. However, John Jones found that it did not meet the Daubert Standard for scientific evidence in his decision in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District. For 10 points, name this pseudoscientific theory that attempts to supplant Darwin's theory of natural selection with a biogenesis that involves a reasoning creator?;;Intelligent Design|Behe-creationism
World History;;Members of this class were initially prohibited from building tall houses or using saddles, and Mutawakkil forbade them from using horses at all and required them to wear blue and yellow turbans. Under the Ottomans, each group that fell under this heading, which was accorded to the Mandeans, but not the Yazidi, received a hierarchical place in the millet system. A person in this class had to provide three days of lodging to a Muslim upon request, was exempt from military service, and had to pay the jizya tax. For 10 points, identify this second-class but protected status given to non-Islamic monotheists such as Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians under Islamic rule.;;dhimmi|People(s) of the Book|Ahl al-Kitab
Music;;These pieces were taken from the composer's Opus 8 collection, which he named "The Contest Between Harmony and Inventions". The composer noted that the viola part in the second movement of the first piece was imitating the bark of a dog, and in the sonnet that the composer wrote to accompany it, a goatherd sleeps in a meadow strewn with flowers. In the sonnet that accompanies the third piece, the composer describes the peasants' celebration of the harvest, and the fourth sonnet mentions an icy snow. For 10 points, name this collection of violin concertos written by Antonio Vivaldi to represent different times of year.;;(The) Four Seasons
United States History;;Whitlaw Reed succeeded this man at his longest-tenured job, in which capacity this man had endorsed Albert Brisbane's American interpretation of the Fourier socialist system. A former campaign writer for Thurlow Weed, he hired Karl Marx as a European correspondent and yoinked John Soule's advice to avoid "lounging in the cities" urging readers to "Go west, young man!". Later, he joined with Vice-Presidential nominee Gratz Brown to finish second to Grant in the 1872 election under the banner of the Liberal Republican Party. For 10 points, name this influential abolitionist editor of the New York Tribune.;;(Horace) Greeley
Biology;;A genetic defect in their synthesis is implicated in Zellweger syndrome, where the body is unable to oxidize certain long-chain fatty acids. Though proteins are not thought to use the endoplasmic reticulum to reach it, new evidence suggests it may have evolved from proteins related to that organelle, casting doubts on its supposed endosymbiontic origin. Key to production of the myelin sheath, it also plays a role in bile production as well as primarily breaking down ethanol into acetaldehyde and using enzymes such a catalase to deal with toxic waste products. For 10 points, name this cellular organelle, a major produce of hydrogen peroxide.;;peroxisome(s)
Literature;;He was prevented from bleeding to death when his girlfriend plugged his wound with her long hair. This man found a mysterious golden box in the forest, whose magnetic key falls apart when used. He meets a couple named Joseph and Mary who are squatting in a church, shortly after he takes a vow to never remain in the same place for more than three days. The intervention of Old Barbara keeps him from monogamy with Marianne, but he later has a son named Felix and declares that "art is long, life is short" to resolve his impulses towards domesticity and adventure. For 10 points, name this man whose "travels" and "apprenticeship" are described in two novels by Goethe.;;(Wilhelm) Meister
Music;;His most prominent symphony is his second, the Ocean. His opera Feramors is an adaptation of Thomas Moore's Lalla Rookh, and was the first in his planned construction of a genre called "sacred opera" which was to oppose Wagnerian principles of music. His other operas include The Maccabees, The Tower of Babel, Demon, and Fomka the Fool. While working for Elena Pavlovna, he founded the Russian Music Society, and he directed the St. Petersburg Conservatory while his brother founded the Moscow Conservatory. In the first graduating class of his time at Petersburgh was Tchaicovsky. For 10 points, name this Jewish-Russian opponent of musical nationalism, said to rival Lizst as the greatest of all pianists.;;(Anton) (Grigoryevich) Rubenstein
Religion/Mythology;;Larry Gonick writes that, in declining a piece of cannabis-based candy offered by the emperor, this man coined the phrase "high on life". He is said to have visited a land ruled by women, where he saved his friend Mardana from being turned into a sheep, and to have caused a mihrab to move by waving his feet around. Such tales of his exploits are collected in the janam-sakhis, which also described how his body turned into a pile of flowers after his death to resolve a burial-versus-cremation dispute among his followers. After that death, which ocurred at Kartarpur in the Punjab, he was succeeded by Angad. For 10 points, name this man who declared "there is no Hindu and no Muslim" and founded Sikhism.;;(Guru) Nanak
Psychology;;He conducted a successful experiment which applied his theories to the treatment of a fear of snakes, and he was able to quantify another study by noting how many of his subjects shouted "sockeroo!".  He formulated the idea of "reciprocal determinism," which states that behavior and environment have a back-and-forth influence, he is credited with starting the social cognitive theory in his book Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Perhaps his most famous experiment uses a toy and an actual clown to show that children modify their aggression based on whether they see a previous model punished. For 10 points, name this Stanford psychologist who conducted the "bobo doll" experiments.;;(Albert) Bandura
Pop Culture;;Created after a Crispin, Porter, and Bogusky executive found a plastic mask on eBay, this character engaged in a race with Jonathan Vilma of the New York Jets in December 2006. In one game starring this character, levels include a logging yard, a construction site, and a suburban lawn. In addition to Big Bumpin and Pocketbike Racer, he must perform more elaborate presentations of food to get points in the third game. For 10 points, name this advertising mascot who, in the past two years, has invited you to "wake up with" him and stared Darth Vader in the face, all in the name of providing chicken fries and Whoppers.;;(The) (Burger) King
Miscellaneous;;In one work of this genre, a man communicates to his crush by hiding under a porch and tapping her foot, and a brawl over a returned dowry leads to the title event occurring in the forest. The vocalization style used in it is named after the "Lapis Lazuli princess" of an earlier work and performed by the tayu; that style is known as joruri. The Courier for Hell, The Battles of Coxinga, and The Uprooted Pine are examples of these plays, which are accompanied by the samisen, a kind of lute. For 10 points, The Love Suicides at Sonizaki by Chikamatsu Monzaemon is a prominent example of what type of Japanese theater in which the story is performed by puppets?;;bunraku
Chemistry;;It has a characteristic green flame color, and its tetrahydride salt, often considered a good hydrogen storage medium for fuel cells, is a common organic reducing agent, although weaker than lithium aluminum hydride. The Davis-Besse nuclear power plant in Ohio was shut down for several months as a result of corrosion by this element's most common acid, commonly used as an emergency neutron moderator for nuclear reactors, as well as a pesticide. It forms electron deficient compounds and its covalent trihydride is a canonical Lewis acid. Mostly found in Turkey and the United States, for 10 points name this element with atomic number 5 and symbol B.;;Boron
World History;;He negotiated the freedom of his titular princedom from France at the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, but he later found his lands confiscated when he refused to appear before the Council of Blood. One of his strategies was pre-empted by the arrival of the Sea Beggars at Brielle, which sparked the rebellion that he took charge of. He eventually became the first head of state ever assassinated with a firearm, but earlier, he opposed Perrenot Granvelle, the regent Margaret of Parma, and the Duke of Alba. For 10 points, name this stadtholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands who engineered Dutch independence from Spain under the banner of the House of Orange.;;William (I|the First|the Silent|of Orange|Oranje|De Zwijger){1}?;;William
Religion/Mythology;;He is sometimes said to be the father of the companion of Aeneas who was transformed into a lizard. He is more usually called the father of the Calydonian boar hunter who married Hippodameia but failed in an attempt to join with Theseus and kidnap Persephone; that is his son with Dia, Peirithous. He was unable to pay a dowry to Eioneus when marrying Dia, so he threw that man, his father-in-law, into a fire, becoming the first man to kill a relative. This king of the Lapiths also bonked Nephele, a Hera-shaped cloud, thus creating the Centaurs. For 10 points, name this king who was punished for his misdeeds by being chained to a wheel of fire.;;Ixion
Art;;His aesthetic approach was based on Humbert de Superville's Essay on the Unmistakable Signs of Art and the integrationist approach of David Sutter. His final grand-scale work was Les Poseuses, which he followed with a painting whose subject he was secretly involved with, Jeune Femme se Poudrant. Another painting, Une Baignade, Asnières, demonstrates his technique of using tiny brushstrokes which become incoherent at a close distance. For 10 points, name this pointillist who depicted a pet monkey and some women with parasols in Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.;;(Georges) Seurat
Astronomy;;The gap between them has recently been proposed to be caused by very low frequency waves from lightning strikes in the atmosphere. Sometimes viewed as a solar-driven current, one is thought to result from electrons stuck in the earth's geomagnetic field, while the one closer to Earth has as it source the decay of neutrons from cosmic ray collisions. The latter approaches within 200 km of the Earth's surface in the South Atlantic, where nuclear testing in the 1960s caused their brief amplification. A purported obstacle to the Apollo missions, for 10 points name these regions of radiation bearing the moniker of a recently deceased University of Iowa physicist.;;Van Allen belt(s)
Literature;;One of this author's novels follows the accompanist to the singer Clement Sebastian, while, in another two characters climb Blue Mesa and Godfrey St. Peter uses the Oxford prize to purchase a new house. In addition to Lucy Gayheart and The Professor's House, this writer described the maiming of a woodpecker by Ivy Peters near the home of Captain Forrester, a performance as Sieglinde in Die Walküre by Thea Kronborg, Jim Burden's reuniting with a member of the Shimerda family, and the expulsion of Carl Lindstrom from Alexandra Bergson's house. For 10 points, name this author of A Lost Lady, The Song of the Lark, My Antonia, and O Pioneers!.;;(Willa) Cather
World History;;The only reference to it in the Latin sources is a single line in Aelius Spartianus's Augustan History. A museum at Maryport shows the life of a soldier assigned to it, tasked with watching for the Brigantes. It is shorter today than in ancient times because large portions of the top were removed to build the Jarrow and Lindisfarne monasteries Punctuated with milecastles, it extends seventy-three miles from Segedunum on the Tyne to Bowness on Solway Firth. For 10 points, name this barrier in the north of England, ordered by the successor of Trajan.;;Hadrian(')s Wall
Noncomputational Math;;The Fibonacci type can notably perform many common operations with almost constant amortized cost, and they are often used to implement priority queues. Key to executing many graph algorithms, such as Dijkstra's, they are often implemented in arrays with adjacent elements being widely separated by index. Its namesake sort has complexity bound of order n log n, and its nodes usually satisfy the property that the children are either consistently lesser or greater than their parents. For 10 points, name this tree-based data structure.;;heap
Geography;;This country is divided into 11 "saharlar" and 59 "rayons," and its agriculture is dependent on the Up per Shirvan and other canals that spread the Kura and Aras rivers to the Milskaya and Muga plains. The Apsheron Peninsula is the site of the city of Sumqayit as well as the capital, and is called the most polluted area on earth by this country's scientists. It controls the enclave of Naxcivan within neighboring Armenia and also borders Turkey, Russia, and Iran, and of course the Caspian Sea. For 10 points, name this oil-producing state, which disputes ownership of Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia.;;(Republic of) Azerbaijan|Azarbaycan (Respublikasi)
Earth Science;;Its inner boundary is marked by the Lehmann discontinuity, and its interaction with the mantle in so-called ultra low velocity and rigidity zones may explain the phenomenon of nutation. Convection in it in the Glatzmeier-Roberts model is implicated as the driving factor behind the reversals of Earth's magnetic field, and its liquidity is due to its lower melting point compared to the silicates above it outweighing the higher pressure exerted on it. Composed mostly of nickel and iron, for 10 points name this layer of the Earth, located between 1200 and 3400 kilometers from the center of the earth between the inner core and the mantle.;;Outer core
World History;;Si Votha's ambition to occupy this office played into the hands of the French, and it was reduced to a figurehead by the time Monivong succeeded to this position. The current occupant played the title role in a 1967 film version of The Little Prince, while another person who held this title resigned after it was abolished in order to found the Sangkum Reastr Niyum. This office was recreated in 1993, and the person who held it until 2004 also did so from 1941 to 1955 and was later the elected head of state until overthrown by Lon Nol. For 10 points, identify this monarchial title twice held by Norodom Sihanouk.;;King of Cambodia
Literature;;In one scene, it is predicted that "all trades" will perish due to the "red pestilence," and one character is  told that his wit is to travel southward and get lost in a fog. Nicanor and Adrian provide exposition in this play, discussing recent events such as Cominius's attempt to follow the title character to Antium. Menenius attempts to instruct that character on sympathizing with commoners, but Sicinius and Brutus reject his attempt to become counsel. He had defeated the army of Tullus Aufidius to conquer the Volscians. For 10 points, the title general is so enraged at Rome's rejection of his political career that he joins the enemy and marches on the city in what play by Shakespeare?;;Coriolanus
Literature;;Nicholas Udall appears as a character in this man's trilogy of novels about Katherine Howard, which include The Privy Seal and The Fifth Queen Crowned. In another of his novels, Port Scatho fraudulently refuses to cash checks from a government mathematician, who later becomes an antique furniture dealer and falling in love with Valentine Wannop. He also wrote about the events leading to Nancy Rufford's mental collapse, which occurred after Florence Dowell's affair with Edward Ashburnham ended. For 10 points, Christopher Tietjens is the protagonist of Parade's End, by what author of The Good Soldier?;;(Ford) (Madox) (Ford|Heuffer){1}?
World History;;Their territory was gradually reduced by the rise of the ta'ifa kingdoms, such as Murci and Arjunah, decades after a ruler of this dynasty took the epithet "Victorious by God" after defeating Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos. The patrons of the Booksellers' Mosque, this group followed the theology of Ibn Tumart. Their various cities fell to the Abd al-Wadids, Hafsids, and Marinids in the mid-thirteenth century, while the defeat of their army at Las Navas de Tolosa is often rendered as the start of the reconquista. For 10 points, name this Moroccan dynasty which ruled in southern Iberia from the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries.;;(Al)mohad(s)
Biology;;Leptosporangia, spore-generating cells that develop from a single cell, are unique to them, and form the basis for a former system of internal classification. Cladistically, the lycopodiophyta, such as club mosses, are the most distantly related to other vascular plants and farthest down the evolutionary tree, although all exhibit alternation of generations, and their small, heart-shaped gametophyte is known as a prothallus. These plants, however, spend the majority of their life cycle as the sporophyte, a thin green, non-woody leaflike structure. For 10 points, name this group of seedless vascular plants also known as pteridophytes.;;Fern(s)
Literature;;Eino Leino was the first person to do this in Finland, while Balthazar Grangier was the first in France. The first volume of Ciaran Carson's attempt to do this came out in 2004, 350 years after Henry Cary became the first person to hit it big by doing this in English. More accurate twentieth-century efforts came from  Warwick Chipman and John Ciardi. Less accurate were Dorothy Sayers and Henry W. Longfellow, though all avoided the license Cary took when doing this, such as massaging the line "abandon all hope, ye who enter here". For 10 points, identify this activity involving the rendering of a certain theological epic into another language.;;translat(e|ing){1}? Dante|translat(e|ing){1}? the ((Divine) Comedy|Inferno|Purgatorio|Paradiso){1}?
World History;;These people were victorious at the Battle of Homs under Qalawun, who was succeeded by the long- ruling al-Nasur. They were defeated at the Battle of Marj Dabiq by a man who called himself the "Servant of the two holy shrines". They notably executed the general Kitbuqa at the Spring of Goliath, and are usually divided into Bahri and Burji dynasties, the last of which was mostly composed of Circassian peoples. As described above, they were victorious under Baybars over the army of Hulagu Khan at the 1260 Battle of Ayn Jalut. Defeated themselves at the Battle of the Pyramids and then later crushed by Muhammad Ali, FTP, name these people who set up a long-ruling dynasty around Egypt.;;Mam(e)luk(e)(s)
Religion/Mythology;;One man by this name owned the field in which the ark stood on its way from the Philistines' territory to Judah, and Zachariah saw another clothed in fresh robes and a mitre in a vision. The latter, the son of Josedec, also helped Zorobabel rebuild the temple after the Babylonian Captivity. The best known man by this name caused the sun and the moon to stand still at the battle of Gibeon, and it was he who was commander when the walls of Jericho fell. Also the name of the sixth book of the Old Testament, this is, FTP, what biblical name, also the given Hebrew name of Jesus, the most famous of which led the Israelites after the death of Moses.;;Joshua|Y(ehoshua|eshu){1}?|(I|J){1}?esue
Physics;;The Sellmeier equation relates it to wavelength for each absorption resonance, taking into account the dispersive effects of the medium. It can be defined for the group velocity as well, but is usually defined for the phase velocity so as to keep track with the actual motion of the medium itself. Negative values have recently been found as a result of exotic metamaterials, and the value itself is commonly expressed as the geometric mean of the permittivity and permeability of the medium. For 10 points, name this constant which describes how the speed of light is affected by a medium.;;index of refraction|refractive index
Music;;Upon this man's death he left sketches for a final opera about a woman with multiple husbands, The Polyandrist. He executed several sets of thematic variations, including Variations on the song "Among the Gentle Valleys" and another on Cherubini's Faniska. He wrote a number of songs after the works of Friedrich Schiller, including "The leafy grove howls" and "A voice from the other world". Also known for his Summer Night in Madrid, he is best-remembered for two operas, one featuring the evil dwarf Chernomor, the other a recurring chorus of Poles. FTP name this composer of an opera about Ivan Susanin, A Life for the Tsar, and one inspired by Pushkin, Ruslan and Ludmila.;;(Mikhail) Glinka
Literature;;The title character of Gustave de Beaumont's Marie goes with her husband to live among the Cherokee after failing to engage in this. The Garies and their Friends centers around the title characters engaging in various types of this, while more well-known characters who do it include Clare Kendry and Mike Driscoll. Morris Pietersen's guilt over attempting to live this way is at the center of Athol Fugard's The Blood Knot, and Coleman Silk notably does this in Philip Roth's The Human Stain. FTP name this sociological phenomenon which titles a novel by Nella Larson and is most notably engaged in by the narrator of James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man.;;Passing
World History;;This man, who served as his country's Minister of Supply and Shipping during a crucial period, authored a number of books including Homeward, With England on the Firing Line, and In the Cause of Peace. Late in life, he served as the head mediator of a commission dealing with an Ethiopia-Somalia border dispute. Years after being elected to the Storting, he came to his most famous post, where he appointed Ralph Bunche in charge of self-government matters, and where he'd be succeeded by Dag Hammerskjold. FTP, name this Norwegian statesman, who was the first Secretary-General of the United Nations.;;(Trygve) (Halvdan) Lie
Biology;;Those of spirochetes are contained in the periplasmic space, while those of archaea once thought to be homologous to bacterias' are now regarded as an example of convergent evolution due to morphological differences including growth at different ends and having ATP as a power source versus a cation gradient. A component of Michael Behe's argument from design in Darwin's Black Box, they are primarily made out of the 9+2 microtubule structure in eukaryotes. For 10 points, name these cellular organelles crucial to the motion of their attached organism.;;flagell(um|a){1}?
Geography;;Makoshika and Medicine Rocks are among the state parks in this state, while federally administered areas include the Grant-Kohrs Ranch. The Milk, Marias, and Tongue rivers are among the smaller waterways in this state, while the Flathead enters the "Clark" fork of a larger river near Lake Pend Oreille. Visitors here can see the Charles M. Russell museum along with the Museum of the Rockies or visit the sites of the battles of Big Hole and Canyon Creek. The Bitterroot Mountains divide it from Idaho, and in the south lie three entrances to Yellowstone Park. Home of the "Big Sky," this is, FTP what "Treasure State" with capital at Helena?;;Montana
Pop Culture;;Ads for the new SUX 6000 appear throughout this film, which also features a catchphrase taken from C.M. Kornbluth's story "The Marching Morons". The title character of the film was later played in TV adaptations by both Richard Eden and Page Fletcher. The accidental death of Kinney, an executive at OCP, leads to the scrapping of Dick Jones' plans to build more ED-209s. The title character tirelessly pursues Clarence Boddicker, whose ties to the Delta City Project are eventually revealed. The film's plot ultimately resolves itself through the grenade death of Bob Morton after his murderer says, "bitches, leave!". Featuring repeated use of the phrase "I'd buy that for a dollar," this is, FTP, what film about Alex Murphy, a police officer who is transformed into a cyborg.;;Robocop
Literature;;The evil stepmother of one character in this work frustrates her and her employers by repeatedly insisting that the Africans need to be civilized. The murder of Tulkinghorn by a French maid leads to the discovery of a group of letters in the possession of the junk dealer Mr. Krook, having earlier belonged to a man known as Nemo. The central female character turns out to be the daughter of Captain Hawdon and Lady Dedlock, and she ultimately chooses Allan Woodcourt over the patriarch of the central family, whose inheritance forms the backbone of the plot. FTP name this novel in which Esther Summerson gets caught up in the suit of Jarndyce vs. Jarndyce by Charles Dickens.;;Bleak House
World History;;Croatian Hague indictee Ante Gotovina is a former member, as was the assassin of the late Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic. After being deployed in the First Carlist War, their strength had only dropped to 500 men. Swiss units recruited for the Crimean War briefly introduced green uniforms, but that gave way to the now famous blue and red dress uniforms. Famous for their actions at the battles of Camaron and Dien Bien Phu, they were only deployed once in their home country, as a last ditch effort to relieve Paris in 1871. For 10 points name this military organization formerly based in Algeria, created by Louis Napoleon after the July Revolution resulted in foreigners being unable to serve in the French Army.;;French Foreign Legion
Literature;;Book 3 of this work describes Cicero's lost work Hortensius and its power to "sharpen the toungue". Book 10 describes the "truth-given Joy" which the soul can attain, and Book 11 discusses eternity as measured by the soul. The last two books discuss the exegesis of the Book of Genesis, while Book 2 recounts a story of thieves who steal from a pear tree and feed the pears to swine. After an account of the orator Marius Victorinus in Book 8, a young child tells the narrator to "pick it up and read it," which he takes as an omen that he should give up Manichaeism and convert to Christianity. FTP, name this autobiographical work by Saint Augustine.;;Confession(e)s
Noncomputational Math;;Leibniz's formula follows from its axiomatic definitions, among which include that it is alternating multilinear. The Wronskian is one, and it can be considered as the volumetric scaling factor arising from applying a linear transformation, a concept that is exemplified by the Jacobian. It is invariant with regard to similarity, and Cramer's rule makes use of them to solve systems of linear equations. For 10 points, name this type of matrix function, which allows invertibility if it is non-zero.;;determinant(s)
Music;;One of these by Iannis Xenakis is the third of his Three Poems, while the one in A Major by John Knowles Paine is his second. The one by Wladyslaw Zelenski is lost, while the work by this name composed by Rudolf Karel was geared against Nazi occupation in Czechoslovakia. A better known one took its name due to inspiration from poems by Adolph Boettger and allegedly gained its fifth movement after the ascension of the Bishop of Cologne to Cardinal. The one by Benjamin Britten ends with London, to Thee I do Present after progressing toward rebirth in the titular period. FTP give the common appellations of these works, the best known of which is Schumann's 1st.;;Spring (Symphon(ies|y){1}?){1}?
Religion/Mythology;;One of them in pheasant form was killed by a divine arrow which landed at the feet of their leader, who then hurled it through the heart of the shooter. The food one was murdered after vomiting up food for the moon, who was subsequently banished for his crime. Another was notably frightened when her brother threw a flayed piebald horse into her hall, after which she secluded herself in a cave until enticed out by another dancing on an upturned tub. The lesser ones were created from the storm one's sword and the sun one's jewels, while the union between Izanami and Izanagi produced the two major ones, Susanoo and Amaterasu. FTP name these divine figures, prayed to by followers of Shinto.;;Kami
Literature;;One character in this work suggests that another character write a story called "The Man Who Wished" about his failed attempts to become an author, an orator, and eventually to marry. The schoolteacher Medvedenko fathers a child with Masha, the daughter of Polina and the manager of the central family's estate. The central character is advised by Yevgeny Dorn and his uncle, Pyotr Sorin, while he shuns the thoughts of his rival Trigorin. He is ignored by his mother, Irina Arkadina, and desperately loves Nina, whose rejection of him eventually leads him to commit suicide. FTP name this play which begins with Konstantin Treplev shooting the titular bird by Anton Chekhov.;;(The) Seagull|Cha(y|i){1}?ka
Literature;;One literary circle here was the Flame Bearers, and one writer from this place was the first to win first prize at the Berlin Olympics of Arts, doing so with his novel Avoveteen. Carson McCullers wrote about Madame Zilensky and the King of this place, while the best-known novel to emerge from it concerns the travails of the sometime lumberjack son of Maja and Benjamin. That novel, Meek Heritage, was written by Frans Eemil Sillanpaa, while Louhi's daughters are courted and the Samppo is sought by Vainamoinen in its epic, compiled by Elias Lonnrott. FTPE name this nation, whose national epic is the Kalevala.;;Finland|Suomi
Astronomy;;The Nemesis theory states that a companion star to the sun passes through it every 26 million years, disrupting it and sending it subjects towards the solar system. Current theories regarding its formation cite gravitational interactions of planetesimals with gas giants, flinging the former out into wide elliptical orbits. Its inner disk ends at the Kuiper belt's ecliptic. Almost a light year in radius, for 10 points, name this still-theoretical cloud surrounding the solar system believed to contain several times the Earth's mass in comets, named for a Dutch Astronomer.;;Oort Cloud
Literature;;The book of collected essays by this man takes its title from an Emily Dickinson poem in which the title thing "was Gentleman and Ladies". A young recruit has an odyssey through the VD ward of a Navy hospital in his only drama, In the Clap Shack. Mason Flagg's rape of the beloved of Cass Kinsolving in Sambuco, Italy is the subject of one of his novels, while another takes place in the wake of the suicide of Peyton Lofts. In addition, he wrote a fictionalized account of a slave revolt from the perspective of its leader, Nat Turner. FTP name this author, best-known for a work in which a woman has to decide between her son and daughter in a Nazi camp, Sophie's Choice.;;(William) Styron
World History;;His reign saw both the publication of the legal treatise Quadripartitus and the earliest surviving European kingdom-wide financial survey, and the exchequer originated at Winchester at the behest of his minister Roger of Salisbury.  He fined William de Mandeville for allowing the escape of Ranulf Flambard from the Tower of London, and he had earlier ceded custody of Cotenin to his brother Robert Curthose to avoid war.  The wreck of the White Ship resulted in the death of his only legitimate heir, William Ætheling, and his childless marriage to Adeliza of Louvain resulted in his succession by Stephen of Blois.  For 10 points, name this man who won the lordship of Normandy in the battle of Tinchebrai, king of England from 1100 to 1135 and the first Norman ruler not named William.;;Henry (I|the First){1}?;;Henry
Art;;This man parodied Delacroix's Women of Algiers in his Parisian Women Dressed as Algerians, and his mistress appears in such canvases as In Summer and Woman Bathing with Griffon. Later in life he returned to a more traditional style as seen in Young Girls at the Piano and made an attempt at sculpture with Venus Victorious. A woman in a black and white striped blouse sits in front of a binoculars-holding man in his La Loge, while a better-known work depicts a crowd of dancing people at an outside party. Gustave Caillebotte sits on the right side of the Luncheon of the Boating Party by, FTP, what impressionist, also known for Moulin de la Galette?;;(Pierre-(Auguste)) Renoir
Psychology;;A recent Stephanie Madon led study has explored the connection of this phenomenon to parents' views of their kids drinking. The fictional Cartwright Millingville bank is at the center of the William I Thomas influenced work, Social Theory and Social Structure, from which the term for it derives. In that work it is defined as originating in a "false definition ... evoking new behavior". Elton Mayo's Hawthorne Studies lend to its validity and in the Povery of Historicism, Karl Popper identified the Oracle as the central player in the Oedipus myth and the cause of a certain effect. For 10 points-- name this Mertonian psychological term for an instance in which a prediction becomes reality.;;Self-fulfilling prophecy
Physics;;Recent research has examined a possible way to avoid the common problem of ‘blinking' via stabilizing them with thiol ligands. Cadmium selenide ones have been found to efficiently produce white light via electrical stimulation, and the core-shell type are sometimes found as occlusions due to thickness variations in quantum wells. Differing from the former only in the number of dimensions which electrons are forbidden to move in, the characteristic fluorescence depends on their band gap energy, which varies inversely with the square of their size. For 10 points, name these nanostructures often tipped as possible vehicles for qubit implementation in quantum computing.;;quantum dot(s)
World History;;He ordered an electric chair for his kingdom and then proceeded to use it as a throne when informed that it needed electrical power. Locked up by Tewodros II upon the eve of his ascension to the Shewan throne, he escaped several years later, married a prominent noblewoman from Gonder known as Taytu Betul, and claimed dominion of his home territory. Passed over again for the national throne by Yohannes IV, he assumed it in 1889 upon the former's death battling Sudanese dervishes. After taking exception to the treaty of Wuchalle and defeating the Italians at Adowa in 1896, he ensured Ethiopia's independence until the 1930s. For 10 points, name this 19th century Ethiopian leader.;;Menelik (II|the (Second|2nd){1}?){1}?|(Sahle) Maryam
Miscellaneous;;One program of this type was advocated by Jewish Egyptian Caleb Gattegno, who advocated mediators such as colors in foreign languages and Cuisenaire rods in mathematics. ‘Scaffolding' is the term sometimes applied to the approach to it advocated by the Zone of Proximal development of Lev Vygotsky. During the 1970's radical and social forms of the school splintered over the specific methodologies through which a student could be guided from one cognitive stage to the next. Advocated by luminaries such as John Dewey and Jean Piaget --for 10 points-- what is this learning by doing educational paradigm, whose name is shared by the artistic school of Kaspar Malevich.;;Constructivism
United States History;;One of the amendments discussed here called for succeeding Presidents to be from different states, while another would have annulled the Three-Fifths compromise. The official records attach no names to proposals or votes, but the doctrine of nullification was endorsed with regard to the hated Embargo Act of 1807. Its three commissioners sent to Washington to give terms were humiliated when news of the Treaty of Ghent beat them there. Famously satirized in a William Charles engraving of George III imploring the New England states to leap into his arms, this is for 10 points what secessionist convention suggested by Harrison Gray Otis that took place around the turn of 1815 in Connecticut?;;(The) Hartford Convention
Astronomy;;Theories for its formation tend to explain it by invoking the lack of plate tectonics on Mars and rifting caused by the uplift of neighboring Tharsis, although whether water or carbon dioxide decompression possible caused by the Oudermans crater was the primary erosion mechanism is highly debated. Surveys indicate that it formed over former seafloor crust, and the Noctis Labyrinthus' jumbled terrain provides some of the best evidence for flooding. Melas Chasma is the deepest part of, for 10 points, what several kilometer deep valley along the Martian equator that dwarfs the Grand Canyon.;;Valles Marineris
Music;;Notable 20th century examples of these compositions include Henri Dutilleux's Tout un Monde Lointain and one by Samuel Barber written for the virtuoso Raya Garbousova. Friedrich Grutzmacher notably altered Boccherini's ninth one, while the final movement of Shostakovich's first features a prominent timpani. Vivaldi's RV 531 is a double one, and Jacques Offenbach wrote a "military" one. Yuri Leonovich completed Tchaikovsky's only one last year, while Elgar's one in E minor was one of his final compositions, but the best-known one is probably Dvorak's no. 2 in B minor. FTP name this type of virtuoso piece for an instrument notably played by Pablo Casals and Yo-Yo Ma.;;Cello Concert(o(s)|i){1}?
Literature;;One of his works centers around a man who is reformed by the Quaker William Walters after trekking through Africa, and in another, the title character fights for France against his own people after abandoning his Virginia plantation. In addition to Colonel Jacques, he wrote about the licentious mistress of an unnamed landlord then an unnamed Prince in Roxana, while a better-known protagonist, alternately known as Mistress Betty, marries Humphry and Jemmy E after being raised among Gypsies. The author of A Journal of the Plague Year, this is, FTP, what author of Moll Flanders, best-known for a novel about a stranded man and his companion Friday, Robinson Crusoe.;;(Daniel) Defoe
Music;;One character in this work brags that he keeps his bastard son Leopold as a personal manservant. Propriety often dictates that the "hunt monologue" in Act One be cut from this work, the overture to which represents torrid sexual intercourse. Another character is responsible for the waltz "The Luck of the Lerchenaus," which plays after he breaks things off with the daughter of the Marschallin, having discovered that the title character is also Mariandel. The title character stutters in the aria "Mir ist die Ehre widerfahren," in which he presents the title object to Sophie. Ending with a famous soprano trio, this is, FTP, what opera about Octavian, aka "Quinquin," by Richard Strauss?;;(Der) Rosenkavalier|(The) Knight of the Rose
Geography;;An early incarnation of this place was the Principality of Zeta, in which the abdication of Durad in favor of Archbishop Vavil led to this place being governed by a vladika until 1852. Among the tourist destinations in this place are the Sveti Stefan resort peninsula, Lake Scadar, and an island created artificially on top of the wrecked ship Merito. It is also a semi-common pilgrimage site for Christians due to its Ostreg monastery. Violent protests broke out in Podgorica over which contestant to send to the 2005 Eurovision song contest due to tensions with its then-partner, Serbia. FTP name this recently independent Balkan nation.;;Montenegro
Pop Culture;;In the music video for this song the artists are occasionally featured as wooden bobble-head puppets singing and playing instruments. One of the guest artists on this song claims that she's "Flying first class from New York to" the band's namesake locale, while another giving honeys "eargasms" with his mellow accent. The primary singer tells us that "Curve's the words, spin's the verbs," hoping that "maybe in time, baby, I can get you in my ride". He tells "baby" that "you gotta pay to play," and that "I like the way you work it". FTP name this song featuring Queen Pen, Dr. Dre, and a verse in which the phrase "hey yo" is repeated 17 times, the best-known song by Blackstreet.;;No Diggity
Literature;;The title character of one of this author's stories recalls a newspaper story about a murder-suicide after shooting a duck. The narrator of another work accidentally kills his servants when he burns his house down to escape the titular Brazilian spirit, while daughter of Basile Walter is tricked into marrying Georges Duroy in one of his novels. Rachel the Jewess kills the titular brutal Prussian soldier in "Madamoiselle Fifi," while a Prussian general forces himself on a round prostitute in "The Ball of Fat," but better-known is a story in which the Loisels labor for a decade to replace an ultimately fake ornament. FTP name this author, best-known for "The Necklace".;;(Guy) (de) Maupassant
Noncomputational Math;;The micro variety, examples of which include L4 or the Carnegie Mellon developed Mach, often handle interprocess communication by message passing or delegating to the MMU, as opposed to the monolithic type, which shares process memory. Common features usually include an API, an interrupt request or call gate ability, I/O device management and thread scheduling. Linus Torvalds famously got in an extended debate over the nature of Linux's, and Mac OS X's XNU is an example of, for 10 points, what operating system component that provides a layer of abstraction between programs and the hardware.;;Kernel
World History;;Considerable debate exists as to whether it formally covers the selection procedures for the country's Supreme Court. The included Charter of Rights and Freedoms contains the controversial notwithstanding clause, which was used to ignore challenges to French-language legislation, even though the province in question has never formally accepted it. This came about because of a deal cut behind premier Rene Levesque's back, revoking the ability to opt out of federal funding. Failed attempts at amending it include the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords. For 10 points, name this successor to the British North America Act of 1867, the only UK Parliament act to be written in both English and French.;;Canadian Constitution
Religion/Mythology;;The ritual of the four watches of the night is associated with this entity, which is the namesake of a holiday celebrated annually on December 8th. Some of the texts of the religion with which this is associated give it a name meaning "that which changes daily," although its common name translates simply as "awakening". A descendant of this entity was created in the 3rd century BC at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka by Asoka, who was responsible for the first shrine near it. Found at bodhgaya, it is the oldest angiosperm in the world, belonging to the group ficus religiosa. FTP name this plant, under which Siddhartha Gautama sat to achieve enlightenment.;;Bo(dhi) Tree|Pipal
Literature;;One scene in this novel centers around a discussion of the nationalization of fisheries between a public official and the secretary Toodles. Posters of scantily clad women and old copies of The Torch and The Gong line the shelves and walls of the main character's place of business, where he often meets "the Apostle" and "the Doctor". That character is called in by Privy Councilor Wurmt to be reprimanded by Mr. Vladimir, who suggests the action that leads to the death of Winnie's half-wit brother Stevie, the bombing of the Greenwich observatory. Mr. Verloc fails to incite unrest in, FTP, what novel about a useless spy by Joseph Conrad?;;(The) Secret Agent
Physics;;Its normal components are known as the Eotvos effect. The Rossby number determines its relevance on a given length scale, and its namesake scaling parameter depends on the latitude at which the event in question is taking place. Its double term comes from the change of velocity in both space and time as observed from the rotating reference frame. Long-distance missiles, but not bathtubs are subject to for 10 points, what fictitious force, a product of inertia and often confused with the centrifugal force.;;Coriolis (effect)
Philosophy;;This philosopher's most famous argument was modified by the "envy test" of Ronald Dworkin. One of his works uses the term "consultation hierarchies" to refer to benign non-democracies, while he outlines an "overlapping consensus" of the private sphere in his work Political Liberalism. He applied his "original position" argument to international relations in 1999's The Law of Peoples, while his most famous work discusses the "difference principle" and "fairness principle," and was criticized by Robert Nozick in Anarchy, State, and Utopia. FTP, name this American political philosopher who introduced the "veil of ignorance" in 1971's A Theory of Justice.;;(John) Rawls
Literature;;The narrator of one of this author's novels envies the passion of the rapist Harcamone while lusting after "Rocky's girl". The hideously ugly girl Leila has her eye put out by her shiftless husband Said in one of his works, while Divine and Seck Gorgui love the thief Adrien Baillon in Our Lady of the Flowers. The conflict between Snowball and Green Eyes is the subject of one of his plays, and Irma, the Queen, is the proprietress of the titular brothel of The Balcony, but better-known are plays about a troupe of actors of a certain race and Solange, a disgruntled servant of Madame who kills her sister Claire. FTP name this author of The Blacks and The Maids.;;(Jean) Genet
Art;;In one of this man's early portraits, the titular snob stares down at a red umbrella propped up against a green sofa. Still lifes by this artist include Mullet and Cabbage, the latter of which was looked down upon for its "turpitude" when first exhibited. Woman Eating Oysters and The Lamp Boy are characteristic of his candid portraiture, although his best-known portrait is a "double" depiction of himself in the mirror and/or made of ice. His middle period is characterized by a preponderance of skeletons and masks, but his best-known work shows hordes of people gathered under a banner reading "Vive La Sociale!". FTP name this artist of Entry of Christ into Brussels.;;(James) Ensor
Literature;;The title character of one of this man's poems is the "Prince of castaways," Flammonde, who amusingly exonerates a woman of ill-repute. His drama The Porcupine was never produced, while Van Zorn only ran for a short time. He wrote the verse novel Cavender's House, while a woman refuses to abandon her abusive husband in his "Eros Turannos," Many of his best-known poems were collected in Children of the Night and Dionysus in Doubt, including a poem about a man who is told to "Go to the western gate," "Luke Havergal". Creator of a suicidal commuter and a "child of scorn," this is, FTP, what poet of "Miniver Cheevy" and "Richard Corey"?;;(Edwin (Arlington) ) Robinson
Religion/Mythology;;The Yoruba incarnation of this type of deity refused to eat his wife's ear, resulting in the creation of the Oba River, while a viper with a saw on its skin is the symbol of the Finnish one, Ukko, who is occasionally merged with Ilmarinen. The Japanese one enjoys nibbling on navels and was caught in Uzume's bath, while Parjanya is one of several in Hinduism, the most notable of which slew the creature who had consumed all the water in the world, Vritra. The Norse one's chariot is pulled by the goats Tanngnost and Tanngrisni, and he will fight the Midgard serpent at Ragnarok, FTP name this type of deity, exemplified by Raiden, Thor, and Zeus.;;God(s) (of) (Thunder|Lightning){1}?|(Thunder|Lightning){1}? god(s)
World History;;The Jabalpur prison was notorious for housing informants from this group, who had to be protected from possible revenge attacks. In Around the World in Eighty days, Passepartout rescues a princess from the satti pyre after she is kidnapped by them. Interestingly, Muslim members were known to exist, even though they were nominally centered around worshipping Kali. They used a silken romal or handkerchief in the commission of their notorious acts, often following their victims for miles before doing the deed. For ten points, name this Indian death cult of highway robbers and murderers stamped out by British administrator William Sleeman during the 1840s.;;Thuggees
Literature;;In part two of this work, the author describes a "sphinx of cement and aluminum" and ends the section with descriptions of visions, dreams, and breakthroughs. Another part of this work addresses a group of people who "studied Plotinus, Poe" and "St. John of the Cross". The poet tells the work’s dedicatee, "While you are not safe I am not safe," later repeating "I’m with you in Rockland". A figure to whom idolatrous Israelites sacrificed children in Canaan, Moloch, is scorned repeatedly in part two, while part one describes a group of angelheaded hipsters. The poet "saw the best minds" of his generation "destroyed by madness," in, for 10 points, what poem by Allen Ginsberg?;;Howl
Biology;;The Class I type often undergoes posttranslational modification of its N-glycan region en route to the cell surface; it is similar to the Class II type in that both are dimers of homologous proteins, but the former interacts with cytotoxic T cells by displaying signal peptides bound in the ER, while the latter binds its peptides outside the cell, works with helper T cells concerned with extracellular pathogens. It is one of the most diverse genetic loci in humans, averaging hundreds of alleles, and is conjectured to play a rule on mate selection through the use of odor to encourage heterogeneity. For 10 points, name this protein, part of the immune system’s signaling network.;;MHC|major histocompatibility complex
Literature;;In one of his novels the protagonist falls in love with "the mouse," who, along with "the freak," is a mistress of Henry Breasley. The title character of another novel reconnects with Jane Mallory after visiting her husband Anthony on his deathbed. Another of his characters kidnaps Miranda Grey, thinking she’ll love him for his lottery winnings, while Nicholas Urfe is drawn into a "godgame" by the illusionist Maurice Conchis in The Magus. Better-known, however, is a novel in which Ernestina sues Charles Smithson after he breaks off their engagement to pursue Sarah Woodruff. For 10 points, name this author, best-known for The French Lieutenant’s Woman.;;(John) Fowles
Geography;;This body of water is home to a namesake species of giant catfish. Ernest Doudard de Lagree and Francis Garnier were the first to attempt to explore this river, early inhabitants of which include the Chenla and the Cham. Its lower portion runs past the Annamese Cordillera and was explored by Gerrit van Wuysthoff. In some areas it is alternately called Lancang,’It spawns the Bassac river as it nears its delta past its intersection with the Sab river, which leads to the Tonle Sap. Its source lies in the Yunnan highlands of Tibet, from which it flows through Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. For 10 points, name this 13th longest river in the world.;;Mekong (river)
Art;;A tree can be seen In the background of this work through a window bisected by a stone column. Beneath the window lies a series of chests, one of which is being searched through by a child in white. The child’s caretaker, carrying a large gold and blue garment, looks after the child while on the right a small brown and white dog sleeps peacefully on a couch. Tapestries line the walls near the chests and green and beige tiles line the floor, and a green curtain obscures the back left portion of the room. On a red couch in front of the curtain rests the title character, who holds pink flowers in her hand as she stares at the viewer. For 10 points, name this painting by Titian.;;Venus Of Urbino
World History;;The seventh one lost power to Romanus Lecapenus and wrote a biography of his grandfather. The fifth one’s tomb was an object of veneration during sieges; that one was in power during the end of iconoclasm under the regency of his mother Irene, and was the final Isaurian ruler. The eighth succeeded Basil the Bulgar Slayer, and the ninth was in power during the start of the Great Schism. The eleventh succeeded John VIII Palaeologus and was killed by the forces of Mehmed II in 1453. For 10 points, what name is shared by the last Byzantine emperor and the Roman who renamed Byzantium after himself?;;Constantine|Konstantinos
Social Science;;He hypothesized the existence of a geographic grouping defined by the contrast between plain and palatalized consonants and the lack of tonal significance, with the Uralic languages at the center. Claude Lévi-Strauss took the "distinctive feature method" from his work, and this man also transmitted the ideas of Russian formalism to the Western New Criticism. After forming a circle of like-minded linguists with Vilém Mathesius and Nicholas Trubetskoy, he propounded his ideas in Preliminaries to Speech Analysis and Fundamentals of Language. For 10 points, name this leading member of the Prague School.;;(Roman) (Osipovich) Jakobson
Physics;;For non-Lambertian surfaces, the value of this quantity depends on the incident angle of radiation. In remote sensing applications, the use of it has been augmented by a bi-directional distribution function. Changes in this quantity in the photosynthetically active radiation region can be used to characterize seasonality, especially given that clouds, water, soil, and vegetation often have dramatically different values of it. Fresh snow has an average value of about 0.9 while blacktop has a value of about 0.05. For 10 points, name this parameter whose name is derived from the Latin word for white; a parameter that measures the reflectivity of a surface.;;Albedo
Literature;;In one of this man’s stories, a thug attempts to avoid implicating his friend Benkowski while being interrogated by Captain Kozak. The protagonist of that story, Bruno Bicek, is ridden by guilt over the gang rape of his girlfriend Steffi in another story, "Never Come Morning". Roman Orlov’s descent into alcoholism is recounted in "How the Devil Came Down to Division Street," and Achilles Schmidt’s loss of Hallie Breedlove leads him to beat and blind Dove Linkhorn in A Walk on the Wild Side. Better known, however, is a novel about the guilt and crimes of the morphine-addicted card dealer Frankie Machine. For 10 points, name this author of The Man with the Golden Arm.;;(Nelson) Algren
World History;;This policy led Demetrio Tsafendas to assasinate its originator, who campaigned for it in the Strijdom cabinet. Denounced by British prime minister Harold MacMillan in the "Winds of Change" speech,. its foundations were in the Group Areas Act and the Pass Laws, and many of its opponents were imprisoned at Robben Island. Hendrik Voerword was the architect of this program, whose opponents were violently suppressed in the Sharpeville Massacre and the Soweto incident. For 10 points, F.W. de Klerk. ended what policy, named for a word meaning "apartness" and mandating racial segregation in South Africa?;;apartheid
Religion/Mythology;;This group is doctrinally distinguished by their use of the riman ceremony instead of the barashnom to purify that which has touched the dead, and by their celebration of Noruz with the ceremonial handshake known as the hamazor. The Rivayat is a collection of letters on theological topics between the Gabars and this group, which keeps its central fire at Navsari. This Gujarati-speaking group, whose community is centered on Bombay, prospered as merchants following the arrival of the British after leaving Iran due to persecution under Islamic rule. For 10 points, name this group of Zoroastrians which lives in India.;;Pars(ee|i){1}?(s)
Music;;The title of this opera comes from the subtitle of Wieland’s Lulu. In the finale of scene one, one character’s mouth being locked shut results in the quintet "hm hm hm hm," while act two begins with the trio "Du feines Täubchen, nur herein," in which slaves relate one character’s escape from the lusty moor Monostatos. Another character is revealed to be 18 rather than 80 after serving water to her birdcatching lover Papageno. The opera centers around the potential curse to be put on Pamina and Tamino, whose blood along with Sarastro’s is required to empower the Queen of the Night. For 10 points, name this opera about an enchanted instrument by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.;;(The) Magic Flute|(Die) Zauberflote
Biology;;Organisms cited in the 1972 paper that put forth this theory include the families related to P. Bermundensis and Gryphaea. Its proponents argued that the "high table" suppressed this theory from receiving deserved consideration. Opposing the "phyletic" form of another idea, it explains the lack of transitional forms in the fossil record and supplants Darwinian gradualism. For 10 points, name this proposed method of evolution first put forth by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould that argues that organisms undergo most of their evolutionary shifts in relatively short periods of time.;;punc(tuated) eq(uilibri(um|a){1}?)
Literature;;In one of this author's works a student is arrested and tortured upon suspicion of murdering Jacobo and Howlands, and he wrote a cycle of one-act plays including The Rebels and This Time Tomorrow. A coffin-building competition is at the center of "A Mercedes Funeral," while thieves and robbers clash in a prison in Devil on a Cross. Important non-fiction works include Barrel of a Pen and Decolonising the Mind. One of his better-known novels concerns the conflicting revolutionary sentiments of the farmer Mugo, while Abdulla, Karega, Wanja, and Munira are accused of burning a brothel in Petals of Blood. For 10 points, name this Kenyan author, best known for A Grain of Wheat.;;(James) Ngugi (Wa) (Thiong'o)
World History;;He enlisted theologians Martinus Gosia and Bulgarus to press forth his claims at the Diet of Roncaglia, and his further religious intrigues led him to sign the Treaty of Anangi, deposing the man whom he had installed as antipope Calixtus III. A contemporary source on his life was written by Otto of Freising and describes his struggles with Alexander III, with Roger of Sicily, and with Henry the Lion. For 10 points, name this Holy Roman Emperor whose most fatal conflict was with the Saleph River, where he drowned in 1190 while attempting to join the Third Crusade, possibly due to the weight of his colorful beard.;;Frederick (I|Lombard|Barbarossa){1}?
Literature;;In one play by this author, the union leader David Roberts leads a strike in a steel mill managed by the ultimately impotent John Anthony. The husband of Bianca Dallison falls in love with then abandons her model, Ivy Barton, In one of his novels, and Swan Song, The Silver Spoon, and White Monkey comprise his A Modern Comedy. Worsted Skeynes is the setting of his novel The Country House, while Irene, Annette, and Old Jolyon are members of the group at the center of his best-known work. For 10 points, name this author of a cycle of novels including To Let, In Chancery, and The Man Of Property about the family of Soames Forsyte.;;(John) Galsworthy
Music;;This work shares its name with a Jorge Luis Borges story about the condemned Nazi criminal Otto Dietrich zur Linde. Triplets in the timpani pervade this work's second movement, while a Viennese waltz appears at the beginning of this work's fourth movement. Fugues close movement six, "For here we have no lasting home," and movement three, "Lord, make me to know my end". The composer's opus no. 45, it is often compared favorably with the composer's later Triumphlied. Begun after the 1854 suicide attempt of Robert Schumann, this is, for 10 points, what non-liturgical work in commemoration of the death of the composer's mother by Johannes Brahms.;;(German|Deutsches){1}? Requiem
Philosophy;;He expanded his most influential idea in a book of case studies, The Essential Tension. He emphasized the role of textbooks in developing consensus and said that "incommensurability" makes objective evaluation difficult. He described puzzle-solving as the "normal" activity and explained that even observation can be theory-dependent. In the same work, he said that "crisis" is caused by the accumulation of unsolved "anomalies," which then leads to paradigm shift. For 10 points, name this physicist and philosopher who explained the development of science in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.;;(Thomas) (Samuel) Kuhn
Pop Culture;;This writer of the comic strip The Angriest Dog in the World directed an earlier, less sexy version of the video for Chris Isaak's "Wicked Games". He used that song for a movie that included Sheryl Lee and Diane Ladd as Glinda and the Wicked Witch of the East, the Wizard of Oz-based Wild at Heart. In another of his films, club Silencio is one mystery facing Rita and Betty, played by Laura Harring and Naomi Watts. He also created a Dennis Hopper character who demands bourbon and sniffs from a gas mask. For 10 points, name this director of Eraserhead, Blue Velvet, and Mulholland Drive who created Twin Peaks.;;(David) Lynch
Chemistry;;A 2002 Science article estimated that 1% of the world's energy consumption was used in it, and it is one of the largest consumers of natural gas as both an energy source and hydrogen feedstock. It was patented in 1908 by a chemist working for BASF. It eliminated the need for a key import that came primarily from Chile, and was instrumental in enabling the Green Revolution. While uranium was originally used as a catalyst, today the primary catalyst is a treated form of magnetite that is injected into a reaction chamber at nearly 800 Kelvins and 250 atmospheres of pressure. For 10 points, name this chemical process that is named after a German chemist and is the primary method of producing biologically useful nitrogen.;;(Fritz) Haber (Process)|Haber-Bosch (Process)
United States History;;Jacob Brinkerhoff drafted it on behalf of its namesake, who was later apppointed to the Senate when Simon Cameron was made Secretary of War. William Yancey reacted to it by putting forth the Alabama Platform, which was later adopted by John C. Breckenridge's campaign. It was twice rejected by the Senate, after passing the House attached to Preston King's appropriations bill and to a bill funding the negotiation of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in 1846 and 1847. For 10 points, name this rider introduced by a Pennsylvania congressman, which proposed to ban slavery in territory gained from the Mexican War.;;(the) Wilmot Proviso
Religion/Mythology;;The marriage of one of this god's children was prevented when the suitor, the dwarf Alvis, spent all night in a test of wits and ended up being turned to stone. Another of his kids lifted Hrungnir's leg at age three, fitting since that child is the god of strength and strongest entity in the universe. Another of his children was the god of wrath and patron of the berserkers. Veggdegg, Saeming, and Yngve, Lorride and Throd are some of his offspring, as are Magni and Modi, and he fathered such children with both Jarnsaxa and Sif. For 10 points, Magni and Modi will inherit Mjollnir after Ragnarok from what Norse god of thunder?;;Thor
World Histroy;;Austin Bourke's The Visitation of God is a history of this event, which was slightly mitigated by John Heslow's extraction methods. It was worsened by the bungled "roads to nowhere" make-work program put forth by Charles Trevelyan, who was charged with handling this matter by Prime Minister Russell. Known locally as An Gorta Mor, it spurred the use of "coffin ships" for the emigration of 1.5 million people to North America and led to the repeal of the Corn Laws. Caused by phytophthora infestans, which triggers "late blight," it caused over a million deaths. For 10 points, name this 1845 to 1849 crop failure in Ireland.;;(Irish) Potato Famine|Great (Hunger|Famine){1}?|An Gorta Mor
Art;;He claimed to be related to Carlotta, the wife of Emperor Maximilian, and dabbled in cannibalism, recommending women's brains in vinaigrette as a tasty meal. His first important work, "Creation", was typical of his style, which depicted simplified figures in crowded, shallow spaces. Living at "The Blue House", where he served as host to an exiled Trotsky, his depiction of Lenin led to the destruction of his fresco "Man at the Crossroads". The husband of Freda Kahlo, FTP, who was this great Mexican muralist?;;(Diego) Rivera
Chemistry;;The Gibbs paradox deals with a faulty derivation of this quantity which erroneously suggests it is not an extensive variable. For a monatomic ideal gas, its value is given by the Sackur-Tetrode equation, while for a black hole it is proportional to the surface area of the event horizon. In general it is equal to Boltzmann's constant times the natural logarithm of the number of accessible states. According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it always increases in irreversible processes. Proposed by Rudolf Clausius and symbolized S, FTP, what is this measure of the disorder in a system?;;entropy
United States History;;As a state representative from Bridgeport, he introduced an 1879 anti-birth control law that the Supreme Court overturned in Griswold v. Connecticut.  He often played host to the elite of 19th century cultural life at his Oriental estate Iranistan. The self-styled "Prince of Humbugs", his rise to fame began with his purchase of John Scudder's American Museum, which he transformed into a forum for his promotions, including Charles S. Stratton, who he dubbed Tom Thumb. Known for organizing Jenny Lind's tour of America, FTP, who is this promoter known for the circus he ran with James Bailey?;;(P)(hineas) (T)(aylor) Barnum
Literature;;At one point the protagonist of this novel is forced to kill the rascal Giletti, which soon leads him into an affair with the actress Marietta Valsera. In his youth he joined the cause of Napoleon, killing a Prussian officer at Waterloo, but he soon returned to Italy, where he was soon mentored by Count Mosca, the lover of his aunt, Gina Pietranera. Imprisoned for killing Giletti, he soon falls in love with Clelia Conti, who helps him escape, but Clelia and his new son soon die, prompting him to retire to the title monastery on the river Po. Centering on Fabrizio del Dongo, FTP, what is this novel which with "The Red and the Black" is the masterpiece of Stendhal?;;(The) Charterhouse of Parma|(Le) Chartreuse de Parme
Geography;;The capital of this country faces the Gulf of Gonave, and its chief mountain system, the Massif du Nord, reaches its maximum height at Mount La Selle in the southeast. Its main waterway is the Artibonite River, while its most fertile region is the coastal plain known as the Plaine du Nord, which is dangerously overpopulated. These same population problems have also led to the massive deforestation which its neighbor to the east has avoided. With its capital at Port au Prince, FTP, what is this country which shares Hispanola with the Dominican Republic?;;Haiti
Religion/Mythology;;He tried to escape Manasseh's wrath by hiding in a hollow tree, but the king had it sawed in two.  His father Amoz was brother of King Amaziah, but he still took the side of the landless poor and said God would one day destroy the "city of confusion" that ruled the earth.  FTP, identify this prophet and namesake of an Old Testament book who lived through Sennacherib's attack and heralded the coming of the Messiah.;;Isaiah
Chemistry;;In discussing non-ideal gases, his name is given to the temperature at which the second virial coefficient multiplying the density vanishes. He showed that flames require air, and that sound does not travel in a vacuum. These facts appear in his 1660 work, The Spring of the Air and Its Effects, which discusses his experiments using an air pump he designed with the help of his assistant Robert Hooke. FTP name this Englishman whose law states that for an ideal gas at constant temperature, the product of pressure and volume is constant.;;(Robert) Boyle
Literature;;This author of the plays "The Confidential Clerk" and "The Elder Statesman" wrote fan letters to Groucho Marx and kept a picture of him on his mantle beside Yeats and Paul Valery.  His second volume of poetry, "Ara vos prec", carries his early cynicism to extremes, as seen in works like "Gerontion" and the Sweeney poems, while his conversion to Anglicanism in the late 1920s is reflected in his late poems, including "Journey of the Magi", "Ash Wednesday", and "Four Quartets". FTP, name this poet probably best known for his long poem "The Waste Land".;;(T(.))(homas) (S(.))(tearns) Eliot
World History;;Their gods included Illapa, the god of thunder, Mamaquilla, a moon goddess, and Viracocha, the great creator. Lesser powers were "huacas," spirits that inhabited natural objects such as rocks and mountains. None of them could save Huayna Capac from smallpox in 1527, or prevent civil war between his sons Huascar and Atahualpa. FTP, name this empire centered on Cuzco which was conquered by the forces of Francisco Pizarro.;;Inca(n(s)|s) (empire)
Psychology;;One founder was inspired by his attendance at lectures by Ehrenfels on recognizing transposed melodies. Based on concepts such as pragnanz, closure, and the constancy phenomenon, the legitimatacy of this school of thought was buttressed by studies of problem solving among the apes of Tenerife. It began as a reaction to Wundtian structuralism and later targeted behaviorism, arguing that a complex stimulus can't be broken down into atomistic thought units or stimulus-response components. Founded by Koffka, K?hler, and Wertheimer, FTP name this school of psychology focused mainly on perceptual phenomena such as the phi phenomenon, whose name is German for "whole".;;Gestalt (psychology)
Philosophy;;When a Sicilian tyrant tried to force the names of his associates from him, he bit off a piece of his tongue and spat it at his tormentors. The son of Teleutagoras, Plato said he was "tall and fair" and about age 40 at the time of his three-way conversation with Socrates and Parmenides. Using arguments like the "millet seed pile", he argued for belief in the "one" argued for by Parmenides, at the same time using arguments like the moving columns and the arrow to refute his opponents. FTP, name this philosopher known for attacking the concepts of motion and change with his paradoxes.;;Zeno (of Elea)
Biology;;Nicholas Cage and Bill Gates are major collectors of the remains of these creatures, whose Paradoxides harlani version grew to a length of 18 inches. Their compound eyes, the oldest visual system known, were used for hunting and were easily preserved because each was a calcite rod. They consisted of a thorax, to which was attached a head region called a cephalon and a tail region called a pyrgidium. FTP, what were these arthropods of the Cambrian Period named for their three body divisions?;;Trilobite(s)
World History;;Orde Wingate helped him organize an army of liberation, after which he was guarded around the clock by lions and cheetahs. Establishing himself as a progressive reformer as governor of Sidamo and Harer provinces, he soon overthrew his rival Lij Yasu, and was crowned emperor of his country after the death of the Empress Zauditu in 1930. Forced out of power by Marxist elements in 1974, he had earlier been forced into exile with the invasion by Italy in 1936. FTP, who was this emperor of Ethiopia?;;Haile (Selassie) (I)|Ras Tafari|Ras Makonnen
Music;;The section entitled "Dorabella" simulates the hesitancy of speech of a lady named Miss Penny, while "B.G.N". contains a famous cello solo. The 11th part was inspired by a swimming bulldog; the 5th paid tribute to the son of Matthew Arnold; and the 14th depicted the composer himself. Some have proposed Auld Lang Syne as the "hidden" theme indicated to be in it by the composer, who achieved his first success with the work. FTP, what is this set of variations on an original theme of Edward Elgar, named for their inscrutable nature?;;(the) Enigma (Variations)
Literature;;Early in his life, he worships the Indian Gray Beaver as a god, but is soon separated from his mother Kiche and ends up under the control of the coward Beauty Smith, who turns him into a professional fighter. Living under the credo "eat or be eaten", he experiences success until a fight with a bulldog who is impervious to his slashing attacks. Saved from death by Weedon Scott, he is domesticated, and later saves Weedon's father from an escaped convict. FTP, who is this wolf, the title character of the companion novel to "The Call of the Wild"?;;White Fang
Religion/Mythology;;One source claims that these creatures laid agate eggs, while another holds that a poisoned liquid will change color if served in a cub made for its claws. Although they waged war with the Amazons, a better known conflict is their frequent strife with the Arimaspians, who frequently raided their mines and stole their gold. FTP, what were these mythical monsters with the body of a lion and head and wings of an eagle?;;gr(iffin(s)|yphon(s)){1}?
Art;;The last of the artist's submissions to the Salon, it was first shown there in 1882. A bowl with tangerines rests near a bottle with the Bass Ale label in the bottom right corner, while a pair of legs in yellow stockings and green shoes is seen in the top left corner. The appearance of the central figure is echoed in the champagne bottles near her right hand, while a slanted mirror behind the central woman reveals a gentleman customer. Set in a famous Parisian nightclub, FTP name this Eduoard Manet painting.;;(A) Bar at the Folies-Bergere
Astronomy;;It is the only planet with four satellites within its Roche limit, and it radiates 2.6 times more heat than it receives from the sun, producing a turbulent atmosphere home to a continually shifting series of streaks dubbed "the Scooter".  Also known for two large dark ovals known as the "Small Dark Spot" and "Great Dark Spot", Voyager 2 discovered a number of new satellites, including Thalassa, Despina, Larissa, and Proteus. FTP, what is this planet orbited by Nereid and Triton, usually the eighth planet from the sun?;;Neptune
United States History;;The victors in this battle failed to follow up with an assault on Dorchester Heights, rendering their previous efforts pointless. Israel Putnum held the namesake location, but the fighting revolved around a nearby spot ordered fortified by General Artemis Ward. William Howe then led a series of assaults on the colonial forces, and after three days of heavy losses took the field, but only after colonial ammunition ran so low that Colonel William Prescott ordered his troops not to fire until they saw the whites of the enemy's eyes. FTP, what was this 1775 battle actually fought at Breed's Hill?;;(Battle of) Bunker Hill
Literature;;At one point the protagonist is taken in by the Reverend St. John Rivers, who she soon learns is her cousin. As a child she spent ten years with her hateful aunt-in-law Mrs. Reed of Gateshead Hall, but experienced happiness at Lowood School, where she soon became a teacher. Taking a job as governess of Adela Varens, she moved to Thornfield Manor, where she eventually agreed to marry her employer, Edward Rochester, only to discover on their wedding day the secret of his marriage to Bertha Mason, who he had kept hidden on the third floor. FTP, what is this novel, the best known work by Charlotte Bronte?;;Jane Eyre
Astronomy;;Their namesake features can be described with the density-wave theory developed by Lin and Shu. In 1920, before telescopes capable of resolving these objects were developed, Shapley and Curtis debated their nature. Fischer and Tully discovered that they obey a velocity-luminosity relation similar to the Faber-Jackson law for ellipticals. In about one-third, the arms extend from a bar-shaped center. The Whirlpool, Andromeda, and Milky Way are all examples of, FTP, what type of galaxy named for its shape?;;spiral (galax(y|ies){1}?)
United States History;;He had affairs with wives of his generals Gates and Biddle and may have caught a fatal chill leaving the house of a mistress.  He refused to visit France because he couldn't master the language and inherited a plantation named after his brother Lawrence's commander against the Spanish in the West Indies, Admiral Vernon.  FTP, name this man, the first president of the U.S.;;(George) Washington
United States History;;Jonas Caldwell, Patrick Carr, Samuel Gray, and Samuel Maverick were among the victims.  Robert Treat Paine led the prosecution, but failed to win the conviction of Thomas Preston and four other men represented by Josiah Quincy and John Adams¡ªdespite enflamed public opinion resulting, in part, from Paul Revere's depiction of the event.  For 10 points¡ªname this skirmish of March 1770, in which Crispus Attucks and four other men were killed by British soldiers.;;(the) Boston Massacre
Geography;;Its name is derived from the Guarauno meaning "a place to paddle," since it is one of the few major navigable rivers in the region.  It begins on Mount Delgado Chalbaud, passes through stone plateaus called tepuys on its way through the Guyana Shield, forms part of the border with Colombia, and enters the Caribbean through a delta after traversing the planes known as the llanos.  For 10 points¡ªname this longest river of Venezuela.;;Orinoco (River)
Literature;;He developed an interest in the supernatural soon before he died, producing such works as The Political History of the Devil and An Essay on the History and Reality of Apparitions years after he wrote such early English ghost stories as "The Ghost of Dorothy Dingley".  He wrote the mock ode "A Hymn to the Pillory" in prison in 1703, soon after writing the satiric poem "The Shortest Way with the Dissenters.," but is better known for the Jounral of the Plague Year and the novel Moll Flanders.  For 10 points, name this Englishman who retold the story of Alexander Selkirk in his novel Robinson Crusoe.;;(Daniel) Defoe|Foe
Biology;;Like GABA and glutamic acid, this nonessential amino acid can inhibit neurotransmitter signals in the central nervous system.  Though it is sometimes found in alpha helices, it is more common in triple helical molecules, such as collagen.  It is the only amino acid which is not optically active, due to its lack of a chiral center.  For 10 points¡ªname this amino acid whose possession of a single hydrogen as its R-component makes it the simplest amino acid.;;glycine
Literature;;Early in this work the author considers a scenario in which a small group of people has been placed on an island and cut off from society, forcing them to create their own government. Following this, the author attacks the unnatural state of a monarchy and the undesired effects of a hereditary succession system, as well as the complexities and absurdities in the English constitution, finally concluding that it is time for the colonies to declare independence and establish a government which will provide the greatest security at the least expense. FTP, what is this pamphlet which helped to provoke the American Revolution, written by Thomas Paine?;;Common Sense
Religion/Mythology;;Early accounts stating that this Arthurian hero's strength increased until noon and then waned hint at his origins in solar myth.  The son of Lot and Margause, he defeats and kills his mother's lover Sir Lamerok and Morgan Le Fey's son Sir Uwayne. He avenges the death of his father by killing Pellinore with his brother Gaheris, but is killed after twice challenging Launcelot to single combat. Known as "the Courteous", he is denied the Grail on account of his sins. For 10 points, identify this Arthurian hero who beheaded the Green Knight.;;(Sir) Gaw(ai|y){1}?n|Gwalchmei|Gauvain|Galvanus
World History;;Critics mocked him as "Comrade Lavatory Lover," because he insisted on equipping the Moscow Metro with the most up-to-date toilets while serving as regional party chief in the 1930s. During much of the 1940s he headed the Ukrainian Communist Party, where he organized the post-WWII reconstruction of the region. In his famous Secret Speech of 1956 he established the tenor of his time in power, secured after his defeat of his rivals Bulganin, Malenkov, and Molotov. Known for his role in the Cuban Missile Crisis, FTP, who was this successor of Stalin as head of the Soviet Union?;;(Nikita) (Sergeevich) Khrushchev
Literature;;She disapproves of the mentality represented by her in-law, Squire Winter.  While on vacation in Venice, she employs the gondoliers Daniele and Giovanni, while unbeknownst to her, Bertha Coutts has returned to Wragby, thwarting her plans.  Her family includes Hilda, her elder sister, and Sir Malcolm, her father, who disapprove of her husband Clifford.  She too despises Clifford, and as a result carries on an affair with the gamekeeper Oliver Mellors.  FTP, name this titular noblewoman of a once controversial D.H. Lawrence novel named for her lover.;;(Lady) (Constance|Connie) Chatterley
World History;;His father, Samuel, was a painter who specialized in drawing animals, and gave him an early background in sketching and tracing that helped him in his later career.  After tracing the scenes from the walls of the tombs at Bani Hassan, he worked under Flinders Petrie, who thought he would never become a competent excavator.  But after resigning from the British Antiquities Service, he won the sponsorship of Lord Carnarvon.  For 10 points¡ªname this achaeologist, the discoverer of the tomb of Tutankhamen.;;(Howard) Carter
Noncomputational Math;;GNU Guile is one language derived from it. It has a 1300 page draft standard, prompting the development of the Scheme dialect, a version stressing simplicity which is often taught in introductory CS classes and is specified in only fifty pages.  Invented by John McCarthy at MIT, it is known for its ability to manipulate information contained in parentheses, including other programs, leading to its extensive use in the field of artificial intelligence. FTP, what is this programming language whose name is short for "list processing"?;;LISP
Music;;This musician got his start replacing the legendary King Oliver in Kid Ory's band, and after serving as lead cornet soloist for Fletcher Henderson's band recorded his early masterpieces, the Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings, which included songs like "Potato Head Blues". He abandoned the cornet for his trademark instrument, and after forming his "All-Star" sextet became renown for both his non-stop tour schedule. and for his command of the high registers and melodic inventiveness, which contrasted with the gruff voice he used to became the first great jazz singer, incorporating scat singing on recordings of "Hello, Dolly!" and "Mack the Knife". FTP, who was this great trumpeter known as "Satchmo"?;;(Louis) Armstrong
World History;;He made a treaty with John XII extending the temporal power of the papacy, with a clause giving him the ability to ratify their election, and shortly thereafter deposed the pope and replaced him with Leo VIII. The brother of St. Bruno, he had to return home to quash his son Liudolf's rebellion soon after assuming the title King of the Lombards, and later fought back a Magyar invasion at the Battle of Lechfeld. The son of Henry the Fowler, FTP, who was this man who in 962 was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor?;;Otto (I|(the) first|the Great)
Physics;;His name is given to both the "A coefficient of spontaneous emission" and the "B coefficient" used in the quantum theory of radiation, while in astronomy his name is used with that of de Sitter's to designate a type of universe in which the mean density of matter is precisely matched to the critical density. One of his equations holds that the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted in the photoemissive effect is hf minus W, while in chemistry his name is given to the element with atomic number 99. With Bose the namesake of the fifth state of matter, FTP, who is this scientist probably best known for his equation E equals mc squared?;;(Albert) Einstein
Literature;;In one plot development, Mauricio Babilonia is paralyzed after being shot due to his tryst with Meme, whose outgoing nature leads her to invite 72 of her friends home from boarding school. The fortune-teller Pilar Ternera and the gypsy Melquiades provide guidance to the members of the central family, which is held together for many year by Ursula Iguaran in spite of the turmoil caused by the rebellion of Colonel Aureliano Buendia. Set in the town of Macondo, FTP, what is this masterpiece of magical realism by Gabriel Garcia Marquez?;;One Hundred Years of Solitude|Cien a(n|ñ)os de Soledad
United States History;;The efforts of Edwin Sandys were greatly responsible for its formation. Originally consisting of 14 members, it soon expanded to 22 members who conducted business under the guidance of secretary John Pory. Originally established by George Yeardley, it governed alone during the Puritan Revolution, and consisted of two representatives from each settlement. FTP, what was this Virginia colonial assembly, the first elective governing body in the colonies?;;(House of) Burgesses
Art;;Later paintings like Persephone and Bower Meadow were created during his time as invalid recluse.  This followed a period that included such canvases as La Ghirlandata and Monna Vanna, but his prolific output would end after he disinterred some writings he had buried with his wife in 1869.  Today he is known for such paintings as The Girlhood of Mary Virgin, Ecce Ancilla Domini, and Beata Beatrix.  FTP, name this English artist, the leader of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.;;(Dante) (Gabriel) Rossetti
World History;;Later leaders of this family included Alexander Jannaeus, Queen Salome Alexandria, Aristobulus I, and John Hyrcanus. Alternatively named for their ancestor Hashmon, they were ousted from power by Pompey in 63 BCE. They rose to prominence with the rebellion of Mattathias of Modin, and after his death his cause was continued by his sons Simon, Jonathon, and Judas, who was the most successful due to his defeat of Antiochus IV. FTP, what was this Jewish family whose rededicating of the recently-desecrated Temple of Jerusalem is celebrated during Hanukkah?;;Maccabee(s)
Biology;;Composed of a median lobe and two lateral lobes, this organ's main product is a fluid composed of a mixture of acid phosphatase, citric acid, and fibrolysin. A conglomerate of 30 to 50 tubular or saclike glands surrounded by interstitial tissue, it is a chestnut-shaped organ directly beneath the bladder and surrounding the urethra which adds secretions to the sperm. FTP, what is this male organ known to become enlarged in the elderly?;;prostate (gland)
Literature;;His trip to Russia inspired the non-fiction work "All-Out on the Road to Smolensk" and the novel "All Night Long". He began writing as early as 1928, first publishing two novellas, "The Bastard" and "Poor Fool". He gained some fame for stories like "Saturday Afternoon", "My Old Man's Bailing Machine", and "Country Full of Swedes", but true success came with his novels centering on grotesque families, such as "God's Little Acre". The one-time husband of Margaret Bourke-White, FTP, who is this novelist responsible for "Tobacco Road"?;;(Erskine) Caldwell
World History;;As a result of his political activities he was kidnapped for 10 days while staying in London during his worldwide travels. Author of "Fundamentals of National Reconstruction", late in his life he organized the Whampoa Military Academy to encourage his proposed Northern Expedition. The first graduate of the College of Medicine in Hong Kong, he soon failed to instigate an uprising in Canton, and later founded the Alliance Society to promote nationalism, democracy, and livelihood, his "Three Principles of the People". FTP, who was this Chinese revolutionary, the first head of government after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty?;;Sun (Yat- Sen|Zhong Shan)
World History;;After the founding of Ayuthia, the power of this empire declined.  This had already begun when their capital was sacked by the rival Chams' state.  Its golden age began with the rule of Yasovarman I, a descendant of Jayavarman II, who had united this empire.  It held sway over the lower Menam and left its mark with the magnificent temple complex of Angkor Wat.  FTP, name this ancient kingdom of Laos and Cambodia that lent its name to a 20th-century Cambodian communist group known as the "rouge".;;Khmer (empire)
Music;;Its creator described it as "very loud and noisy," and admitted that he was only interested in the lucrative commission.  Composed for the consecration of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior for the 1882 Moscow Exhibition, it debuted on August 20th to immediate accolades, and was eventually made the composer's Opus number 49.  Using the Marseillaise and the Tsarist national anthem to depict two armies, it uses bells, cannons, and a fireworks finale to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino.  FTP, name this famous Tchaikovsky overture named for the year Borodino was fought.;;(The) 1812 Overture (in E-Flat) (Major)
Chemistry;;As a trace element, it is essential to human red blood cell development, in that it is required by Vitamin B12.  Isolated in 1753 by Georg Brandt, it has since been detected in Egyptian statuettes and glass at the ruins of Pompeii. Its German name was originally applied to ores thought to carry copper, but which were actually arsenic-bearing ores of this metal, perhaps explaining why its German name refers to goblins that live in mines. Most commonly used in magnetic alloys and its eponymous blue pigment, FTP, identify this chemical element with atomic number 27 and symbol Co.;;cobalt
World History;;Troops led by Karl von Bulow reached the site at about 6 PM, pressuring the eastern French flank.  Battalions from the Imperial Guard were moved from the main battle to prevent a rear attack, while La Haye Sainte was taken by Michel Ney.  The Imperial Guard arrived at about 7 pm, but so did von Zieten's corps, which reinforced the Duke of Wellington's troops.  After Ney's forces were repulsed, the Allies advanced, forcing a French retreat at, FTP, what June 18, 1815 battle, Napoleon's final defeat?;;(Battle of) Waterloo
Religion/Mythology;;In order to obtain them, Odin wounded himself and hung from Yggdrasil for nine days and nights, gazing into Niflheim plunged in deep thought.  Having won the knowledge he sought, he placed these upon the claws of the bear, the teeth of Sleipnir, Gungnir, and countless other things, giving him power over all.  FTP, identify these characters used first to signify magic and mystery and later for documents and records, the earliest alphabet of the Nordic people.;;run(e(s)|ic){1}?
Literature;;It opens with a solitary watchman who notices a light, signaling the title character's approach.  The title character returns to Argos after the fall of Troy, describing how his galley was the only one to make it out of a squall.  With him, he brings Cassandra, who foresees his murder as well as her own.  Unbeknownst to him, his wife has taken his cousin Aegisthus as her paramour.  She proceeds to murder him in his bath, turn on Cassandra, and have Aegisthus use his bodyguards to exact control over Argos.  FTP, name this Aeschylus play, the first component of the Oresteia trilogy, which details the murder of Orestes's father by his mother Clytemnestra.;;Agamemnon
Geography;;The city of San Juan del Sur sits on the southwest coast of this nation, but San Juan del Norte, which lies on its east coast, is further south.  Bluefields, on its Caribbean coast, is a center for drug trafficking. Le¨®n, which was its capital until 1855, is its second-largest city, while the city of Granada lies on its namesake lake, the largest in Central America.  FTP, name this nation with capital at Managua.;;Nicaragua
Biology;;In 2002, this compound was the first to be used successfully to prevent muscle loss in certain lung cancer patients.  It can be used to treat asthma and diabetes, and in the body it acts as a neurotransmitter, but its most important function was discovered by Fritz Lipmann and Herman Kalkar in 1941.  In cells, it readily loses a phosphate ion by hyrdolysis, providing the means for organelles to carry out biological processes.  The predominant source of energy in living cells, FTP what is this compound named in part for the D-ribose component's possession of three phosphate groups.;;ATP|adenosine triphosphate
United States History;;He personally killed 29 men and had 30 horses shot out from under him, prompting him to declare, "I finished a horse ahead".  During the Civil War, he rose from private to lieutenant general, taking part in the defense of Fort Donelson and constantly raiding Union supply lines.  Known for his bravery and such bright observations as "get there first with the most men," he is widely reviled for his assault on Fort Pillow, where his troops executed some 300 surrendering black soldiers, women, and children.  FTP, name this Confederate soldier, who later acted as the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.;;(Nathan) (Bedford) Forrest
Miscellaneous;;According to "Am I Annoying" dot com, she was the fourth-most annoying person of 2001.  Rumor has it that she guest-starred on Miami Vice, and she might be known around Seattle as Ree Perris, the writer of the play "For Women Only".  However, she is probably best-known for her recent works, including the book Keepin' It Real and a series of ubiquitous late-night TV infomercials displaying her garish clothing and Caribbean accent.  FTP, name this "psychic" spokeswoman for mindandspirit.com.;;Miss Cleo
Literature;;One scene reveals the heroine, accompanied by her lapdog, Shock, triumphing over the Baron in a game of ombre.  However, despite the protection of the Sylph Ariel, the Baron perpetrates the titular act, and chaos ensues, aggravated by the Gnome Umbriel.  After lamentations and an epic battle fought with a bodkin, the title object is made into a constellation that "the Muse shall consecrate to fame, and ¡®midst the stars inscribe Belinda's name".  Describing "what dire offense from amorous causes springs, what mighty contests rise from trivial things"..., FTP, what is this famous five canto mock epic by Alexander Pope?;;(The) Rape of the Lock
Physics;;In one of these processes, a neutron is formed and a neutrino emitted when an electron and proton collide, a process known as K-capture.  In another type, a proton decays, becoming a neutron, and a positron is emitted.  In the most common type, an electron and neutrino are emitted, and a new proton is formed in the nucleus from a neutron.  FTP, name this type of radioactive decay characterized by a unit increase in atomic number but no corresponding increase in atomic mass, whose rays are more penetrating than those of alpha decay.;;beta (decay|reaction)
World History;;This dynasty included the Yung Lo reign of Ch'eng Tsu.  Because Ch'eng Tsu feared that his nephew might return to claim the throne, he ordered naval expeditions which reached as far west as Aden and Hormuz.  He also moved the capital to Peking from Nanking, where it had been established in 1368 by Chu Y¨¹an-Chang, who ruled as Hung-wu.  Sandwiched between the rule of the Yuan and the Manchus, FTP, name this Chinese dynasty, known for its porcelain vases.;;Ming (Dynasty)
Art;;It is set during the early evening, as a full moon may be seen in the upper right corner, and pale orange streaks flow diagonally across a sky with six stars.  The title character is a dark-skinned woman whose left arm can't be seen.  She is dressed in a multicolored striped outfit, and has apparently been traveling barefoot through the desert with nothing but a walking stick, a lute, and a large red vase, and appears to be blissfully unaware of the large male lion that sniffs her head.  FTP, identify this painting by Henri Rousseau.;;(The) Sleeping Gypsy|(La) Bohmienne Endormie
World History;;Two legends describe his death: one posits that Caligula ordered him to commit suicide in 39 CE, perhaps for having led an attack on his enemies on Mt. Gerizim, while the other posits that he and his wife died peacefully after having embraced Christianity.  Taking his name from the term for a freedman's hat, he received his position due to the support of Sejanus, whose protection allowed him to challenge Jewish religious sensibility, as in the time he hung worship images of Tiberius throughout Jerusalem.  Faced with his most famous decision, he supposedly "washed his hands of it," saying of the condemned "¡­I find no fault in him".  FTP, identify this Roman procurator of Judea, the official responsible for condemning Jesus to crucifixion.;;(Pontius) Pilate
Literature;;The title characters are described as having "dried voices when (they) whisper", uttering sounds as "quiet and meaningless as rat's feet over broken glass". Its fifth canto begins with a parody of "Here we go round the mulberry bush", replacing the bush with the prickly pear. Opening with an epigraph from Heart of Darkness and a dedication offering "a penny for the Old Guy", it concludes with an imperfect repetition of the Lord's Prayer, having earlier described "stuffed men leaning together, headpiece filled with straw". FTP, what is this T.S. Eliot poem which ends with the words "This is the way the world ends, Not with a bang but a whimper"?;;(The) Hollow Men
United States History;;For a short time commander of chief in Ireland starting in 1782, his play, The Maid of the Oaks, was performed in honor of William Howe and his mistress, Mrs. Loring, but was not nearly as successful as The Heiress.  While a military commander, his immense baggage train consisted mostly of champagne, and hindered his troops as they tried to link up with St. Leger and Howe in Albany after taking Fort Ticonderoga in July of 1777, leading to his defeat by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold.  FTP, identify this British major general who surrendered at Saratoga.;;(John) Burgoyne
Biology;;These members of order Anoplura seldom grow over 1/12 of an inch.  They are capable of spreading themselves in cramped living quarters over 50 degrees Fahrenheit, especially near towels, bedding, and toilets, and can cause skin irritation and eczema. On occasion they may be found on eyebrows, eyelashes, and armpit hair, but as their scientific name Phthirus Pubis indicates, they are most often spread from genital region to genital region by means of close sexual contact.  FTP, identify this type of louse, given its popular name because its front legs resemble the claws of a certain crustacean.;;crab(s)|(crab|pubic){1}? lice;;lice
Music;;Act II of this opera includes the strophic aria "Voi che sapete!" in which a page expresses his love for Barbarina in song.  The act begins with the cavatina "Porgi Amor" in which Rosina prays that her husband will love her again.  Almaviva wants to partake in relations with Susanna, but is foiled when Rosina takes her place in, FTP, what Mozart opera based on a Beaumarchais play about the title character's nuptial affairs?;;(The) Marriage of Figaro|(Le) nozze di Figaro
Psychology;;This psychologist initially studied under and entered analysis with Karl Abraham, and later founded the American Journal of Psychoanalysis. Holding that men felt the urge to justify themselves in fields other than birth, a term she dubbed "womb envy", she rejected many of Freud's ideas, including "penis envy", leading to her expulsion from the New York Psychoanalytic Institute in 1941. Known for her emphasis on the environmental and social reasons for neuroses, FTP, who is this psychoanalyst, author of Feminine Psychology and New Ways in Psychoanalysis?;;(Karen) Horney
Literature;;In one incident, he pushed a soldier out of his yard, leading to a charge of sedition of which he was acquitted.  He declared that "all he knew was in the Bible," and designed a set of sketches for the Book of Job.  Explaining the new mythology that he created in The Book of Los, he said, "I must create a system or be enslaved by another man's".  Author of Jerusalem and The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, he described his most famous collection of poetry as "the two contrary states of the human soul".  FTP, identify this author of Songs of Innocence and Experience.;;(William) Blake
Philosophy;;First used in Russian literature to describe Pushkin, Prince Peter Kropotkin later defined this doctrine as a struggle for individual freedom, and its positive aspects are also highlighted in N.G Chenyshevsky's What is to Be Done?.  A crude form of positivism and materialism, it relied on science alone as the source of truth.  FTP, name this skeptical philosophy whose name is derived from the Latin for "nothing".;;nihilism
Religion/Mythology;;In this religion, the outside world is referred to as "Babylon" and its major scripture is the "Holy Piby".  Meditation is helped by the use of ganja and the deity is known as Jah.  Its practitioners often wear woolen caps of red and gold, although many of them quit the religion in 1974 after its leader's death.  FTP, name this religion associated with pot and reggae and the veneration of Haile Selassie.;;Rastafarian(ism)
World History;;The decline of this family became irreversible when the countship passed to the House of Chatillon.  The zenith of its power was reached when it was combined with Champagne under the leadership of Eudes II.  Founded by Thibaut the Cheat, its hereditary dominion extended from the Indre River to the Eure.  It entered British history when Henry became bishop of Winchester and his brother set aside Matilda for the throne.  FTP, name the short-lived English royal house of King Stephen.;;Blois
Literature;;Characters encountered in this novel include Roland Major, Denver D. Doll, and Ed Dunkel. Describing the narrator's adventures in San Francisco with Remi Boncoeur, his trip to Mexico with Stan Shepard., and his time in New Orleans being mentored by Bull Lee, it is an account of the narrator's time spent among the circle of Carlo Marx and Dean Moriarty. Narrated by Sal Paradise, FTP, what is this novel, the best known work by Jack Kerouac?;;On the Road
Biology;;In humans and some animals its most notable form may be ptyalin.  First purified from malt in 1835 by Anselme Payen and Jean Persoz, its discovery prompted the theorization of enzymes.  Important in the brewing process of some beers, this enzyme is also known as "diastase".  It hydrolyzes starch to create glucose, maltose and the limit-dextrins.  Necessary for the digestion of carbohydrates, FTP, name this enzyme most well known for its role in saliva.;;Amylase
Psychology;;The explanation for this concept's invention was put forth in a letter its originator wrote to Fliess in which he said that a long train-trip may have given him the opportunity to be sexually aroused by a certain naked individual. Introduced in the paper A SpecialTtype of Choice of Object Made By Men, it was famously used by Ernest Jones to explain Hamlet's behavior. It's devisor held that it was one manifestation of the early phallic stage, and that overcoming it gives rise to the superego.  FTP, identify this Freudian male analogue of the Electra Complex.;;Oedipus (Complex)
Religion/Mythology;;According to one myth, he was co-ruler of Latium with Camesus.  Other accounts list Uranus and Hecate as his parents and Camise as his wife.  He had an affair with the nymph Juturna and gave birth to the minor god Fons.  His most notable child was Tiberinus, who drowned in the Tiber River.  The first hour of each day and the first day of each month were sacred to this deity, while legions embarking for war walked through his gate in the Forum.  FTP, name this Roman god of beginnings, endings, entrances, and exits, best known for his 2-faced appearance.;;Janus
Literature;;In a house on Usher's Island, the protagonist of this story worries that his quoting from Robert Browning in his after-dinner speech will be over the listeners' heads.  However, his metaphor of the Three Graces is well received by Aunts Julia and Kate, as well as Mary Jane.  The climax is reached when the singing of "The Lass of Aughrim" causes Gretta to remember her old lover, Michael Furey, and the sight of snowflakes outside the window brings an epiphany to Gabriel Conroy.  FTP, name this last story in Dubliners, written by James Joyce.;;(The) Dead
Biology;;They contain 5 different kinds of positively-charged proteins rich in lysine and arginine residues and which are known as histones.  Known as "dyads" when duplicated, these biological structures contain a kinetochore at the centromere.  Also containing various transcription factors, they are primarily composed of a single molecule of DNA in eukaryotes.  FTP, name these structures which include X and Y varieties.;;Chromosome(s)
United States History;;This neighborhood includes a famous group of towers built single-handedly by Simon Rodilla out of discarded items such as broken glass and seashells.  According to an investigatory commission headed by John McCone, the passage of Proposition 14 precipitated the most famous event to occur here by blocking the implementation of federal fair housing legislation.  On August 11, 1965, a routine traffic stop led to $200 million in property damage, 34 deaths and 6 days of rioting.  FTP, name the Los Angeles neighborhood where this riot occurred.;;Watts
Geography;;Furnace Creek feeds into this region which is bounded on the west by the Panamint Range, which contains its highest point, Telescope Peak. Greatly popularized by the adventurer Walter Scott, its eastern border is the Amargosa Mountains, which share their name with a river which contains a small pool known as Badwater. FTP, what is this arid valley which reaches a depth of 282 feet below sea level, making it the lowest point in North America?;;Death Valley
Miscellaneous;;According to Plutarch, the first person to live in this type of structure was the first-century tribune, Livius Drusus.  One of the more well-known examples is the Farnsworth House in Illinois, designed by Mies van der Rohe, but the most notable such building includes a free standing "buffet bar" and a red brick cylinder containing the bathroom.  Due to the brick, the bathroom is the only room with any privacy in the New Canaan, Connecticut version designed by Philip Johnson.  FTP, identify this sort of structure who's residents shouldn't throw stones.;;(The) Glass House
Philosophy;;Modern editions of this philological work include the author's "Attempt at Self-Criticism" before the foreword.  Echoing Castiglione with his emphasis on music as the highest aesthetic form, the author discusses Archilochus at length before accusing Socrates of "killing" art.  Denouncing Euripides for destroying the wonderfully barbaric nature of Greek drama, the author extols the opera Tristan un Isolde as upholding the ideal Dionysian art over the Apollonian.  FTP, name this first philosophical treatise by Nietzsche, which discussed the origins of drama.;;(The) Birth of Tragedy (Out of the Spirit of Music)|Hellenism and Pessimism|(Die) Geburt der Tragoedie
Chemistry;;This element forms a passive oxide coating in air, and is obtained by heating its oxide with carbon and chlorine and then reducing the product by the Kroll process. Discovered by Gregor in 1789, its main sources are ilmenite and rutile. A white metallic transition element, its main use is in a large number of strong, light, corrosion-resistant alloys used in the construction of such machinery as ships and aircraft. FTP, what is this element with atomic number 22 and symbol Ti?;;titanium
Literature;;Early in his legal career, he studied rhetoric with Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro, and then became either the administrator of a prison or a mint before being promoted to judge.  Spurious works attributed to him include On Fishing and The Walnut Tree, while he defended his life's work in Ibis.  He wrote a long poem on women's cosmetics, Medicamina Faciei Femineae, and attempted to cure love in Remedia Amoris.  He composed letters between mythological heroes and their spouses in the Heroides, and in Letters from the Black Sea lamented the exile caused in part by his controversial Ars Amatoria. FTP, name this Latin poet probably best known for his Metamorphoses?;;(Publius) Ovid(ius) (Naso)
United States History;;Officially known as "Armored Cruiser #1", it was summoned to its final destination by Consul Fitzhugh Lee.  Captained by Charles Sigsbee, a 1976 investigation by Admiral Rickover contradicted the conclusion of the earlier Sampson Board of Inquiry by holding that the cause of its demise was most likely a coal burner fire rather than an externally caused explosion. At the time the largest ship ever to enter Havana harbor, FTP, remember this battleship whose 1898 sinking propelled the Spanish-American War.;;(USS) Maine
Music;;Once the deputy organist to Kerll at the Imperial Chapel, he originally studied under Heinrich Schwemmer.  His son Hieronymus became an accomplished musican in his own right, but this composer's better known student was Johann Christoph Bach.  Court organist at both Stuttgart and Nuremberg, some of his better known works include the motet Praise the Lord, the Hexachordum Apollonis arias and the Six Suites for Two Violins.  Also known for his Magnificat Fugues, FTP, name this Lutheran baroque composer of Canon in D.;;(Johann) Pachelbel
Literature;;In the climactic part of this play, Dowson, Swinburne and Baudelaire are all drunkenly quoted at length, while the sound of foghorns provides the primary metaphor of the last act. Off-stage characters include the cook Bridget and Dr. Hardy, who diagnoses Edmund's consumption.  Another symbol is the watering of the whiskey by the servant Cathleen and the dissipated son Jamie, while the mother, Mary, remembers her piano-playing days, shoots up with morphine and blames the death of Eugene on the acting career of her husband, James Tyrone.  FTP, name this semi-autobiographical play by Eugene O'Neill.;;Long Day(')s Journey Into Night
World History;;He transferred the last legion that had been under a senatorial proconsul to the command of an imperial legate.  He executed Naevius Sutorius Macro, the Praetorian prefect who made him emperor, and consecrated his own dead sister Drusilla as "Diva".  Eventually murdered by Cassius Chaerea, he had become unpopular due to mental instability and personal excesses, such as building a boat bridge across the Bay of Naples. Roman emperor from 37-41, FTP, name this son of Germanicus nicknamed "Little Boots".;;Caligula|Gaius Caesar (Germanicus)
Astronomy;;This man's namesake star is a supernova in Ophiuchus described in his book "De stella nova", while in "Dioptrice" he postulated a ray theory of light to explain vision. While professor of mathematics at Graz, he wrote "Mysterium cosmographicum", which brought him to the attention of his future mentor, whose astronomical calculations he completed as the "Rudolphine Tables". These calculations led to his most famous contributions to astronomy, found in "Astronomia nova" and "Harmonices mundi". FTP, who was this assistant to Tycho Brahe best known for his three laws of planetary motion.;;(Johannes) Kepler
Religion/Mythology;;The literary character Velutha is a member of this group. Placed below the Sudras, they do not have a varna, or color, associated with them. Recently, they have chosen to be known as "dalits", while earlier Gandhi had dubbed "Harijans" or "Children of God" in an attempt to improve their lot in life. FTP, name this group technically now known as the "Scheduled Castes", ostracized due to their employment in polluting tasks.;;Untouchable(s)
Physics;;New evidence from the Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment indicates that electron pairs may act like these particles, which if cooled to extremely low temperatures condense and form a "super-atom".  They have integer spin measured in h-bar units, and do not obey the Pauli-exclusion principle.  A nucleus is defined as this type of particle if it has an even number of protons and neutrons.  They include weakons, gravitons, photons and gluons.  Distinguished from fermions, FTP, name this type of force carrying particles, which include Goldstone and Higgs varieties, whose name implies that they obey Bose-Einstein statistics.;;Boson(s)
United States History;;In 1807 he married his cousin Hannah Hoes, and later served two terms in the state senate before becoming a US Senator in 1821, during which time he formed the Albany Regency political machine.  After John Quincy Adams's election as President, he helped form the new Democratic Party, and in 1828 gave up the governorship of New York to become Secretary of State. The 1848 presidential candidate of the Free-Soil Party, he had won earlier on a ticket with Richard Mentor Johnson, but was cost reelection by the Panic of 1837. Known as the "Little Magician", FTP name this successor to Andrew Jackson.;;(Martin) Van Buren
Art;;This artist of House by the Railroad and Sunlight in a Cafeteria originally trained as an illustrator, and was influenced by his time studying under Robert Henri. He frequently painted urban scenes, as in 1927's Drug Store and 1930's Early Sunday Morning, and is known for his masterly use of lighting effects, as in Chop Suey.  For ten points, identify this painter of Nighthawks.;;(Edward) Hopper
Biology;;Its second layer is composed of flattened, closely packed cells containing the precursor eleidin, while its maintenance depends on cell divisions occurring in the rete mucosum of Malphighi, its bottommost section. The outermost section is the stratum corneum, and consists of dead, flattened cells composed of plates of keratin, while the basal layer contains the melanocytes which give it its color. Responsible for preventing water loss in the body, FTP, what is this outermost part of the skin?;;epidermis
Literature;;His first three plays, including "The Banqueters" and "The Babylonians", were produced by Callistratus, probably because he was considered too young to handle it himself.  Although little is known of his personal life, he is believed to have lived for a time on the island of Aegina, and was prosecuted by Cleon for mocking ambassadors from the Delian league.  "Kokalos", a play written for his son Araros, is said to have started the "New Comedy".  FTP, name this comedic playwright of Athens, author of  "The Knights", "The Frogs", and "The Birds".;;Aristophanes
Geography;;Tributaries include the Tiete and the Iguacu, while its Guaira Falls were completely submerged by the Itaipu Dam. It forms south of Brasilia, where a similarly named river joins the Rio Grande rivers.  It then flows southwest, and forms the southern border of Paraguay.  After a stretch in Argentina, it merges with the Uruguay River, and flows through Buenos Aires into the Rio de la Plata.  FTP, name this South American river, whose name might be confused with that of a vicious fish.;;Parana (River)
World History;;In 1934's "The Army of the Future", he defended a professional army based on mechinazation and mobilization.  In World War I, he fought at Verdun and spent two years, eight months in a POW camp.  He was the head of his country's provisional government following World War II, but resigned in January, 1946.  However, he was elected President in December, 1958, under the constitution of the new Fifth Republic.  FTP, name this French general and statesman who led the Free French forces during World War II.;;(Charles) de Gaulle
Physics;;Israeli physicist Yuval Ne'eman came up with this idea at the same time as its more famous discoverer, calling it by its mathematical name, SU(3).  This concept created a periodic table of strongly interacting particles, and like the elemental periodic table, was supported by discoveries that filled in gaps, most notably the omega minus particle.  Given its more common name by Murray Gell-Mann, this is FTP what framework of baryon and meson families which Gell-Mann named for the path to enlightenment in Buddhism?;;Eight fold (Way|Path){1}?
Literature;;The author of the folk history Twelve Million Black Voices and the essay "The Ethics of Living Jim Crow", his is considered to have written the first American existential novel with The Outsider, written after he moved to Paris.  He first came to public attention with stories like "Big Boy Leaves Home" and "Long Black Song", collected in the volume  Uncle Tom's Children. American Hunger served as the sequel to his autobiographical Black Boy. For ten points, name this American author best known for the novel Native Son.;;(Richard) Wright
Music;;The violin represents the moonlight, while the woman's speech is rendered on the violin and the man's on the cello. Set in a cold grove, it depicts the woman's confession that she is bearing another man's child and his response that they will raise it together. Originally scored as a string sextet, it is based on a poem by Richard Dehmel. FTP, what is this pioneering atonal work, the opus 4 of Arnold Schoenberg?;;Verklarte Nachte|Transfigured Night
Miscellaneous;;Implements used include the chawan, the natsume, and the chashaku, and any one of several kakemono can also be used, and are usually found in the tokonoma. Taking place in the cha-shitsu, in the 16th century Sen Rikyu perfected its wabi, a set of strict rules which constrain the actions of both the host and the guest. FTP, identify this ritual, whose deep philosophical and aesthetic meaning goes much further than simply enjoying a brewed beverage.;;(Japanese) tea ceremony
Literature;;The central male figure of this poem is described as possessing "coal-black curls" and wearing a "silver bugle" and a shield that "sparkled on the yellow field" while passing though the "purple night", but only comes to the attention of the titular figure after she hears him sing "tirra lirra". Only the reapers who harvest the barley hear her singing in the gray tower where she is fated to weave a magic, colorful web while only looking on the world through a mirror which cracks when she falls in love with Lancelot, invoking a curse which leads to her death. FTP, what is this poem set in Camelot by Alfred, Lord Tennyson?;;(The) Lady of Shalott
United States History;;One of the major causes of the tension preceding it was the trampling of native corn fields by livestock belonging to colonists.  Sparked when Josiah Winslow took Wamsutta by gun point shortly after the murder of John Sassamon, fighting broke out in the town of Swansea, and it ended the next year after its leader died while fighting a force lead by Benjamin Church. FTP, name this 1675-76 Massachusetts war drawing its name from the English name for the leader of the revolting Wampanoag, Metacom.;;King Philip(')s (War);;Metacom(')s (War|Rebellion){1}?
Astronomy;;Less than a dozen of the "bursting" type have been discovered. The most extreme ones are known as "millisecond" ones, while the binary ones were first discovered by Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor, for whith they won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics. Their study began when Antony Hewish built a primitiver radio telescope to study scintillation effects, and soon discovered an unexpected source which was soon interpreted by Jocelyn Bell. FTP, what are these neutron stars which emit brief amounts of energy.;;pulsar(s)
Religion/Mythology;;She is sometimes called Elissa.  She was a wealthy and powerful princess in her homeland until her brother secretly murdered her husband Sychaeus.  Her brother, Pygmalion, concealed his deed to get access to her money, but his scheme was thwarted when Sychaeus appeared in her dreams, revealing the truth, and prompting her to take her gold and flee to Libya, where she founded a city.  FTP, name this native of Tyre who founded Carthage, where she fell in love with Aeneas.;;Dido
World History;;This battle occurred 15 days after the invading army landed at Milford Haven, and saw the death of John Howard in the initial skirmishing. Fought 12 miles east of Leicester, the king's army originally secured a superior position atop Ambien Hill. However, John Stanley and Henry Percy, the Earl of Northumberland, failed to assist the Yorkists in battle. Sir William Stanley led the charge into the Yorkist flank, resulting in victory for Henry Tudor.  FTP name this 1485 battle, the last of the Wars of the Roses, which saw the death of Richard III.;;(Battle of) Bosworth Field
Art;;The static nature of later paintings like "The Distribution of the Eagles" stands in contrast to early works like "Belisarius Asking Alms" and "Andromache Mourning Hector". He became known as the "Robespierre of the brush" after his election to the National Convention.  Works like "The Coronation of Napoleon" and "The Death of Socrates" have led him to be cited as a pioneer of modern art. FTP, who is this French artist of "The Oath of the Horatii" and "The Death of Marat"?;;(Jacques-Louis) David
Chemistry;;This chemist coined the term "catalysis" while proposing the existence of what he called a "catalytic force" in some substances, but he was unable to provide an explanation for it. During his work on elements found in sea-water he coined the term "halogens", and also named the concepts of "isomerism" and "protein". He provided invaluable evidence for many laws of stoichiometry by determining the relative atomic and molecular masses of more than 2,000 substances. For ten points, identify this Swedish chemist, discoverer of cerium, thorium, and selenium.;;(Jons) (Jakob) Berzelius
Psychology;;This man did his doctoral work performing studies of attachment behavior in rhesus monkeys with Harry Harlow at the University of Wisconsin, where he married his first cousin Bertha. After receiving his Ph. D. in 1934, he went to Columbia, where he worked with Thorndike on human sexuality.  A leading proponent of "third-force psychology", he penned the classic books Motivation and Personality and Toward a Psychology of Being. As department chair at Brandeis, he met Kurt Goldstein, who introduced him to the concept of self-actualization.  FTP, name this humanistic psychologist, famous for developing his hierarchy of needs.;;(Abraham) Maslow
World History;;The first king of this name ruled from 1125-1104 B.C., defeating the Elamites and returning the stolen statue of the god Marduk to Babylon.  Among the deeds of the more famous king of this name was the construction of two great walls to create artificial lakes to protect his city. The son of Nabopolassar, while still crown prince he defeated the Egyptians at Carchemish in 605 B.C., becoming king of Babylon the next year. FTP, name this king, known for destroying Jerusalem and for ordering the building of the Hanging Gardens.;;Nebuchadnezzar
Literature;;In 1954 she said "A woman can be both moral and exciting - if she also looks as if it were quite a struggle", which provides a good description of her recurring character Emma McChesney, as well as the writer Dawn O'Hara, the title character of her first novel.  She was a frequent collaborator of George S. Kaufman, their works together included "Minick", "Dinner at Eight", and "Stage Door".  She won the Pulitzer in 1925 for her story of Selina DeJong and her son entitled "So Big".  FTP, name this American author of "Cimmaron" and "Show Boat".;;(Edna) Ferber
Religion/Mythology;;This religious grouping currently has between 60 and 80 million adherents.  Among its holy sites is that of the Battle of Karbala near Kufa in modern Iraq, the site of a 680 battle, which saw the defeat of the forces of Hussein by those loyal to the caliph.  Hussein was the son of the 4th caliph, Ali, and the adherents of this sect believe the succession of caliphs should have been through Ali's line.  FTP, name this branch of Islam, opposed to Sunnites.;;Shi(')(a|ite(s)){1}?
Art;;It was inspired by Luca Signarelli's frescoes for Orvieto Cathedral.  Among its many figures is one of Saint Bartholomew holding his own skin with a depiction of the artist's face on it.  Above him is an Apollo-like rendition of Christ.  Illustrating Matthew 24:29-31, its creator began work on it 20 years after doing the ceiling for the Sistine Chapel.  FTP, name this Michaelangelo work, which depicts the end of times.;;(The) Last Judgement
Physics;;Dirac came up with a clever method for solving the quantum version of this system, using raising and lowering operators.  Though their best-known applications may be for keeping time, any system with a potential that is quadratic in displacement is one of these.  In fact, it can be shown that any system exhibiting small fluctuations about a stable equilibrium is one.  For ten points, identify this type of oscillator, the most common example of which is a mass and a spring.;;harmonic (oscillator)
United States History;;Death by hanging was the sentence handed down by Judge Joseph Gary to seven of eight men brought to trial over this incident. Matthias Degan and seven others died from a related incident stemming from demonstrations on Randolph Street for an eight-hour workday. Nine fatalities resulted from this event, one of which was a shooting death taking place in front of the McCormick Harvester Plant. Three surviving convicts were pardoned by Governor John Altgeld in 1893 for want of a fair trial. FTP, name this riot of May 4, 1876 in which a bomb thrown by anarchists in a Chicago Plaza was used to discredit the Knights of Labor.;;Haymarket (Square) (Riot)
Religion/Mythology;;Their initiates undergo a ceremony meant to bind student and teacher called the ahd, and full members are given the title of murid and expected to begin memorization of the Mathnawi. The first order was formed in Baghdad in 1166 by Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, who espoused their central belief that poverty is needed to be in relation to God. All orders are united by celebration of the dhikr, or invocation of God, which for the Mevlevi order of Konya involves a unique form of exaltation. FTP, name these mendicant members of Sufism, known for their whirling.;;dervish(es)|fakir;;Sufi(s)
Biology;;Like several other organs, this organ is restrained by the peritoneum. Attached to the peritoneum below the capsule are the two ligaments that hold its protective serous and fibroelastic coats in place and allow this organ to expand and contract after digestion. Below the hilum, one of its coats reflects inward into branching sheets that radiate the trabeculae that separate its pulp-containing areolae, where the reticulum connects this organ to the lienal artery and allows it to fulfill its primary function. Made up of red and white pulp, in times of bone marrow breakdown it produces red blood cells. FTP, name this primary filtering organ for the blood.;;spleen
Literature;;On a number of occasions the poet refers to the title objects as keeping "a sort of Runic rhyme". Initially they foretell a "world of merriment", but are soon described as "ghouls" recounting a "tale of terror". In four stanzas of increasing length marked by alliteration, repetition, and assonance, they symbolize childhood, marriage, maturity, and finally death. FTP, what is this poem by Edgar Allan Poe?;;(The) Bells
Economics;;His first work accused his colleagues of "mental gymnastics" for rejecting mathematics to unify economic analysis. As consultant to the Committee of Economic Development in 1958, he answered the question "What is the most important problem to be faced by the U.S. in the next 20 years" with "inflation". Some of his recent works have attempted to describe Keynesian Economics with linear programs. Remembered for his "cost-push" inflationary theory, FTP, name this co-author with Nordhaus of Economics: An Introductory Analysis, a professor at MIT who won the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1970.;;(Paul) Samuelson
World History;;Much was achieved under its first leader, Sir Eric Drummond, including a successful 15 year administration of the Saar Region and the settling of the dispute over the Aland Islands, but it experienced failure when Poland failed to abide by its decision in the Vilnius dispute. Of the 26 articles in its covenant, article X caused the most trouble for its requirement that members defend each other from aggression, leading to opposition from Henry Cabot Lodge and the Senate's refusal to allow the United States to join. Established in the Versailles Peace Settlement, FTP, what was this predecessor to the United Nations?;;League of Nations
Literature;;One of its characters is a finicky schoolmaster who suggests reading lists of all of his students from the past 50 years to alleviate boredom. Some excitement ensues when a fire nearly destroys the town and Doctor Chebutykin is too inebriated to heal the wounded, but boredom returns after Tuzenbakh is killed in a duel and Vershinin is forced to leave with the regiment, leaving Masha to face her marriage to Kulygin and Irina to continue dreaming about Moscow. FTP, name this play about the Prozorov family by Anton Chekhov.;;(The) Three Sisters|Tri Sestry
Music;;Taught by his musicologist father, this performer gave his first public concert in Paris at the age of 6. Studing under Leonard Rose at Julliard, he is known for his many groundbreaking recording with the pianist Emanuel Ax, and received the prestigious Avery Fisher Prize in 1978, although in recent years he has professed a desire to give up his most famous instrument for the accordion. Known for his wide reportoire and combination of technical virtuosity and lyrical expression, FTP, who is this famous cellist?;;(Yo-yo) Ma
Physics;;A gravitational one that may cause a brief 2% reduction in weight is generated in the Podkletnov Effect. A magnetic variety is produced by energetic solar shockwaves that cause rapid fluctuations in the Van Allen Belts over a period of minutes. In classical mechanics, the equation that describes it is the result of multiplying both sides of Newton's Second Law by delta-t. FTP, name this measure of a force acting over a period of time equal to the change in momentum between two velocities, symbolized J.;;impulse
Geography;;In this country's south, the forearc basin and coast range that frames its central valley are partially flooded by the Corcovado Gulf and Moraleda Canal, leaving islands like Gran Guaiteca that make up its Los Chonos Archipelago. Its longest rivers are the Baker and its only perennial stream, the Loa, both located in the north, whose nitrate and copper wealth is tapped by the cities of Chiquicamata and La Serena. Its chief ports include Iquique, Coquimbo and Puerto Montt. FTP, name this country extending from the Atacama Desert to Tierra del Fuego, with capital at Santiago.;;Chile
World History;;Its participants initially denied complicity in incidents like the Lari Massacre and the murder of loyalist Chief Waruhu. In response, the local government launched Operation Anvil, imprisoning almost a third of the male population of the offending clan. Its power was weakened after the arrest of Dedan Kimathi and the Hola Massacre, but it eventually succeeded with increased Kikuyu representation in the colonial legislature. FTP, name this rebellion against European settlers by a secret society in Kenya from 1952-1956.;;Mau Mau (Rebellion)
Literature;;A meeting with actor William Macready convinced this writer to try his hand at stage writing, but his two published plays Strafford and A Blot in the Scutcheon were not as successful as early poems like "Count Gismond-Aix in Provence". A low point in his career was his Italian period, when poems like "Soliloquy in a Spanish Cloister" and "Porphyria's Lover" sold badly, but his poetry is optimistic even after the 1861 death of his wife, when he included poems like "Rabbi Ben Ezra" and "Caliban upon Setebos" in his collection Dramatis Personae. FTP, name this poet known for dramatic monologues like "Fra Lippo Lippi" and "My Last Duchess".;;(Robert) Browning
Philosophy;;Among the beliefs he set forth were the exercise of deifying virtues, which allow the fulfillment of human true nature, but not unification with God. Fundamental changes in his early philosophy came about through his participation in the Eastern expedition of Gordian III, whom he followed to India. There, he first added eastern metaphysical considerations to the emanation creationist theory of Philo the Stoic, though the body of his beliefs most closely resemble another philosopher. A disciple of Ammonius Saccus, FTP, name this teacher of Porphyry whose Enneads describe his development of Neoplatonism.;;Plotinus
Religion/Mythology;;Assuming the name Gagnrad, he traveled to the hall of his rival Vafthrudnir, and defeated him in a duel of wits by asking about the words he whispered into his dying son's ear. He attempted to hang himself upon learning of his doom in Ragnarok. His search for knowledge began with a trip to the Well of Wyrd, where its owner Mimir demanded an eye in exchange for a sip. FTP, name this Norse god of wisdom, the leader of the Aesir.;;Odin|Wo(tan|den){1}?
Chemistry;;This scientist discovered butylene and the correct formula for ether. The son of a weaver who took charge of a Quaker school at age 12, much of his early work focused on studies of the atmosphere, where he developed his characteristic distrust of other scientists' work and obsession with detailed record-keeping by means of a scientific diary. Determining that rain is due to changes in temperature, his interest in the atmosphere led to his studies in chemistry, detailed in his work "New System of Chemical Philosophy", where he deduced what would become known as Charles' Law, as well as the laws of multiple proportions and the law of partial pressures. FTP, who was this English chemist who proposed the theory of atoms?;;(John) Dalton
Art;;He first attained a perception of spatial depth through his invention of the schiacciato technique, which he used for the bald Zuccone, part of a series of prophets carved for the Campanile of his city. At about the same time, he worked on a famous scene for the Siena baptistery known as the Salome scene. His 1416 St. George and the Dragon shows his transition from gothic to humanistic perspectivism, while his later residency at Padua after 1443 saw the completion of the San Antonio Altarpiece and the equestrian statue, the Gattamelatta. FTP, name this early Renaissance Florentine sculptor who created the first large bronze freestanding nude since classical times, known as The Boy David.;;Donatello|Donati di Niccolo (di Betto Bardi)
Miscellaneous;;"Shame to him who thinks evil of it" is the motto of this group whose membership consists of its country's sovereign, a prince, and 50 "knight companions". Founded in 1348, legend holds it was created after an incident during a dance between the Countess of Salisbury and Edward III, who put on an item of clothing which had fallen off the Countess. Considered the highest honor in England, FTP, what is this English order of knights?;;(Order of the) Garter
Literature;;At the end of this book the narrator's friend Carl gets him a job at a newspaper and he helps his friend Fillmore escape a suffocating marriage. At one point he does odd jobs for the eccentric Indian pearl salesman Mr. Nanantetee and befriends a follower of Gandhi, who he takes to a brothel. Earlier, he led a deliberately aimless life in Paris after leaving his wife Mona, and provided an explicit catalog of his sexual experiences with various prostitutes. FTP, what is this controversial book by Henry Miller?;;Tropic of Cancer
Earth Science;;It frequently weathers into other minerals like margarite, zoisite, and kyanite. Produced by the Verneuil Process, it has been largely replaced in industrial applications by synthetic materials like alumina. When mixed with iron oxides and other minerals it is known as emery, and its finer varieties include sapphire and ruby. A naturally occurring aluminum oxide mineral with formula Al2 O3, FTP, what is this mineral whose Mohs hardness of 9 makes it the second hardest natural substance?;;Corundum
World History;;In this battle, the opposing commanders set up camp on opposite sides of the Montmorency River. On July 30, grenadiers crossed Orleans Island and attempted to row towards the city, but were halted by submerged rocks and cut down while attempting to cross the Beauport Shore. After relocating to Point Levis, the British general found a narrow, hidden path, which he used to secretly disembark 4,000 men on September 12, making possible the charge by Wolfe's men across the Plains of Abraham. FTP, name this decisive 1759 British victory of the French and Indian War that saw the taking of a strategic site on the St. Lawrence River and the death's of Wolfe and Montcalm.;;(Battle of) Quebec
Art;;A passage in which two dark figures are reclining separates a crowd of onlookers who are obscured by shadow in the background of this painting, while a skylight not visible to the viewer illuminates the forehead of one of the central figures. On the left, a man behind a desk is writing on a piece of paper above a woman who raises her hands in a clawlike gesture to shield her view from the central action. Blood covers the fingers of the central figure, who stares out at the viewer, while four figures with scalpels at right concentrate on a naked form. FTP, name this painting by Thomas Eakins.;;(The) Gross Clinic
Literature;;Much of the comedy in this play is provided by the dim-witted constable Elbow and the flamboyant bachelor Lucio. After setting the plot in motion, one central figure disguises himself as Friar Lodowick to witness the subsequent action. The plot concerns Angelo's enforcement of Vienna's long-ignored fornication laws, leading to the arrest of Claudio for seducing his betrothed, Juliet. However, all ends well when Duke Vincentio catches Angelo attempting to force Claudio's sister Isabella to yield to him. FTP, what is this comedy by Shakespeare?;;Measure for Measure
Biology;;In contrast to other related compounds, these compounds have their acidic side chains esterified with methanol or phytol. The "e" type is a rare type found in golden algae, while the "c" and "d" types are often found with the "a" type, which with the "b" type is the major type found in land plants and green algae. Found in the grana of plant cells, they are porphyrins which contain magnesium. FTP, what is this green pigment which allows plants to carry out the process of photosynthesis?;;chlorophyll
Sociology;;An extramarital affair partially prompted his critique of the conflict between eroticism and religion in the essay "Religious Rejections of the World and Their Directions". The emotional domination exerted on him by his father led both to his 1898 mental breakdown and his advocacy of "Liberal Imperialism" to solve Germany's agrarian problems in his famous Freiburg Address. He gained fame for his analysis of German political and economic life in Economy and Society, but is more famous today for his investigation of the roots of the "spirit of capitalism". FTP, who was this German thinker, author of The Protestant Ethic?;;(Max) Weber
Religion/Mythology;;Another name for this goddess is "Bo?pis", making reference to her beautiful, round "cow-eyes", and according to legend she could restore her youth and virginity every year by bathing in the waters of Canathus near Nauplia. Most famously worshipped in antiquity in Argos and Samos, the cuckoo and the peacock which held the eyes of her faithful servant Argos were sacred to her, and while one legend held that she conceived one son by eating lettuce, her children Hebe, Ares, and Hephaestus are usually held to have been fathered by her husband, the sky god. For 10 points name this goddess of marriage and childbirth, the wife of Zeus.;;Hera
World History;;A famous anecdote about this man relates how he went to register for the census and described his military service by stating he had served in sixteen victorious campaigns, all under his own command. Among these campaigns were his defeat of Sertorius in Spain, his suppression of the Cilician pirates in six months at sea, and his final conquest of Mithridates in the East, and it was for these successes, as much as his youthful resemblance to Alexander of Macedon, that Sulla gave him his famous cognomen. For 10 points name this Roman, the best general of the late Republic, who finally met his match against his former father-in-law and fellow triumvir Julius Caesar at Pharsalus.;;Pompey (the Great)|(Gnaeus) Pompeius (Magnus)
Literature;;The protagonist of this novel loses interest with her internship at a magazine, finds herself unable to lose her virginity to a UN interpreter, is nearly raped on a blind date, and discovers she has been rejected for a summer writing class. Returning home from college, she discovers she is unable to shake off her malaise with psychotherapy and attempts suicide, but after successful shock treatments under the direction of Doctor Nolan she finds her poor spirits lifting, and manages to leave the sanatorium in time to lose her virginity to a math professor and return to school in the fall. FTP, such are the struggles of Esther Greenwood in what novel by Sylvia Plath?;;(The) Bell Jar
Astronomy;;His 1686 his map of the world showing the distribution of prevailing winds over the oceans was the first meteorological chart to be published, while his Breslau Table of Mortality was one of the first attempts to relate mortality and age in a population. Publisher of Newton's Principia Mathematica, he was the first to use isolines in cartography, but is better known as the astronomer who succeeeded John Flamsteed as Astronomer Royal and whose visit to Saint Helena in 1676 resulted in the first stellar charts made of Southern Hemisphere. FTP, name this man who first theorized that comets traveled in an ellipse, which enabled him to plot the return of a comet from 1682 that would revisit earth every seventy-six years.;;(Edmund) Halley
Geography;;The northern four-fifths of this river's valley is covered by an artificial lake created in 1965 by the Akosombo Dam, located where it cuts through the Akwapim-Togo Range. Its two main branches are the Mouhoun and the Nakambe, or "Black" and "White", and it picks up such tributaries as the Afram and the Oti en route to the Gulf of Guinea. With a Portuguese name meaning "twisting", FTP, what is this chief river system of Ghana which supplied the colonial name for Burkina Faso?;;Volta (River)
Pop Culture;;One memorable scene sees the male protagonist taught his first words by a blind violinist whose forest hut he has stumbled upon. The stylized movements seen in the film "Metropolis" were imitated in the movements of the title character, memorably played by Elsa Lanchester. Lanchester is also seen portraying Mary Shelley in the prologue, which is followed by the film proper, in which Dr. Praetorius determines to create a mate for the creature created in an earlier film. Directed by James Whale, FTP, what is this film whose title figure is famous for her towering, lightning-streaked hair?;;(The) Bride of Frankenstein
United States History;;A one-time employee at the U.S. consulate in Budapest and interpreter for Ellis Island, he was elected to the House of Representatives in 1916 and, after serving as a fighter pilot in World War I, was returned to the House in 1918. Director of Civilian Defense during WWII, his most significant legislative effort consisted of his co-sponsorship of an act which freed members of labor unions from "yellow-dog" contracts and from court injunctions of private labor disputes. As part of the "Fusion" party ticket he was elected to his most famous post in 1933, gaining a reputation for honesty and reform. Known as the "Little Flower", FTP, name this long-time mayor of New York city, whose aviation connections were reinforced by the construction of the airport named for him.;;(Fiorello) (Henry) La Guardia
Literature;;The entrance of his brother into a Carthusian monastery is said to have inspired this man's Secretum Meum, while other interesting works include his Italia Mia, inspired by his friendship with the Republican revivalist Cola di Rienzo, and Africa, an epic poem on the Second Punic War.  Other famous works include De viris illustribus, a series of biographies of the most famous men of all time, and Metrical Letters, but he is perhaps best known for works in the Italian vernacular he helped to popularize, such as Trionfi and the poems inspired by a woman he first saw in the Church of St. Clare at Avignon on April 6, 1327. FTP, name this man, who employed his namesake sonnet form in ths Canonziere or Rime addressed to the mysterious Laura.;;Petrarch|(Francesco) Petrarca
Music;;His efforts in opera were almost completely unsuccessful, chiefly due to the asinine libretti seen in efforts like Alfonso and Estrella, The Twin Brothers, and Fierribras. The inventor of the "Moments Musicaux", his chamber works include the Grand Duo Piano Sonata in C Major, a series of Impromptus, and Fantasy in F Major, but he is better known for works in another genre that include "Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel", "Hark, Hark, The Lark", and "The Doppelganger". FTP, name the prolific composer of lieder probably best known for his 8th symphony, which was left unfinished.;;(Franz) Schubert
Noncomputational Math;;Invented by Tony Hoare in 1961, its advantages include its ability to operate in place and the velocity of its inner loop. Its effectiveness can be greatly increased by using various strategies to choose an efficient pivot. After a pivot is selected, all numbers less than the pivot are placed to the left, and all numbers larger than the pivot are placed to the right, with the algorithm then implemented recursively on the smaller lists. FTP, what is this computer science sorting algorithm named for its purported speed?;;quick sort
United States History;;Warned at midnight of the approach of the enemy, Captain John Parker assembled his company of 130 men and awaited further developments while keeping warm at the Buckman Tavern. Consequently, when six companies of regulars under Major John Pitcairn finally arrived at dawn, only one-half of Parker's force was assembled. Parker was in the process of ordering a withdrawal when firing started, and after a volley and a British bayonet charge, eight Minutemen were left dead and ten were wounded, while only one British soldier was wounded. FTP, what was this brief April 19, 1775 battle, after which the Redcoats were defeated at Concord?;;(Battle of) Lexington
Philosophy;;Like Montaigne, this thinker wrote a collection of brief articles known as "The Essays", although his are also known as "The Counsels, Civil and Moral". Described by Pope in "An Essay on Man" as "the brightest, wisest, (and) meanest of mankind" both for his intellectual gifts and for the disgrace suffered when he accepted a bribe from a litigant as a civil servant,. he held that knowledge should be amassed and studied in a systematic fashion, prompting his attempt to create the ambitions "Instauratio Magna", parts of which described his method of induction and his "idols of the mind". FTP, who was this British philosopher, author of "Novum Organum", "The Advancement of Learning", and "The New Atlantis"?;;F(rancis) Bacon
Literature;;Though his parents had supported Parliament during the civil war, this poet demonstrated his loyalty to the returning Charles II in such poems as "To His Sacred Majesty" and "Astrea Redux", and even created the part of Florimel in his play The Indian Emperor for the king's mistress Nell Gwynne. In such later works as Annus Mirabilis and Absolom and Acitophel, he continued to support Charles, who had rewarded him in 1668 by appointing him the first poet laureate. The rival of Thomas Shadwell, FTP, name this English author of MacFlecknoe and All For Love.;;(John) Dryden
Chemistry;;Sometimes produced by the Sicilian process, this element takes on a reddish-brown solid form known as its "plastic" form when cooled from a molten state. Combining with nearly all other elements at valencies of 2, 4, and 6, its natural form consists of 8 atoms held in a so-called "puckered" ring. It is attached to two hydrogen atoms in its most famous compound, known for its smell of rotten eggs. FTP, what is this yellow nonmetallic element with atomic number 16 and symbol S?;;sulfur
Art;;His Adoration of the Magi features portraits of the Medicis holding the foot of Christ, while the monk looking at the viewer may be his own self-portrait. Born with the surname Filipepi, this man's more famous name may have come from the name of the goldsmith to whom he was apprenticed before studying under Fra Lippo Lippi. Painter of Man with Medal and Judith, his thriftiness and association with the religious movement of Savonarola led to poverty in his later years, despite a successful career in which he was known for illustrations of  The Divine Comedy and the painting Primavera. FTP, name this artist best known for the Birth of  Venus.;;(Sandro) Botticelli
World History;;Under its terms Brandenburg obtained eastern Pomerania, while France obtained secure possession of the Alsace, Metz, Toul, and Verdun, thus gaining a firm frontier west of the Rhine River. Sweden received western Pomerania, Wismar, Bremen, and Verden, giving it control of the Baltic Sea. Due mainly to the efforts of Count von Trautmansdorff, it confirmed the independence of United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Swiss Confederation, with all other secular lands restored to who had held them in 1618, before the start of the conflict it resolved. FTP, what was this 1648 agreement that ended the Thirty Years' War?;;(The) (Peace of) Westphalia
Literature;;Born circa A.D. 46 in Chaeronea, this man studied philosphy in Athens and Alexandria before travelling to Rome, where he befriended the emperor Trajan and gave a popular series of lectures despite knowing almost no Latin. Among his lesser-known works are a series of dialogues covering various political, religious, and philosophical issues entitled The Moralia, but he is more famous for his biographies. For 10 points name this Greek author known for comparing the exploits of famous Greeks and Romans in his Parallel Lives.;;Plutarch
Biology;;Later in life this man turned to the study of malaria and found that the tertian and quartan types of the disease were caused by different species of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium. He is better known for his study of nerves, for which he developed the technique of staining nerve cells with silver nitrate and found the point at which sensory nerve fibres end in rich branchings encapsulated within a tendon, the tendon spindle named for him. For 10 points name this co-winner of the 1906 Nobel Prize for Medicine best remembered for his discovery of an irregular system of fibrils, vesicles, and granules in the cell known as his  "apparatus".;;(Camillo) Golgi
Religion/Mythology;;The term may be Egyptian and derive from the word meaning "dust", indicative of the low status of those who were called by it, or from a word meaning "moving on", suggesting that it applied to nomads. In either case it was regularly used as a pejorative term and at first those who were identified by it never used it to describe themselves, although it is used to describe Abraham in Genesis 14:13 and seems to become more accepted and widely used throughout the rest of the Bible. For 10 points identify this noun, the name of a book of the "New Testament" still sometimes used to describe Israelites and most commonly employed to describe the language they speak.;;Hebrew(s)
Chemistry;;This scientist gained fame for his improvements on the street-lighting system in Paris, and by 1775 he was put in charge of gunpowder production for the whole of France, where he made a fortune. He also made agricultural improvements in France and discovered new fertilising techniques, but he is best known for naming oxygen and for discovering the role it plays in combustion, which ended the phlogiston theory. For 10 points name this chemist, whose many accomplishments did not save him from being guillotined in 1794.;;(Antoine) Lavoisier
World History;;First ascending to power in 1456, this ruler was a member of a princely dynasty begun by Basarab I. Taken hostage by the Sultan as a young boy and raised in Turkey, he used Turkish support to oust his father, who was known as "the Devil". Three times prince of Wallachia, he is best known in some parts of the world for his association with the Order of the Dragon and his orders to display the bodies of his enemies in fields of spikes. FTP, who was this basis for the Dracula legend, known as the "impaler"?;;Vlad (III|the Impaler|Tepes|Dracula)|Dracula
Art;;Facing La Disputa in the Stanza della Segnatura, the elements of this painting are reminiscent of Leonardo's The Last Supper, and Bramante's St. Peter's Basilica, and the works of Michelangelo, who appears at bottom center.  The background contains statues of Apollo and Athena overlooking a mass of people gathered around four steps. The table in the front center is being written upon by Pythagoras, while to the side Euclid is seen drawing triangles. The center is dominated by Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates.  Located in the Vatican Palace, FTP, name this 1511 fresco by Raphael.;;(The) School of Athens
Literature;;This poem is composed of ten line stanzas, with lines 5, 6, and 7 rhyming with the last three lines in a constantly shifting pattern. Stanza four opens by describing a "mysterious priest" leading a heifer to a "green altar". It opens by describing the title object as a "still unravished bride of quietness" and "foster child of silence and slow time" before describing trees which will never shed their leaves and a lover who will never catch his beloved but never lose her either. FTP, what is this ode about a piece of pottery by John Keats?;;Ode on a Grecian Urn
Chemistry;;In its ideal form, a gas is heated at a constant pressure, expands isentropically, cools at a constant volume, and then is compressed isentropically before heating again. In practice, a compression ratio of between 15 and 25 to 1 is necessary to implement it. Extremely useful in situations when weight is not an issue, it is frequently implemented as a 4-stroke engine in which no spark is necessary, as the oil sprayed into the compression chamber ignites on contact with heated air. The most efficient of all internal combustion engines, FTP, name this common type of engine, seen in boats, trains, and trucks.;;Diesel (engine|cycle)
Religion/Mythology;;The nymph of this name helped Zeus in his battle against the Titans, although as the wife of the titan Pallas she gave birth to Bia, Cratos, Zeles, and Nike. The geographic feature of this name is known for its Adamantine Gates and for the oaths sworn over it by the Greek gods, who were punished for breaking their word by drinking water that would cause them to lose their voices for nine years. With a name meaning "hate", it was said to wind seven or nine times around Hades. Thought to be crossed by Charon, FTP, what is this river of Greek myth in which Achilles was dipped to gain invulnerability?;;Styx
Economics;;A major innovation in the analysis of this concept was the conjectural variation due to Bowley, which anticipated the so-called "sophisticated" seller analysis known as Stackelberg's Model. The assumption that the seller will not have to deal with an independent change in market price is central to Bertrand's Model, which was intended to refute the original treatment of this concept developed by Antoine Cournot. FTP, what is concept describing a market state in which there are only two firms?;;duopoly
World History;;She gained the throne after a struggle with a woman claiming to be the daughter of her deceased half-brother, King Henry IV.  She backed Cardinal Jimenez's (him-EN-ez-es) efforts to reform the Church in her nation, though the Cardinal burned many Muslim manuscripts on behalf of her attempt to push the Moors out of Granada.  Known for backing the Inquisition and supporting Christopher Columbus's expedition to the New World, FTP, who was this woman who became ruler of Castile in 1474 with the help of her husband, Ferdinand of Aragon.;;Isabella (I|the First) (of Castile|the Catholic)
Religion/Mythology;;Its heaviest concentration of membership is in East Africa, followed by the United States, where early in their history Mary Dyer and four others were executed for their beliefs. One notable division occurred during the feud between John Wilbur and Joseph Gurney. The sect was formed during the English Civil War, when its founder proclaimed, "since there was that of God in every man," a formal church structure and educated clergy were not necessary.  Divided into Orthodox, Conservative, and Hicksite subgroups and emphasizing the "inner light", FTP, identify the Christian denomination founded by George Fox and spread in colonial America by William Penn, named for their tendency to "tremble" before God.;;Quaker(s)|Society of Friends
Literature;;This author's early essay "A Style Reader" is considered a classic of criticism. Showing the influence of Poe in his first stories, such as "The Tattooer", he soon developed a more traditional style described in his famous essay "In Praise of Shadows", which led to such middle-period novels as "Quicksand" and "Some Prefer Nettles", while an analysis of human sexuality concerns his last two novels, "The Key" and "Diary of a Mad Old Man". Often cited as the best modern Japanese novelist, FTP, who was this author of "The Makioka Sisters"?;;(Junichiro) Tanizaki
Chemistry;;Although likely not the first to do so, he prepared and inhaled nitrous oxide to prove that it didn't cause disease, and thus discovered its respiratory effects, but later nearly died from inhaling water gas.  Later, he conducted work on electrolysis, laying the foundation for the modern electrochemical series, leading to his discoveries of sodium, potassium, barium, and calcium. Mentor to Michael Faraday,  FTP, name this 19th century British scientist, exponent of the scientific method and inventor of the miner's safety lamp.;;(Sir) (Humphry) Davy
United States History;;He was Speaker of the House from 1835 to 1839 and later Governor of Tennessee. As president, he established the nation's first independent treasury and oversaw the admission of three new states, including Wisconsin and Iowa. The first "dark horse" candidate, he secured the Democratic nomination over Martin Van Buren and defeated Henry Clay for president. For ten points, name this 11th president who oversaw the Oregon Treaty of 1846 and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.;;(James) (K.) Polk
Philosophy;;Early in this work, the author advocates philosophies developed by so-called "free spirits" not caught up in any particular point of view, while later he asserts the existence of an "order of rank", with which the spiritual strength of people can be measured, prompting an 8-page tirade against women. Near the end he attacks nationalism and promotes the "good European" who rises about national sentiment, while the final chapter asks the question "What is noble?,", answering it with the idea of the solitary, suffering soul. A collection of 296 aphorisms, FTP, what is this work of philosophy by Friedrich Nietzsche?;;Beyond Good and Evil
Literature;;This writer called sex "the punishment for being together," yet he frequently slept with prostitutes.  An employee at the Workers' Accident Insurance Corporation in Prague, he reluctantly published some of his shorter works, including Meditation, The Judgment, and In the Penal Colony. He ordered his friend Max Brod to destroy his manuscripts on his death, but Brod instead published them. FTP, who is this author of Amerika, The Trial, and The Metamorphosis?;;(Franz) Kafka
Biology;;A thin plate of this material called the epiphyseal plate persists at the ends of growing bones during human development. It is interspersed with chondrocytes, which receive nutrition by diffusion through a surrounding gel. It comes in three main types, with the hyaline type the most widespread, but the best known may be the yellow, or elastic, type, which composes the epiglottis and the external ear. FTP, what is this flexible connective tissue of the body?;;cartilage|gristle
Art;;Built on the site of an abandoned lumber mill, this building was featured in a recent Lexus commercial.  Computer aided design was used to translate abstract shapes into a usable form that from the front looks like two ships colliding.  From above, the building looks like a flower with boot, sail, snake and fish forms. Specially fabricated, ultra-thin titanium tiles that look like scales surround galleries of varying size.  FTP, name this museum that opened in 1997, the finest achievement of architect Frank Gehry.;;(Guggenheim (Museum)|(Museum) Guggenheim){1}? (in) (Bilbao) (,) (Spain)
World History;;Great architectural feats were achieved in this empire by the poet-architect Es-Saheli, who built the great mosque of its main city. This empire was founded by Sundiata Kieta, and at its height it included the cities of Niani and Jenne.  Reaching its peak in the 14th century under Mansa Musa, after its decline it was conquered by the Songhai empire. FTP, what was this African empire centered on Timbuktu, now the name of a country with capital at Bamako?;;Mali
Geography;;A group of about 200 small islands, their highest point is Mount Usborne at 2300 feet. Its government also administers the Shag and Clerke rocks, as well as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Dominated by two islands appropriately known as East and West Island, sheep grazing is their main industry, which can be seen on their flag that features a ram, the ship of the island's discoverer, and the Union Jack on the top left.  FTP, name this British territory of the South Atlantic with capital at Stanley, the subject of conflict between Great Britain and Argentina.;;Falkland (Islands)|Islas Malvinas
Literature;;It opens with Almustafa about to board a boat from Orphalese, the city where he has lived for 12 years, but he is stopped by the townspeople.  In chaptesr including "Love", "Marriage", "Grieving", "Friendship", "Prayer", and "Religion", Almustafa acts as the mouthpiece for the author, expounding his quasi-mystical beliefs.  For ten points, identify this popular volume of prose poems, published in 1923 by Kahlil Gibran.;;(The) Prophet
United States History;;It lasted a little over a month, and at one point saw soldiers hold a mock session of the state legislature, repealing ordinances passed by the officials who had just fled Milledgeville. Hugh Kilpatrick led the cavalry, while the left and right wings were headed by Henry Slocum and Oliver Howard. Opposed only by the ineffectual raiding of Joe Wheeler, it inflicted damages amounting to $100 million while taking Sandersville, Louisville, Millen, and finally Savannah, which was then offered as a Chrismas present to Lincoln. Beginning with the burning of Atlanta, FTP, what was this 1864 campaign in which Georgia was decimated by William Sherman?;;(Sherman(')s) March to the Sea|(Sherman(')s) Georgia Campaign
Physics;;The angle through which radiation is dispersed in this phenomenon varies inversely by the fourth power of wavelength, enhancing the shorter wavelengths.  It can be considered elastic, because the energies of the scattered photons are not changed, and it specifically refers to interactions with molecules with diameters less than 1/10 of the wavelength.  FTP, name this type of scattering discovered by its namesake in 1871 that accounts for why the sky is blue.;;Rayleigh (scattering)
Music;;Soon into his musical career, he turned to Zen Buddhism and the I Ching for guidance, which led to his advocacy of indeterminism.  Associated with the choreographer Merce Cunningham, he wrote the books M, Notations, A Year from Monday and Silence.  His major musical compilations include Roaratorio, Bacchanale for prepared piano, and Imaginary Landscape No. 4 for 12 radios.  A student of Arnold Schoenberg, FTP, name this avant-garde composer who is most famous for 4'33".;;(John) (Milton) Cage
Chemistry;;A series of accurate measurements of the rate of this process for different combinations of substances was made in 1870 by Loschmidt using his namesake tube. It occurs roughly 100,000 times faster in gases than liquids, as indicated by Fick's Law, while the best-known law concerning it holds that the rate at which it occurs for gases is inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities, a relationship known as Graham's law. FTP, what is this chemical process in which different substances mix as a result of the random motions of their components?;;diffusion
Religion/Mythology;;According to one myth this figure has a doppleganger that tempts her husband away from court, while another tells of her youth in the house of Duke Cador and subsequent abduction by King Melwas. Various versions of the story describe her entry into the Convent of Caerleon or Amesbury after Agravain brings her scandal into the open, although versions differ over whether the man involved is Mordred or Lancelot. FTP, who is this adulterous wife of King Arthur?;;(Queen) Guinevere
Literature;;At the end of this novel the execution of the protagonist is witnessed by the grotesque expatriot dentist Mr. Tench. Based upon material found in the author's travel account "The Lawless Roads", a key moment occurs when the protagonist is reunited with his bastard daughter Brigida. His attempt to provide last rites to a dying American bandit is a trap that leads to his arrest by the young lieutenant, who has been pursuing him ever since the revolutionaries outlawed the Catholic Church. FTP, what is this novel about an alcoholic priest on the run in Mexico, written by Graham Greene?;;(The) Power and the Glory
United States History;;Early in his life this man served as teacher of ancient languages and literature at what would become Hiram College, where he soon served as president. During the Civil War he led the 42nd Ohio volunteers, distinguishing himself with his heroics at Chickamauga, but resigned to become a radical Rupublican in the House of Representatives. As campaign manager to John Sherman, he was nominated for president as a compromise candidate, defeating Winfield Scott Hancock. FTP, who was this president who in 1881 was assassinated by Charles Guiteau?;;(James) (A.) Garfield
United States History;;This decision was unanimously extended in Argersinger v. Hamlin. Writing for the majority, Justice Black stated that the court was "returning to old precedents" in deciding the fate of a man convicted of intent to break and enter a poolroom. Swayed by the arguments of the plaintiff's lawyer, Abe Fortas, the court ruled 9-0 that the 6th and 14th Amendments required the abandonment of the precedent of Betts v. Brady. FTP, what was this 1963 case which guaranteed counsel for defendants in felony cases?;;Gideon (v(s)(.) Wainwright)
Art;;His cartoon for the "Battle of Cascina" was considered a marvel of the age, while his "Holy Family" is considered one of his best paintings. Better known as a sculptor, he got his start under Ghirlandajo, soon producing "The Rape of Deianira" and "The Battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs". While working on tombs for the Medicis he created his famous reclining figures of "Day", "Night", "Dawn", and "Dusk", but his work on the tomb of Julius II was never completed, despite the creation of the colossal "Moses". FTP, who was this artist perhaps best known for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?;;Michelangelo (Buonarotti)|Buonarotti
Physics;;Its value for various substances include 2.25 for paraffin, 78.2 for water, and about 2,000 for barium titanate. Air has a value of 1.00059, which is slightly higher than the value for a vacuum, whose value of 1 is the smallest possible. Identical to permittivity in the cgs system, it is symbolized by the Greek letter kappa, and is usually calculated by taking C over C naught. FTP, what is this constant, the measure of the increase in effectiveness of a capacitor when filled with an insulating material?;;dielectric (constant)|relative permittivity|specific inductive capacity
Literature;;A key moment of this novel concerns the revelation by a drunk known as "Owl Eyes" that the titular character's books are uncut, thus giving a hint of his shallow character. While dating the golfer Jordan Baker, the narrator begins to learn about the protagonist, who rose to prominence under the tutelage of the yachtsman Dan Cody. The climax occurs with the murder of the protagonist by George Wilson, who was avenging the death of his wife in a car accident caused by Daisy Buchanan. Narrated by Nick Carraway, FTP, what is this Jazz Age novel, perhaps the best known work of F. Scott Fitzgerald?;;(The) Great Gatsby
World History;;His long campaign to win Livonia eventually met failure at the hands of Stephen Bathory, but he did conquer Kazan and Astrakhan and made the first Russian inroads into Siberia. The son of Vasily III, his reign was characterized by his struggles with the boyars, leading him to call the first national assembly, the zemski sobor, and establish his own state called Oprichnina within Russia. After the death of his first wife Anastasia in 1560 he experienced a decline in emotional stability which is the source of his current fame. FTP, who was this first czar of Russia, known as "Grozny"?;;Ivan (IV|(the) Terrible){1}?
Pop Culture;;A moment of levity in this film occurs when the protagonist accidentally starts a fire after lighting a candle in a shrine to his hero Balzac, whose paraphrased lines in a school paper result in accusations of plagerism against him. While skipping school he sees his mother conducting an affair, prompting him to claim his mother is dead to excuse his absence. When his lie is discovered he runs away, but winds up in the French penal system after he is caught stealing a typewriter from his father's office. With a title meaning "raising hell", FTP, what is this film about the youth of Antoine Doinel, directed by Francois Truffaut?;;(The) 400 Blows
Psychology;;His attachment to one of his most famous theories led to a lengthy feud with William Bayliss and Ernest Starling. He expanded on Sherrington's explanation of the spinal reflex, while his noted ambidextrous skill as a surgeon and his invention of a non-intrusive namesake "pouch" allowed him to study the digestive process in dogs. His research linking digestion to the nervous system won him the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, but he is now better known for other work with dogs. FTP, who is this Russian who taught a dog to associate food with a ringing bell?;;(Ivan) Pavlov
Geography;;This state is highly mountainous, reaching its maximum height at Legge Tor. With the exception of its capital, the only other city of more than 50,000 people is Launceston. It includes many offshore islands, including the Hunter Islands and the islands of Flinders, King, Bruny, and Macquarie, the last of which is subantarctic. With its capital at Hobart, it is separated from the mainland by the Bass Strait. Originally known as Van Diemen's Land, FTP, what is this island state of Australia known for its indigenous "devil"?;;Tasmania
Literature;;"Shadows in Paradise" is a posthumously published novel by this author who married the movie-star Paulette Goddard after moving to the United States. Supporting himself early in life as a stonecutter and racecar driver, he later turned to writing, penning works like "The Black Obelisk", "Flotsam", "Three Comrades", "Arc de Triumph", and "The Road Back", the last a sequel to his most famous novel, which tells of Paul Baumer's experiences in the first World War. FTP, who was this German antiwar novelist, author of "All Quiet on the Western Front"?;;(Erich) (Maria) Remarque
World History;;The current term used to designate this people was introduced by the historian Manetho. Facilitating their conquests using an innovative rectangular fortification of beaten earth, they were a northwestern Semetic people who at their height ruled an empire including Syria and Palestine. Establishing a capital at Avaris, they fell to Amasis I at the Battle of Tanis, ending over 100 years of rule in Egypt. FTP, who were these "rulers of foreign lands" known for their introduction of the horse-drawn chariot?;;Hyksos
Religion/Mythology;;Its final four chapters are an analysis of memory, time and eternity, and the Book of Genesis. Earlier, the author describes his two trips to Carthage, which he calls a "cauldron of illicit loves", and his time in Ostia, where he shares what he calls a vision of "eternal wisdom". Gradually growing dissatisfied with his life of indulgence in sex and other sensual pleasures, a conversation with his friend Alypius prompts his to convert to Catholicism in the garden of his home in Milan, fulfilling the wishes of his mother Monica. FTP, what is this famous autobiographical account of the religious struggles of St. Augustine?;;(The) Confessions (of) (St.|Saint) (Augustine)
Physics;;Dynamically, it is governed by the Kruskal-Shafranov criterion of stability and the Vlasov, or collisionless Boltzmann, equation, and it frequently exhibits Langmuir waves, which are named for the man who first coined this term. Its behavior is governed in part by the Debye length and by its net Coulomb force, which causes collective modes of motion as well as its high susceptibility to magnetic phenomenon. Found in the Solar Wind, ionosphere, and the interiors of stars, it is thought to compose 99% of the matter of the universe. FTP, what is this fourth state of matter?;;plasma
Literature;;Her wartime experiences influenced the novels "The Marne" and "A Son of the Front", while her early fame came for her writings on interior design like "The Decoration of Houses" and "Italian Villas and Their Gardens". Much attention to architecture and interior design is found in her novels, starting with "The Valley of Decision", while her passionate affair with W. Morton Fullerton inspired "The Reef". Better known are her characterizations of women in "The Custom of the Country" and "The House of Mirth", and her satiric depictions of the New York aristocracy. FTP, who was this author of "The Age of Innocence" and "Ethan Frome"?;;(Edith) Wharton
United States History;;This battle was preceded by the desertion of Walk-in-the-Water and his followers, while during the battle the British commander escaped to Burlington Heights, where he was reprimanded for cowardice. Using information gathered by Colonel Wood, the Americans made a last minute change to their plans, ordering a cavalry charge led by Richard M. Johnson. After Henry Proctor's retreat, the Native Americans fought valiantly until the death of their leader, Tecumseh. FTP, what was this decisive War of 1812 victory for William Henry Harrison which shares its name with a British river?;;(Battle of) (the) (Thames|Moraviantown){1}?
Music;;A premonition of the title character's death is found in her "Card Song", while another major moment of the opera is the duet "Seguidilla". The male lead's fate is sealed when he draws his sword on Captain Zuniga, leading him to flee to the mountains and join the smuggling gang led by Lillas Pastia. Shortly after singing his "Flower Song" he abandons his sweetheart Micaela, but his beloved soon cuckolds him for the bullfighter Escamillo, who sings the famous "Toreador Song". FTP, what is this opera about a gypsy woman, the masterpiece of Georges Bizet?;;Carmen
Literature;;At one point the protagonist compares himself to a gadfly that stings a lazy horse, and at another point is accused of belief in a semi-divine, daemon spirit. The third section argues that death should not be feared, since it is either a peaceful sleep or another world filled with heroes from the past. The second part sees the protagonist propose that Athens punish him with free board at the public's expense for his crimes; earlier, Meletos was led into a series of contradictions, but nonetheless Meletos and his two fellow accusers are victorious. FTP, what is this Platonic dialogue concerning Socrates' defense against charges of sacrilege and corruption of the youth?;;(The) Apology (of Socrates)
Religion/Mythology;;Some alternate legends hold it was the child of Styx and Pallas. After its death, its killer dipped his arrows in its blood, making them incredibly poisonous. During the battle, the hero's feet were attacked by a crab sent by Hera, while his nephew and charioteer Iolaus aided him with a flaming torch, which was used to cauterize the wounds of this beast of Lerna. Eventually, Heracles buried the invulnerable part of it under a boulder, completing his second labor. FTP, what was this beast known for its regenerating heads?;;hydra
Literature;;A pattern of green leaves often covers the stage in this play to symbolize better times for the protagonist, who is fired by Howard Wagner shortly after he recounts the story of Dave Singleton, a well-liked fellow employee whose funeral was well attended. One of the protagonist's sons fails to secure a loan from his former employer, Bill Oliver, continuing a series of failures which began with his discovery of his father's affair with "the Woman" in a Boston hotel room. Linda is alarmed at the series of car accidents suffered by her husband, who kills himself for the insurance money after he believes he has been reconciled with his son Biff. FTP, what is this play about Willy Loman, written by Arthur Miller?;;Death of a Salesman
Art;;A barely-visible clock in the top left indicates the time of the scene as 7 o'clock. In the bottom right is a teapot on a stand, while another is seen in the hand of the woman on the right, who is pouring drinks. One woman has her back to the viewer, while a lamp hung from the ceiling illuminates the faces of the other four people, two of which are reaching for food with their utensils, while the third holds up one of the titular foodstuffs. FTP, what is this early masterpiece depicting peasants at dinner by Van Gogh?;;(The) Potato Eaters
United States History;;Early in his career this man served as a brigadier general in the Philippines and as a military instructor at the University of Nebraska, while from 1921-24 he served as Army chief of staff. Greatly influencing U.S. WWI policy with his "General Organization Report", he gained his nickname from his command of buffalo soldiers. During WWI he successfully conducted the assault on Saint-Mihiel and aided in the Meuse-Argonne offensive while maintaining the independence of U.S. forces. FTP, who was this commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force, known as "Black Jack"?;;(John|Jack) Pershing
Biology;;It can be prepared by the hydrolysis of ethanal cyanohydrin or the oxidation of propan-1,2-diol using dilute nitric acid for use in the dying and tanning industries. Having formula CH3 CH(OH) COOH, it is produced from pyruvic acid in active muscle tissue when oxygen is limited, causing cramping pains before being removed to the liver to be converted to glucose. FTP, what is this end product of bacterial fermentation, the most common acidic constituent of fermented milk products?;;lactic acid
Religon/Mythology;;The central story concerning this deity is sparked by a series of insults perpetrated by her brother, culminating in his throwing a flayed horse into her weaving hall. Born from the left eye of her father, she bore many children by her brother after chewing and spitting out pieces of the sword her gave her while he did the same with her jewels. His rude behavior led her to retreat into a cave, but the other gods gathered together a number of cocks and hung a mirror on a tree, and teased her outside by laughing at the disrobing of Amenouzume, thus returning light to the world. FTP, who is this Shinto sun goddess?;;Amaterasu (Omikami)
United States History;;Early on, reference is made to the "urgency of now", arguing that it is "no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism". Earlier, the speaker holds that the founding fathers were in effect signing a promissory note to all Americans, but that some had been given bad checks which have come back marked "insufficient funds". Opening with a reference to an event occurring "five score years ago", its most famous section is found near the end, when the speaker tells of his hope that people will soon sit together at the table of brotherhood on the red hills of Georgia, that the state of Mississippi will be transformed into an oasis of freedom, and that his four children will be judged not by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. FTP, what was this 1963 speech by Martin Luther King?;;I Have a Dream (speech)
Literature;;A published poet at the age of 19, this author's first collection, "Double Persephone", was followed by the critically acclaimed "The Circle Game". In the 1970s she turned to the novel, with early efforts like "Surfacing" and "Lady Oracle" analyzing the lives of women in a male-dominated society, a theme to which she would return in "Cat's Eye" and "The Robber Bride". FTP, who is this Canadian author probably best known for the dystopian novel "The Handmaid's Tale"?;;(Margaret) Atwood
Religion/Mythology;;Much of the information about them comes from master negatives found at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California. It includes works like "The Manual of Discipline", "The War of the Sons of Light with the Sons of Darkness", and the "Thanksgiving Psalms", as well as a commentary on the Book of Habakkuk and copies of "Jubilees", "Tobit", "First Enoch", and "Isaiah", while the most extensive part is a document containing ritual law known as the "Temple Scroll". FTP, what were these leather and papyrus documents found in a cave on the namesake sea in 1947?;;(the) Dead Sea Scrolls
Noncomputational Math;;Its developer was forced to flee to Derby after claiming to have "raised a devil" from a young girl. It has an error roughly equal to 1 over n to the fourth, and because of its construction, n is required to be even. If h represents the length of the n equal subintervals of the interval from a to b, then the formula for it reads 1/3 h times the sum of the values of the points of the partition with various coefficients, which with the exception of the first and last alternate between 4 and 2. FTP, what is this method for approximating definite integrals using parabolas, named for its British inventor?;;Simpson(')s (rule|method)
Pop Culture;;To crush the freedom fighters before the rainy season, he once offered a shiny new donkey for the head of General Montoya. Also known under the alias "Snrub", he owns the only known nude photo of Mark Twain and the only copy of the Constitution with the word "suckers" in it. Much valuable information about him can be found in his autobiography, "Will There Ever Be a Rainbow"?, including his desire to be reunited with his stuffed bear Bobo and his nefarious slant oil drilling operation. FTP, who is this ruthless autocrat, the richest man in Springfield?;;(C(.)(harles)) (Montgomery) (Mr(.)) Burns
World History;;During this dynasty, painting and sculpture flourished, as seen in the production of its famous eponymous horses. Buddhism was suppressed and monasteries dissolved during the Hu-chiang period, while its greatest territorial expansions occurred under Hsuan Tsung, whose ambitions were finally checked by the Arabs at the Talas River. Great decline occurred after the An Lu-Shan rebellion, which served as subject material for its great poets, including Tu Fu and Li Po. FTP, what was this 618-907 Chinese dynasty whose name is now associated with astronauts?;;Tang (dynasty)
Literature;;The protagonist of this story is inspired to become an artist in part by his encounter with an anonymous girl wading in the sea known only as the "birdlike girl". As a child, he is sent to Clongowes Wood College, while at age 10 he spends his time with his Uncle Charles and pours over his beloved copy of "The Count of Monte Cristo". In Chapter 4 the Director of Belvedere urges him to join the Jesuit priesthood, while in the fifth and final chapter his discussion of artistic theories with the Dean of Studies cements his determination to become a truly Irish writer. FTP, what is this novel about the development of Stephen Dedalus, written by James Joyce?;;(A) Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Geography;;Much of this island's terrain is impassable, but access is provided by rivers such as the Barito and Kapuas. Highly mountainous, it reaches its highest point at Mt. Kinabalu. The interior is populated by the indigenous Dyaks, found mainly in the region known as Kalimantan. In the north are the states of Sabah and Sarawak and the sultanate of Brunei. FTP, what is this third largest island in the world, divided between Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia?;;Borneo
Biology;;Many of this scientist's publications were narrow in focus, including "On the Various Contrivances By Which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilized by Insects" and a detailed treatise on barnacles, the latter of which was intended to pass the time until he felt his most important work would be accepted. He attempted to address difficulties in his work in the late publication "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals", while earlier he had expanded on his groundbreaking work in 1871's "The Descent of Man", which elaborated on an idea developed independently by Alfred Wallace. FTP, who was this British scientist who described his ideas on natural selection in "On the Origin of Species"?;;(Charles) (Wallace) Darwin
Philosophy;;During the late 20th century, this philosophical position was the subject of several important critiques, including one by Helmut Thielicke subtitled, "Its Origin and Nature, with a Christian Answer", as well as one by Eugene Rose subtitled "The Root of the Revolution of the Modern Age". "The Ego and Its Own" established Max Stirner as an early advocate of this position, whose name was used for the first time by Friedrich Jacobi to negatively characterize transcendental idealism. N.A. Dobrolyubov was the model for the famous fictional practitioner created by Turgenev, whose advocated reliance on science and materialism and sought to bring about a revolution that would destroy the institutions of society. Greatly associated with Nietzsche, FTP, what is this philosophical position, the belief in nothing?;;nihilism
World History;;Shortly after the ouster of its most famous leader in favor of Etienne Flandin, it incorporated a policy of "attentisme", which translates as "wait and see". Incorporating a slogan of "Work, Family, and Fatherland," it survived for four years by never passing a constitution, being led by a series of politicians, including Marcel Deat and Jean Darlan, although its greatest security and independence was attained due to the cleverness of Pierre Laval. Nominally led by Marshall Petain, FTP, what was this German puppet state in southeastern France during WWII?;;Vichy (France)
Literature;;In the first section of this work the narrator describes his obsession with bumping an officer who had once moved him out of the way in a tavern. Later the narrator describes the time he imposed himself on a going away party given by Trudoliubov, Ferfitchkin, and Simonov for Zvierkov in the second section, entitled "Apropos of the Falling Snow", which goes on to recount two encounters with a prostitute names Lisa. This follows an opening section in which the narrator attempts to explain his buffoonery and opposition to the rule that "twice two is four". FTP, what is this short work composed of the letters of a recluse, written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky?;;Notes from (the) Underground|Letters from the Underworld
Music;;The time when this composer heard a flute player repeat a four note theme for two and a half hours inspired his orchestral suite "Beni Mora", while the works of Keats were the basis for his "First Choral Symphony". A symphony trombonist, he developed an austere style in works like "Egdon Heath" and the opera "At the Boar's Head", and gained acclaim for the "St Paul's Suite" and the operas "The Perfect Fool" and "Savitri", the latter of which stemmed from an interest in Hindu themes that prompted him to learn Sanskrit. FTP, who is this British composer probably best known for a seven-part orchestral suite entitled "The Planets"?;;(Gustav) Holst
Physics;;Nevill Mott won a share of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on the amorphous type of these materials. The properties exhibited by the intrinsic type are generally poor and temperature-dependent. The more useful kind is the extrinsic type, which are classified as p or n types and which often possess "holes" after impurities are added, a process known as "doping". Important examples include gallium arsenide and silicon. FTP, what are these materials, which exhibit levels of conductivity between those of conductors and insulators?;;semiconductor(s)
Psychology;;Read, Fordham, and Adler compiled the collected works of this man, whose first important work was a book on the psychology of dementia praecox. Drawn to psychology after attending the lectures of the pioneer Pierre Janet, he extended the definition of libido to apply to the totality of life' processes, and in 1923's "Psychological Types" introduced the concepts of introvert and extrovert. FTP, who was this Swiss psychologist, developer of the concepts of the collective unconscious and archetypes?;;(Carl) (Gustav) Jung
Religion/Mythology;;One story about this god tells of the trouble caused when he impaled the eagle of Thiazi when angered over the amount of his food Thiazi ate, while another tells of his theft of cursed gold from the dwarf Andvari. The son of the giants Farbauti and Laufey, at one point his wife Sigyn is forced to catch poison dropped on him while he is chained to three boulders. FTP, who is this Norse trickster god?;;Loki
Art;;The "aerial" type utilizes paleness and blue colors, the "parallel" type is often seen in Chinese art, while medieval painting often incorporated the "inverted" type. Vasari reports that Paolo Uccello loved it so much that he neglected his wife to put in into paintings like "The Hunt in the Forest". Described in Alberti's treatise "De Pictura" after its invention by Brunelleschi, it was first used on a large scale in the paintings of Masaccio, often implemented using convergence of parallel lines and apparent diminution in the size of objects. FTP, what is this method of representing spatial extension into depth on a flat or shallow surface?;;perspective
Literature;;Parkinson's disease caused this author to give up work on his "America" series after writing only two plays, "A Touch of the Poet" and "More Stately Mansions". Getting his start with the plays in "Thirst and Other One Act Plays", written while in a tuberculosis sanitarium, his middle period is marked by the use of masks and symbolism, seen in plays like "Marco Millions", "Lazarus Laughed", and "The Great God Brown", but he is better known for his early sea plays like "Beyond the Horizon" and "Anna Christie". FTP, who is this playwright, author of "The Hairy Ape" and "The Iceman Cometh"?;;(Eugene) O'Neill
United States History;;Early skirmishing in this battle occurred between Union forces and the Confederate cavalry on the Springfield Pike before sustained action began around Peter's Hill. Although the Union failed to reinforce General McCook's beseiged forces due to the presence of an "acoustic shadow" which prevented knowledge of the fighting, the Union forces under Buell were eventually victorious, forcing Braxton Bragg to retreat into Tenessee. FTP, what was this October 8, 1862 battle, which left Kentucky under Union control?;;Perryville
Religion/Mythology;;One figure with this name was the brother of Cadmus and Cilix who failed in his attempt to recover his kidnapped sister Europa from Zeus, while another succeeded Chiron as tutor to Achilles. More famously, this name is attached to a creature who lives near a cool well in which it bathes every dawn, singing so sweetly that the sun-god stops every day to listen. When born, it embalms the remains of its ancestor in an egg and flies it to the altar of the sun-god in Heliopolis, only to have the same happen to it centuries later. FTP, what is mythical bird that is periodically killed and reborn in flame?;;Phoenix
Psychology;;The developer of this concept held that it was governed by two fundamental forces, one of which is the repetition compulsion. Designated by a term originally used by Groddeck, it is present at birth and conforms to the primary processes, thus leading it to ignore contradictions, as well as space and time. Designating the unorganized parts of the psychic apparatus, it observes the pleasure principle. FTP, what is this part of Freud's theory of the mind, the counterpart of the ego and superego?;;Id|Das Es
Astronomy;;It is home to the globular clusters M92 and  M13, the later of which is rated as the finest globular cluster in the northern sky. Its brightest stars are its beta and zeta stars, both with magnitude 2.8. Known to the Arabs as "the Kneeler", it is the fifth largest constellation, and its alpha star is one of the largest known, and is known as Ras algethi. FTP, what is this constellation representing a legendary strongman of Greek myth?;;Hercules
Literature;;Insight into this character's personality can be seen in an exchange of bawdy jests given in Act II, Scene I, and her first speech, which begins "My noble father, I do perceive here a divided duty". Loved by Roderigo, a foreshadowing of her fate is her singing of the "Willow Song", sung during the confusion and depression caused by her husband's mistaken belief in her affair with Cassio. The daughter of Duke Brabantio, her maid Emilia reveals the truth as she is dying after being smothered with a pillow. FTP, who is this wife of Othello?;;Desdemona
Miscellaneous;;In 1960 this man began a search for the abominable snowman, two years after having led a South Pole expedition using tractors as part of the first mechanized journey to the pole, an adventure described in his book " No Latitude for Error". A beekeeper by profession, his book "From the Ocean to the Sky" described his 1977 expedition up the Ganges to the Himalayas, the site of his greatest achievement. FTP, who was this man who with the aid of Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mount Everest?;;(Edmund) Hillary
Philosophy;;Its author argues that its subject can be enhanced by intelligent use of "peripeteia", or reversal, and "anagnorisis", or recognition. Defining his subject as a form of "mimesis", or imitation, to which we are naturally drawn due to our imitative nature, the author then divides his subject into six parts: spectacle, thought, character, plot, melody, and diction, and holds that the best tragedies tells of a hero's fall from happiness to misery due to some hamartia on his part. FTP, what is this philosophical work discussing literature by Aristotle?;;Poetics
Biology;;The cancer treatment hydroxyurea has recently been found to aid in treatment of this disease, increasing life expectance to approximately 45 years. Children with the disease often suffer from "crises" linked with closing of the blood vessels. The gene which causes it specifies the abnormal Hb S hemoglobin, which cause damage to tissues by becoming clogged in capillaries. Resulting from a recessive gene which makes the carrier resistant to malaria, FTP, what is this disease seen mainly in people of sub-Saharan ancestry, which distorts erythrocytes into the namesake shape?;;(sickle cell|sickle-cell){1}? anemia
Geography;;Telpos-Iz is one of the major peaks in this mountain range, whose southern section is known as the Mugodzhar Hills. The central section is known as the Ore, and is home to Mount Yamantau and one of the largest industrial regions in the world, while its highest peaks are found in the north, reaching a height of 6,217 feet at Mount Nayodnaya. FTP, what is this mountain range, the traditional dividing-line between Europe and Asia?;;Ural(s) (Mountains)
Literature;;At one point a magistrate who opposes the protagonist has pots of water poured on his head, while others claim fear of snakes and owls to excuse their desertion. The protagonist's plan is seen in action through the antics of Cinesias and Myrrhine, while Lampito effectively enacts the plan in Sparta, and when delegates from Sparta arrive in Athens a nude maiden is used to entice both sides into a peace agreement. FTP, what is this Aristophanes play in which women withhold sex in order to end a war?;;Lysistrata
World History;;Much valuable information on this group comes from the writings of Priscus, who spent time at the court of their most famous leader, after whose death they were decisively defeated at the River Nedao, ending their historical significance. A nomadic people, they used their formidable cavalry to defeat the Ukrainian Ostrogoths during the 370s, beginning their advance into Europe. On the death of Rua they were ruled by two brothers, but Bleda was soon put to death by his brother, whose advance on Rome was stopped at Lake Garda just a year after his defeat by Aetius at Catalaunian Fields. FTP, who were these people most famously led by Attila?;;Hun(s)
Chemistry;;Their dilution is governed by Ostwald's Law, and they form the most notable exceptions to Henry's Law. Gases may act as them under conditions of high temperature of low pressure. Acetic acid is a weak one, while potassium chloride is an example of a strong one. They include all inorganic acids, bases, and salts. FTP, what are these electrical conductors in which current is carried by ions rather than free electrons.;;electrolyte(s)
Music;;This composer first won fame with the publication of his opus 3 "L'estro armonico", a collection of concertos for one, two or four violins, while in the realm of sacred music he composed the celebrated orotorio "Juditha triumphans". Composer of an opera based on "Orlando furioso", he offered musical training at the Pio Ospedale della Pieta, a orphanage for girls in Venice, while gaining the moniker "the red priest" due to his red hair. FTP, who was this Italian composer now best-known for the concertos in "The Four Seasons"?;;(Antonio) Vivaldi
Religion/Mythology;;The so-called Southern school of this religion emphasized sudden enlightenment, but had died out by the 8th century. Introduced to the west largely through the writings of D.T. Suzuki, it was originally introduced by the legendary Bodhidharma. Its varied practices include the continual invocation of Amida in the Obaku school, while the Soto school uses the practice of zazen, or sitting in meditation without expectation, but most famous is the Renzai sect's use of paradoxical koans. FTP, what is this major branch of Buddhism?;;Zen (Buddhism)
Literature;;In lines 5 and 6 of this poem the author explains that he has derived much pleasure from rest and sleep. Having earlier observed that the poem's subject has been called "mighty and dreadful", the poet then explains that it is "slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men., and dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell", finally concluding that after "one short sleep past, we wake eternally", and thus the poem's subject shall die. FTP, what is this sonnet by John Donne?;;Death(,) Be Not Proud|Holy Sonnet (72|Seventy(-)two){1}?
United States History;;It was repudiated by the Clark memorandum of 1928, while an earlier proposal to amend it by Calvo was modified by the Drago Doctrine and Porter Amendment to apply it to foreign debt. First given its current name in 1852, Olney modified it to assert US sovereignty on the continent, while Lodge used it to discourage sale of strategic land. Prompted by both a minor clash with Russia in the northwest and the desire to oppose the Holy Alliance, it was most famously altered by the Roosevelt Corollary. FTP, what was this 1823 doctrine calling for an end to European intervention in the Americas?;;Monroe (Doctrine)
Physics;;In the 1940s barium titanate was discovered to exhibit this effect strongly when exposed to high temperatures. Originally a laboratory curiosity, it was first exploited in WWI when its converse version was used in an early form of sonar. Seen in crystals lacking a center of structural symmetry, such as tourmaline, it has come to be used in phonograph pickups and microphones after its 1880 discovery by Paul-Jacques and Pierre Curie. Seen especially in Rochelle salts and quartz, FTP, what is this effect in which certain non-conducting crystals exhibit a potential difference across opposite faces when exposed to mechanical stress?;;piezoelectricity|piezoelectric (effect)
Art;;Originally erected above a pool, it is now placed at the top of the main staircase of the Louvre, appropriate, as it was intended to be viewed obliquely and from below. Known for the intricate depiction of the drapes billowing in the wind, it depicts a figure alighting on the prow of a ship, still partly airborne due to a powerful head-wind. Created around 200 BCE, FTP, what is this great monument rediscovered in 1863 on the island of Samothrace?;;(Winged) (Victory|Nike){1}? (of Samothrace)
Literature;;It ends with the narrator pointing out a bronze sculpture by Claus of Innsbruck depicting Neptune taming a sea horse. Earlier the narrator reveals that he chooses "never to stoop" while complaining that "the dropping of the daylight in the West"., or a "bough of cherries some officious fool broke in the orchard" brought a "spot of joy" to the face of his wife., who in his eyes was "too soon made glad", prompting him to "give commands" until "all smiles stopped". This discourse is prompted by a viewing by an agent of the count of Tyrol of a painting by Fra Pandolf depicting the former wife of the Duke of Ferrara. FTP, what is this dramatic monologue by Robert Browning?;;My Last Duchess
Religion/Mythology;;One figure of this name was the daughter of King Nisus of Megara. Promising to deliver Megara into the hands of her lover Minos, she cut off a golden hair from her father's head, incurring her father's hatred, prompting her to throw herself into the sea. The other was transformed into a monster with barking dogs for legs, twelve arms, and six heads due to Circe's jealousy of Glaucus' love for her. FTP, who is this monster located across the Strait of Messina from Charybdis?;;Scylla
Physics;;In his famous 1903 Silliman Lectures at Yale, this physicist foreshadowed Einstein's theory of photons with his proposal of a discontinuous theory of light. His elucidation of positive rays and application to neon led to his discovery of neon-22, the first known isotope. This work was continued by his student Francis Aston, one of seven students to also receive a Nobel Prize. Developing the Cavendish Labs into the world's leader center for subatomic physics, his most famous discovery came from his investigation of cathode rays. FTP, who was this British recipient of the 1906 Nobel Prize for his discovery of the electron?;;(J)(oseph) (J)(ohn) Thomson
Literature;;He returned to the writing of dramas late in life, publishing "Eight Comedies and Eight New Interludes", and achieved success with his last published work, "The Labors of Persiles and Sigismunda: A Northern Story". His first published work, the pastoral romance "La galatea", was followed by a series of failed plays, of which only "Numantia" and "The Traffic of Algiers" survive. Known for his various adventures, including jail time for irregularities in his accounting practices, a stint in Algiers as a slave, and his actions in the battle of Lepanto, where his left hand was crippled, his best known work describes the picaresque adventures of an elderly knight. FTP, who is this author of "Don Quixote"?;;(Miguel) (de) Cervantes
Economics;;The fourth section of chapter one concerns the "fetishism of commodities and the secret thereof", while chapter four provides a "general formula" for the titular subject while analyzing what the author designates as the C-M-C and M-C-M forms of circulation, the latter representing the desire to accumulate money for its own sake. Putting forth a controversial theory of commodity value in which a commodity is said to be worth the labor that went into it, the author then uses this theory to claim that employers can pay laborers less than the value of their labor since the employers control the "means of production". FTP, what is this work of economics by Karl Marx?;;Das Kapital|The Capital
United States History;;The early leader Matthew Davis guided the shift of this group's activities away from its early emphasis on parade marches and drinking parties in Martling's Tavern. Later, Richard Croker sought to reverse the reforms which had made it an efficient, autocratic organization. Originally founded in 1789 by William Mooney as a patriotic organization with an elaborate Indian ritual, it gained great power with the election of Fernando Wood as mayor of New York, but soon experienced a reversal in fortunes due to an expose of its graft by the New York Times and Harper's Weekly. FTP, what was this group that has frequently controlled New York politics, most famously headed by Wiliam Tweed?;;Tammany (Hall)|Society of St. Tammany
Religion/Mythology;;The concluding chapter of this book, number 52, is a historical appendix derived mainly from second Kings, chapters 24 and 25. Composed of four main parts, the third contains prophecies against other nations like Moab, the Ammonites, and Egypt, while the opening section includes descriptions of the visions of the almond rod and baskets of figs. Chapter 20 is notable for the series of confessions of the title prophet, while chapters 30-33 contain prophecies of restoration known as the "Little Book of Comfort". FTP, what is this book of the Old Testament, some of which was recorded by the namesake's scribe Baruch?;;(The) (Book of) Jeremiah
Chemistry;;Nitric acid and water form an example of the "maximum" type, while ethanol and water form a "minimum" type. Although they cannot be separated by fractional distillation, a third component can be added to form a new one of these with one of the original components, giving rise to the namesake type of distillation. They arise due to deviations in Raoult's Law, leading to maximums or minimums in the boiling-point composition diagram. FTP, what are these mixtures of liquids that boil at constant composition?;;azeotrope(s)
Literature;;She collaborated in writing the portrait "Ada" and "A Novel of Thank You", but her later work "Aromas and Flavors of Past and Present" was unsuccessful. Important information about the Paris "lost generation" is found in her memoir "What is Remembered", but more indicative of her life is her famous namesake cookbook, containing both her famous recipe for hashish brownies and her witty reminiscences of the circle who gathered around her famous partner. FTP, who is this woman immortalized in an "autobiography" written by her companion Gertrude Stein?;;(Alice) (B(.)) Toklas
Geography;;In the north of this country is the vast tropical forest known as the Peten, as well as the Lake Izabal-Rio Dulce river system, to the south of which is the largest river, the Motagua. The population is concentrated in a highland region which cuts across the country from east to west, and is home to Lake Atitlan and the inactive volcano Tajumulco, the highest point in Central America. Major cities include Quetzaltenango, San Jose, and Puerto Barrios. Bordered by El Salvador, Honduras, Belize, and Mexico, FTP, what is this country which chares its name with the capital city?;;(Republic of) Guatemala
World History;;A merchant in the service of the Medici, this man helped outfit the ships for Columbus' 2nd and 3rd voyages, and devised a system for determining nearly exact longitude, while his acceptance of South America as a separate continent altered European understanding of the New World. In 1499 he served as navigator of the expedition of Ojeda that discovered the mainland of the New World, while on his own he discovered Baia de Guanabara and the mouth of the Amazon, but is best-known for the accounts of his voyages published by the mapmaker Martin Waldseemuller. FTP, who was this explorer often considered the source of the name America?;;(Amerigo) Vespucci
Music;;He wrote a work for 23 solo strings entitled "Metamorphosen", while in the field of vocal music he produced works like "Allerseelen", "Traum durch die Dammerung", and the "Four Last Songs". A master of tonality, his most important works came in the genres of opera and tone poems, as seen in tone poems like "Don Quixote" and "Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks" and operas like "Elektra", "Der Rosenkavalier", and "Salome". FTP, who is this German composer of "Thus Spake Zarathustra"?;;(Richard) Strauss
Literature;;Tension arises in this novel when the understanding Mr. Brown is replaced by the uncompromising Reverend James Smith, who encourages the fanaticism of the young Christian convert Enoch, who provokes the climax of the novel by ripping the mask off of an egwugwu during a religious ceremony. The protagonist is forced into exile for seven years after his gun misfires, killing a village boy. After his return to Ufuomia, his fears of appearing weak like his father Unoka prompt him to beat his son Nwoye and to kill a government messenger with his machete, after which he hangs himself. Centering on the character Okonkwo, FTP, what is this novel, the masterpiece of Chinua Achebe?;;Things Fall Apart
Biology;;This body's postlateral fissure provides a convenient means of dividing it into three lobes, the anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. Containing several masses of grey matter, the largest of which is known as the dentate nucleus, it is located above the fourth ventricle. Covered by regular, nearly parallel grooves called folia, it is connected to the rest of the brain by three fiber bundles called peduncles. Divided in two by a wormlike structure called the vermis, it is the motor feedback center for the body responsible for the coordination of muscular activity. FTP, what is this area in the back of the brain whose name appropriately means "little brain"?;;cerebellum
Art;;He painted his mistress, Madeleine Knobloch, in "Woman Powdering Herself", just before his death by meningitis at age 31. In "Les Chahut" he displayed his theories that certain types of lines could invoke specific emotions, but he is better-known for a technique first expressed in his first major painting, "Bathers, Asnieres", and whose popular name was coined by Felix Feneon, despite the artist's own preference for the term "divisionism". FTP, who was this French painter, who in his masterpiece "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte" utilized the technique of "pointillism"?;;(George) Seurat
Pop Culture;;It was eventually shown to be vulnerable to the influence of peach schnapps. It was supposed to have been used when Mike Moffett said that Jerry was a phony, while Susan's use of it was evidence that worlds were colliding. Notoriously ineffective, FTP, what was this place where secrets were kept by the characters on "Seinfeld"?;;(the) vault
World History;;The turning point in this battle came with Hasbrouck's defense of St. Vith and McAuliffe's holding of the vital communications center at Bastogne. It began when German forces broke through a portion of the Allied line with a surprise attack on the "Ghost Front", and was intended to take Antwerp. Despite bad weather that kept Allied air forces grounded early in the fighting, the German forces were soon repulsed. Also known as the  Ardennes Campaign, FTP, what was this last major German offensive of WWII?;;(Battle of) (the) Bulge
Earth Science;;A major event during this period was the Glossopteris flora population explosion, but its last years saw a number of mysterious mass extinctions, including the fusulinids and trilobites. Rocks from this period are characterized by an abundance of red land-laid sediments and evaporites. Geologically, it saw the formation of Pangaea, and it is named for a region of the Russian Urals by Roderick Murchison. FTP, what is this period of geologic time from 286 to 245 million years ago, which follows the Carboniferous Period in ending the Paleozoic Era?;;Permian (Period)
Literature;;The action of this work is set in motion due to the theories of the well-known Philadelphia neurologist S. Weir Mitchell, and it ends with the narrator repeated crawling over her unconscious husband John, having just seen what she describes as "strangled heads and bulbous eyes and waddling fungus growths shrieking with derision". She had spent the previous three months in the nursery of an ancestral hall undergoing an extended rest to treat bouts of hysteria, but soon became obsessed with the title object, in which she saw an imprisoned woman. FTP, what is this famous story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman?;;(The) Yellow Wallpaper
Philosophy;;This school of philosophy was carried on by Posidonius and Panaetius during its so-called "middle" period, whose beginning is often identified with the death of the thinker Antipater. Defining the active principle of the universe as a God who can only act upon matter through something they called the "intelligent pneuma", major expositors like Cleanthes, Chrysippus, and Epictetus argued for freedom from passions and desires. Famously practiced by Marcus Aurelius, FTP, what is this school of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium?;;Stoic(ism|s)
World History;;In his most famous work this man used a flashback technique known as "ring-composition" to maintain the forward flow of the narrative. Involved in an uprising against the tyrant Lygdamis early in his life, he died as part of an Athenian colony sent to Thurii. A native of Halicarnassus, he spent much of his life traveling widely, providing much of the material for his masterpiece, a nine-volume historical work often criticized for its acceptance of eyewitness accounts but nonetheless revolutionary for its scope. FTP, who is this man known as the "Father of History" for detailing the Greek-Persian Wars in his "Histories"?;;Herodotus
Geography;;Many important public buildings can be found in Cathays Park, while nearby is the medieval cathedral of Llandaff. Its growth was stimulated by the building of docks like Penarth and Barry, and until the early 20th century it was one of the world's leading coal-shipping ports. Located on the Taff River, it grew from a namesake castle built on the site of a Roman fort in 1090 into a city of 320,000. FTP, what is this city, the capital and largest city in Wales?;;Cardiff
Geography;;Its dome features a corona of 40 arched windows which flood the interior with light, and is the first major example of a dome built on pendentives. The east and west arches are extended by half-domes which create its characteristic oblong nave. Built by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, some of its decorative mosaics have been recently uncovered by removing the whitewash that covered them during its alterations by the Turks, who also added four minarets. FTP, what is this great church in Istanbul?;;Hagia Sophia|Church of Holy Wisdom
Literature;;Lesser known contributors include Thomas Tickell and Ambrose Phillips. Installment 113 contains Roger de Coverley's views on marriage, while numbers 267, 273, and others contain one author's critical papers on Paradise Lost. Utilizing a fictional framework describing the views of characters like Will Honeycomb, Captain Sentry, and Sir Andrew Freeport, its issues were united by the purported author, a shy, quiet "observor" of the London scene. Published from 1711 until 1714, FTP, what is this periodical featuring the essays of Steele and Addison, the successor to "The Tatler"?;;(The) Spectator
Biology;;It is differentiated from a closely related hormone by the fact that it dilates the blood vessels of skeletal muscles and the liver and by its secretion at a ratio of 1 to 4 with its partner hormone by the ends of sympathetic nerve fibers. It is used as an aid to asthma sufferers since it dilates the bronchioles. It inhibits digestion and excretion, increases heart activity, increases the rate of breathing, and increases the power and stamina of muscles. Often injected into the hearts of cardiac arrest victims, FTP, what is this hormone whose release during times of stress has led it to be called the "emergency hormone"?;;adrenaline|epinephrine
World History;;He initiated the assizes of Northampton in order to combat the anarchy rampant during the reign of his predecessor, who he had earlier forced to sign the Treaty of Wellingford or Winchester making him the sole heir to the throne. Known by such monikers as Fitzempress and Curtmantle, he is best known today for conflict instigated by his Constitutions of Clerendon, in which he sought to curb the power of the church. The last years of his reign were marred by the revolts of his sons, who were encouraged by his wife, Elinor of Aquitaine. FTP, who was this first of the Angevin kings, known for his feud with Thomas a Becket?;;Henry (II|(the) second|(the) 2nd){1}?;;Henry
Religion/Mythology;;At one point this mythological figure was taken to Delos by the goddess Eos, whom he served sexually. Originally intended to marry Merope, he grew impatient over delays in the wedding and raped her, prompting her father Oenopion to blind him. After the rays of the rising sun restored his sight, he became a follower of Artemis, and according to one legend was killed after an angry Artemis sent a scorpion to attack him. FTP, who was this great hunter of Greek myth, immortalized as a constellation?;;Orion
Literature;;Other stories in the namesake collection include "A Temporary Matter" and "The Third and Final Continent". The story itself is set during a tour of the temple of Konarak and hills of Udayagiri and Khandagiri by a family visiting India, during which the tour guide, Mr. Kapasi, sees a potential cure for his loneliness in the person of Mrs. Das, who in a moment alone confides in him that her second child was born of an affair of which her husband is unaware. FTP, what is this title story of a recent Pulitzer Prize winning collection by Jhumpa Lahiri?;;Interpreter of Maladies
World History;;Fascinated in his youth by the sea and ships, he spent two years of his reign traveling throughout Europe learning the techniques of shipbuilding, but upon his return was forced to put down a revolt of the streltsy. Originally joint emperor with his retarded brother Ivan under the regency of his half-sister Sophia, he soon seized power, and later had his son Alexei tortured to death to maintain his rule. His seizure and eventual loss of Azov was his first notable attempt to gain greater maritime access, which was completed with his gain of a section of the Baltic coast, where he founded his new capital, modeled on the Western ideas he forced upon his country. FTP, who was this victor in the Great Northern War who from 1682-1725 ruled Russia?;;Peter (the Great|I|the First){1}?;;Peter
Physics;;Due to symmetry considerations, one of the nine possible transformations involving this concept is not allowed. First proposed by  Moo-Young Han and Yoichiro Nambu and independently by Oscar Greenberg, incidences of this concept are always confined within hadrons. Named for the way in which certain combinations give neutral particles, transformations involving it are mediated by the gluons. FTP, what is this property of quarks, the positive type of which comes in red, green, and blue types?;;color (charge)|strong force
Psychology;;With Margaret Vaughan he wrote the book "Enjoy Old Age", while autobiographical information can be found in works like "Particulars of My Life" and "A Matter of Consequences". He delivered the famous William James Lectures at Harvard in 1947 mainly on the strength of his 1938 work "The Behavior of Organisms", which presented his theories on operant conditioning, further addressed in his controversial books "Beyond Freedom and Dignity" and "Walden Two". FTP, who was this behaviorist psychologist famous for his namesake "box"?;;(B)(urrhus) (F)(rederick) Skinner
Religion/Mythology;;The first major medieval reference to this figure is found in the "Flores historiarum" of Roger of Wendover, who reports his name as Cartiphilus, while an Italian variant of the story uses the name Giovanni Buttadeo. John, Chapter 18, Verses 20-22 are often cited as the basis of the story, which was famously revived in a 1602 German pamphlet in which he is named Ahasuerus, and which tells of his taunting of Christ while on the way to the crucifixion, prompting Jesus to respond "I stand and rest, but you will go on". FTP, who is this character of Christian legend doomed to live until the end of the world?;;(the) Wandering Jew
Literature;;Near the end of his life this author penned two short series of novels entitled "The Three Cities" and "The Four Gospels" before his mysterious death from inhaling carbon monoxide fumes in his sleep. While working in a publishing house his employer encouraged him to publish his first works, the short story collection "Contes a Ninon" and the novels "La Confession de Claude" and "Therese Raquin", marked by the scientific determinism which he would explore in all of his works. He became the most famous author in France for his novel "Drunkard", found in his epic 20-novel "Rougon-Macquart" cycle, along with "Nana" and "Germinal". FTP, who was this novelist and critic perhaps best-known for his defense of Alfred Dreyfus in an open letter entitled "J'Accuse"?;;(Emile) Zola
Music;;This musical work features a number of noteworthy dances, including "Trepak", the "Arab Dance", the "Chinese Dance", and the "Dance of the Flutes", and concludes with the "Waltz of the Flowers". Featuring the first-ever orchestral use of the celesta, this  ballet opens with the "Miniature Overture", then goes on to tells of the title figure's battle with an army of mice, after which he takes a girl to Jam Mountain, leading to the famous "Dance of the Sugarplum Fairy". FTP, what is this ballet by Tchaikovsky?;;(The) Nutcracker
Chemistry;;It can be produced by the cuprammonium process, in which the raw material used to make it is dissolved in copper oxide and ammonia. It is more resistant to stains and creasing when made by the acetate process, but the most common commercial type is made by the viscose process. First produced by Hilaire de Chardonnet in 1884, it is made using natural cellulose derived from wood pulp. FTP, what is this fiber once known as "artificial silk", the first synthetic fiber?;;rayon
United States History;;Samuel Liebowitz led the defense, which was aided by two successful Supreme Court appeals by Ozie Powell and Clarence Norris, the latter of which eventually fled to Michigan, which refused to extradite him. Roy Wright was the only one not sentenced to death, despite the retracted testimony of Ruby Bates. Led by Haywood Patterson, FTP, who were these nine African-Americans accused of raping two Alabama girls, whose unfair trials became a symbol for American racism?;;Scottsboro (boys)
Geography;;This river falls 72 feet at the rapids of the Khone Falls, and its floodwaters often reverse the flow of the Tonle Sap River, which flows into it during the dry season. From its marshy source in the Rup-sa Pass of Tibet it rises as the Za Qu River, flowing generally south through Yunnan Province before reaching the major port Phnom Penh and forming much of Laos' border with Myanmar and Thailand. Known for its great delta, FTP, what is this major river of southeast Asia?;;(Mekong|Lancang){1}? (River)
Literature;;To fulfill her need for excitement, the protagonist of this novel frequents the racetrack, where she develops a physical attraction to Alcee Arobin. She develops dissatisfaction with her life in part due to the piano recitals of Mademoiselle Reisz and her long conversations with Madame Ratignolle while vacationing at Grand Isle, where she soon falls in love with Robert Lebrun, but when Lebrun refuses to explore their love due to her marriage, she drowns herself in the sea. FTP, what is this novel about Edna Pontellier, written by Kate Chopin?;;(The) Awakening
World History;;After early studies under Hegius of Deventer, this thinker was saved from a life spent at the monastery of Emmaus when the Bishop of Cambrai chose him as his personal secretary, and he soon published a collection of proverbs known as the "Adagia". Despite his opposition to the leaders of the Reformation, he greatly aided its cause with his "Colloquia" and with his best-known work, a vicious satire attacking the abuses and follishness of the various classes of society, especially the Church. FTP, who was this Dutch humanist, author of "The Praise of Folly"?;;(Desiderius) Erasmus
United States History;;His 1904 book "Presidental Problems" was a defense of his second term in office, during which he gained the nickname "the Great Obstructionist". Getting his start as sheriff and public executioner of Oneida County, New York, he went on to become the so-called "veto mayor" of Buffalo, and he famously feuded with John Kelly of Tammany Hall and allied himself with a young Teddy Roosevelt as governor of New York. Defeating Blaine for the presidency, he first term saw him marry his former ward Francis Folsom and repeatedly veto pork-barrel legislation, while in his second term he opposed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act and threatened war with Britain over the Venezuelan border dispute. FTP, who was this president whose two terms were interrupted by the presidency of Benjamin Harrison?;;(Grover) Cleveland
Chemistry;;In its natural state, it exists as a 2 to 1 mixture of its ortho and para forms. Predicted due to differences in the chemical and physical weights of its related element, its discovery was assisted by Brickwedde and Murphy, and it was first prepared in its pure for by G.N. Lewis. It is extensively used as an isotopic tracer since it reacts much more slowly than its related element, and the large amount of energy released during nuclear fusion of its atoms or in its lithium compounds has led to its use in thermonuclear weapons. Discovered by Harold Urey, FTP, what is this isotope of hydrogen found in heavy water?;;deuterium
Art;;In the bottom right of this painting is an open book on a stand, while another book is seen in the hands of the man in the top center, above and to the left of which is a signature dating the work to 1632. In all, seven men are seen in the top left watching a man using a metal instrument on the arm of the cadaver before him. FTP, what is this great group portrait by Rembrandt?;;(The) Anatomy Lesson of (Dr.|Doctor|Dr){1}? (Nicolaes) Tulp
Geography;;The second largest island in this group is home to the former capital, Atuona, and a major harbor known as the Bay of Traitors, while its largest island was claimed for the United States by David Porter and named Madison Island. The northwest group of islands is sometimes called the Washington Islands, and includes Hatatu, Motu Iti, and Ua Pou, while the southeastern group, sometimes called the Mendana Islands, includes Hiva Oa, the burial place of Paul Gaugain. FTP, what is this part of French Polynesia whose largest island, Nuku Hiva, was the site of the fourth installment of Survivor?;;Marquesas (Islands)
Literature;;This poet's first published poem was a reminiscence about an elderly black man entitled "Negro Harry", while his first short-story, "Death in the School-Room", was based on his Long Island teaching experience. His only novel, Franklin Evans, is a temperance tract, while his Civil War poems are collected in Specimen Days and Collect and Drum Taps. He is most famous for poems like "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry",  "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" and "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd". FTP, identify this great American poet, the author of Leaves of Grass and "Song of Myself".;;(Walt) Whitman
Chemistry;;The erroneous idea that the reaction which forms this class of compounds was analogous to neutralization led to their strange naming convention, in which these compounds are named as if they were alkyl salts of carboxylic acids.  IR peaks for these compounds appear at both 1750 and 1200 inverse centimeters, and reaction of them with a base to form an alcohol and a salt is known as saponification and is used in making soap. They are of the form RCOOR' (R C O O R prime) where R and R' are alkyl or aryl groups. FTP name these compounds which form from the reaction of an acid and an alcohol, well known for their unique smells.;;ester(s)
Art;;Early works like the recently discovered Dormition of the Virgin show the influence of Byzantine icon painting. Kicked out of Titian's workshop in less than 10 days because he was too talented for Titian's comfort, he excelled as a portraitist, as seen in his painting Felix Paravicino. Known for a characteristic style representing figures as elongated, flame-like forms utilizing eerie bluish colors, he created a series of famed altarpieces, including El Espolio and The Burial of Count Orgaz. FTP, who was this artist who painted his adopted home in View of Toledo, known by a name indicating his Cretan origins.;;El Greco|(Domenikos) (Theotocopoulos) Cretan
World History;;This man's main follower was Louis de Saint-Just. Known for practicing a simple Spartan lifestyle, he wished to establish a religion of the Supreme Being and denounced the atheistic Religion of Reason espoused by a rival group, the Hebertists.  Made public accuser in 1791, he soon became the leader of the Mountain, and after defeating the Indulgents he assumed complete power, hoping to establish a Republic of Virtue.  FTP, identify this short-lived leader of the Committee of Public Safety who orchestrated the Reign of Terror.;;(Maximilien) Robespierre
Philosophy;;Among the first agnostics, this philosopher is said to have drafted the legal code for the colony of Thurii. His work "Refutations" is lost, and his only surviving work is the first sentence of his "On the Gods". Among the first Sophists, he is known to have been the first Greek to teach for a fee. His namesake Platonic dialogue concerns whether virtue can be taught, but he is better known for a statement recorded in Theaetetus. FTP, who was this native of Abdera who declared "Man is the measure of all things"?;;Protagoras (of Abdera)
Biology;;The most common form of this disease is caused in part by choline deficiency, while the biliary type is caused by disruption of bile flow and is more common in women. Gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the most lethal complications of this disease, whose portal type is the most common, and is frequently found in middle-aged males with a history of chronic alcoholism. FTP, what is this degeneration of the tissue of the liver?;;cirrhosis (of the liver)
Literature;;At one point in this novel, the protagonist receives an X-ray of the skeletal structure of his paramour as a gift from Behrens, while the theorist Georg Lukacs is the inspiration for the lapsed Jew Leo Naphta. The main character is in love with Claudia Chauchat, a married Slavic woman, but he is rebuffed and angered when she ends up with a Dutch coffee planter named Peeperkorn. Later, the hero participates in a s¨¦ance with Dr. Krokowski which ends with him trying to speak to his dead cousin Joachim Ziemssen, who died in World War I. FTP, identify this novel concerning Hans Castorp's seven year stay at Haus Berghof, the most famed novel of Thomas Mann.;;(The) Magic Mountain
World History;;Fighting in this war was briefly ended by the Peace of Nicias, but three years later the battle of Mantinea sparked another 15 years of fighting. Cynossema and Cyzicus were naval victories for Athens, which relied throughout on the power of its navy to protect its trade routes. The disastrous Athenian campaign against Syracuse cost it much of its fleet, and despite the efforts of Alcibiades, Lysander's victory at Aegospotami led to Sparta's victory. Recorded in detail by Xenophon and Thucydides, FTP, what was this war named for the isthmus in the south of Greece?;;Peloponnesian (War(s))
Religion/Mythology;;The only temple dedicated to him is at Pushkar. In the 7th century C.E. the sect known as the Smartas chose five deities to worship and omitted this one, and currently there are no sects or cults which worship him. He was usually pictured as standing on a lotus throne or riding his swan, the hamsa, and is often accompanied by his consorts Savitri and Sarasvati. He originated either from a primordial golden egg or from a lotus which sprouted from Vishnu's navel. Formerly an important god, his name now denotes a divine essence. FTP, name this Creator god of Hinduism.;;Brahma
Literature;;The first stanza of this poem describes the title object as a "venturous bark that flings on the sweet summer wind its purpled wings", while the fourth stanza expresses thanks for the "heavenly message" brought by it. Describing the title object as a "ship of pearl", the poet describes how its "irised ceiling (is) rent" after the death of its "frail tenant", who had added to it throughout its life to make room for its growth, leading the author to conclude in the fifth stanza that his soul should do the same. FTP, what is this famous poem by Oliver Wendell Holmes?;;(The) Chambered Nautilus
Religion/Mythology;;According to one legend Gondoforus, king of the Indies, provided this man with money to build a palace, but he gave it to the poor. According to the apocryphal Acts of his name, he worked as a missionary in India and was finally martyred at Meliapore. Earlier, he alone suggested that the disciples join Jesus in his dangerous journey to heal Lazarus. Also known as Didymus, FTP, who was this disciple whose failure to believe in the Resurrection gave him the moniker "doubting"?;;(St.|st|Saint) Thomas
Physics;;The meter type of this device incorporates a one meter long wire with a sliding contact which can run along it, while other popular versions utilize one or more rheostats to vary the quantity involved. One major advantage is that no calibration is required of the measuring device, which is usually a galvanometer placed between two opposite junctions. When the galvanometer registers no deflection, the device is balanced, and can be used to calculate an unknown resistance based on the known values of three other resistances. FTP, what is this famous "bridge" named for the man who popularized it?;;Wheatstone (Bridge)
Music;;He composed the scores for the ballets Dybbuk and Facsimile, while his controversial Mass was composed specifically for the opening of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Initially studying under Walter Piston and Fritz Reiner, he was soon mentored by Serge Koussevitsky. Making a spectacular debut as conductor with the New York Philharmonic as a last-minute substitute for Bruno Walter, he went on to success both as a conductor and composer of musicals like Candide and Fancy Free. FTP, who was this composer of West Side Story?;;(Leonard) Bernstein
World History;;Quashed when John Lister's men were defeated by Henry Le Despenser, it ultimately proved unsuccessful due to forgotten promises at Miles End and Smithfield.  It was allegedly caused by an unpopular poll tax, but was largely the result of discontent over the Statute of Laborers.  It began in Essex in May 1381, and a month later men from Kent had entered London and destroyed the palace of John of Gaunt. FTP, identify this revolt led by Wat Tyler and named for the portion of the populace involved.;;Peasants(') Re(volt|bellion){1}?|Wat Tyler's (Rebellion|War){1}?
Literature;;At the outset of this novel, Heloise Dubuc dies of shock after a lawyer steals all her property. Another character, Binet, spends his free time making napkin rings on his lathe in his attic.  Financial troubles for the title character begin with a failed operation on Hippolyte, and are further precipitated after borrowing money from Lheureux. Also causing problems are her love affairs with the landowner Boulanger and the student Leon. FTP, identify this novel chronicling the downfall of the wife of the doctor Charles, the best known work of Gustave Flaubert.;;Madame Bovary
Astronomy;;This man's namesake Variable Nebula is a reflection nebula in Monoceros, while with Sandage he is the namesake of a type of extremely massive, luminous hypergiant variable star. In 1925 he devised a widely used system for classifying galaxies using his famous "tuning-fork" diagram, and by 1929 his work at the Mount Wilson observatory produced good distance measurements for over twenty galaxies, which he compared to their velocities to determine that they were receding with speeds that increased with their distance. FTP, who was this astronomer whose undetermined namesake constant governs this recession?;;(Edwin) Hubble
Geography;;The western region of this country is a vast desert split into three regions, the mountainous Kaokeveld region in the north, which includes the Otavi mountains, the sandy Arandis region in the center, and the rocky Oranjemund area in the south, located west of the Basotho Highlands. The official language is English and the major ethnic groups include the Ovambo and Kavango. The agricultural central plateau region borders the Kunene and Okavango river valleys on the north and the Orange River on the south. Formerly known as Southwest Africa, FTP name this African nation which contains the Caprivi Strip, whose capital is Windhoek.;;Namibia
United States History;;This politician's early and unexpected death was partly due to his acceptance of Lincoln's request that he travel to the south and northwest to rouse Union sentiments in the face of the Civil War. Known as the "Little Giant", as chairman of the Committee on Territories in the U.S. Senate he was at the forefront of the slavery question, addressing it with his concept of "popular sovereignty", which he was able to implement in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. To address the Dred Scot decision, he developed his controversial Freeport Doctrine during his famed series of debates with Abraham Lincoln in 1858. FTP, who was this Democrat who went on to lose the 1860 presidential election?;;(Stephen) Douglas
Miscellaneous;;Until the 1930s this woman wrote poetry under the pseudonym Anne Singleton. Heavily influenced by Elsie Clews Parson and Alexander Goldenweiser, she produced her first book, Tales of the Cochiti Indians, in 1931, having earlier gained her Ph.D. with The Concept of the Guardian Spirit in North America. She held that the overall "personality" of a society defines its members, explaining her ideas in works like Zuni Mythology and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. FTP, who was this anthropologist, author of Patterns of Culture?;;(Ruth) Benedict
Literature;;Before he began authoring original work, he doctored The Spanish Tragedy for Henslowe, and adapted two Roman comedies in The Case is Altered. He was satirically portrayed in Marston's Histriomastix, though he later collaborated with Marston and Chapman on Eastward Ho!. He later wrote masques such as Epicene, and satires like Bartholomew Fair, Cynthia's Revels and the Poetaster. FTP, who was this 17th century dramatist responsible for Volpone, The Alchemist, and Every Man in His Humour?;;(Ben) Jonson
Religion/Mythology;;As a child he was given the four winds to play with by the wind god Anu. Originally a god of thunderstorms, a text which surfaced during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar I bestowed 50 honorable names upon him, and told how with a bow and arrow and some magic given to him by his father, Enki, he slayed the dragon Tiamat and her consort Kingu, and created mankind from Kingu's blood. FTP name this god whose story is told in the Enuma Elish, the chief deity of ancient Babylonia.;;Marduk
Literature;;The main character of this novel is encouraged to "watch out fer ol' number one" by The Tattered Man, and is called a "wild cat" by Lieutenant Hasbrouck, who gets shot in the hand and drives a fleeing soldier back into the ranks.  Wilson's courage falters after his first battle and he gives the main character letters to hold in case he dies.  The veteran soldier Jim Conklin comforts the main character, who picks up the flag after the color-bearer falls in battle.  FTP, identify this novel about Henry Fleming, a Civil War novel by Stephen Crane.;;(The) Red Badge of Courage
Philosophy;;His relentless attacks on Christianity can be seen in his essay Of National Characters, which was later added to his two volume Essays, Moral and Political. Criticized for defending Charles I in his 1754 History of England, this philosopher established a system of morality based on utility and human sentiments alone in his Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, but is more famous for a work containing the essay Of Miracles.  FTP, identify this Scottish empiricist philosopher, the author of Treatise of Human Nature and Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.;;(David) Hume
Biology;;A drug known as brefeldin A blocks the transfer of proteins to this organelle, while vesicles bound for it tend to be coated with either COP I or COP II.  The current paradigm for its sorting abilities is explained by the "maturational model", which states that proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum enter its cis face and are packaged in its cisternae, after which they are transported out of the trans face.  Composed of a stack of flattened sacks, FTP, identify this cellular organelle, an apparatus named after an Italian anatomist.;;Golgi (complex|apparatus|bod(y|ies){1}?)
World History;;The Satsuma Rebellion occurred during this period. Most political power during this period was held by Choshu and Tosa clan leaders, in spite of an authoritarian constitution drafted by Ito Hirobumi. Founded under the slogan "Enrich the country and strengthen the military," this period's philosophy was espoused in the Charter Oath and propagated the return of imperial rule.  Occurring after the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, FTP, identify this period of modernization in Japanese history known as the "restoration" of its namesake emperor.;;Meiji (Restoration)
Art;;This school's second generation of artists included such figures as Worthington Whittredge, Fitz Hugh Lane, and Sanford Gifford, who pioneered the movement known as Luminism.  Its first generation of artists included Thomas Doughty, Jasper Cropsey, and John Casilear.  This movement was discovered by John Trumball and art critic William Dunlap, who critiqued such works as Cotopaxi, Niagara, and Rocky Mountain-Lender's Peak.  Consisting of such artists as Albert Bierstadt, Frederic Church, and Thomas Cole, FTP, identify this art movement based on American landscapes and named for a waterway.;;Hudson River (School)
Literature;;The author of this work wrote in 1925's A Vision that its subject represented how "religious, aesthetic, and practical life were one".  The third stanza implores "sages standing in God's holy fire" to "be the singing-masters" of the speaker's soul.  The last stanza describes how the speaker wishes to take "such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make / Of hammered gold and gold enameling," while the first stanza describes how the title location "is no country for old men".  FTP, identify this 1928 poem about traveling to the titular city by William Butler Yeats.;;Sailing to Byzantium
United States History;;They frequently met at Catamount Tavern, and included such leaders as Seth Warner and John Stark, who led them to victory at Bennington. Originally gaining prominence in a skirmish with militia which ended with them whipping the militia with birch rods, they sought to preserve the New Hampshire Grants by opposing speculators from New York, but later took an active role in the American Revolution, taking Fort Ticonderoga. FTP, what was this Vermont group led by Ethan Allen?;;Green Mountain (Boys)
Chemistry;;Due to the failure of its developer to write in anything but his native language, the work behind this concept went largely unnoticed until 1889, and some of the behavior predicted by it wasn't fully explained until the work of Morris Selig Kharasch in 1933.  Its discovery was the result of research done on the prediction of regioselective addition reactions of hydrogen halides.  Stating that reactions occur via protonation to give the more stable carbocation, FTP, identify this rule of organic chemistry that states hydrogen adds to carbons with more hydrogens, originally stated by its eponymous Russian discoverer.;;Markovnikov(')(s) (rule)
Literature;;Getting his start in writing with the poetry collection "Babbling April", he went on to write the plays "The Living Room" and "The Complaisant Lover", but is better known for his novels. He found his voice with his fourth novel, "Stamboul Train", the first of the works he dubbed "entertainments" due to their similarity to thrillers. His wide travels provided the settings for works like "The Comedians", "A Burnt Out Case", and "Our Man in Havana". FTP, who is this English author best known for "The End of the Affair", "The Heart of the Matter" and "The Power and the Glory"?;;(Henry) (Graham) Greene
Psychology;;This work took over eight years to sell 600 copies.  It contains a famous section relating a scene in a large hall with numerous guests, including the widow Irma and the author's friend Otto.  It divides the title concept into its actual, or "manifest content," and its hidden meaning, or "latent content".  This work contains chapters that attempt to identify the title concept's "Stimuli and Sources," its role as "Wish-Fulfillment," and to explain why they are forgotten upon waking.  FTP, identify this work of Sigmund Freud that first analyzed the importance of understanding dreams.;;(The) Interpretation of Dreams
Geography;;This city was founded under the name Sunda Kelapa and took its present name in 1527 during the reign of Fatahillah.  Famous attractions include the Textile Museum and the Rangunan Zoo, and its native inhabitants are called Betawi.  Divided into Central, North, South, East, and West districts, this capital city lies on the Ciliwung river.  Formerly controlled by the Dutch and called Batavia, FTP, what is this city on the island of Java, the capital of Indonesia?;;Jakarta
World History;;Despite a royal order ordering it to end on August 25, it continued unabated in the countryside, leading to 70,000 deaths. Prompted both by a failed assassination plot against Admiral Coligny and the gathering of many prominent leaders for the wedding of Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre, it was a Guise plot reluctantly joined by King Charles IX and organized by Catherine de'Medici. FTP, what was this 1572 massacre of French Huguenots?;;(St.|Saint|St){1}? Bartholomew(')(s) (Day) (Massacre)
Physics;;When one accounts for the mass distribution, it can be found by using the parallel and perpendicular axis theorems.  It is the common factor in rotational kinetic energy and angular momentum, and when multiplied by the angular acceleration, this quantity yields the net torque in a system.  Important in determining a system's rotational motion, FTP, identify this physics quantity that is considered the rotational analog of mass and is generally designated I.;;moment of inertia|angular mass|rotational inertia
Literature;;He gained fame as a translator with his Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights, while works of nonfiction include 1942's Bombs Away and the Robert Capa collaboration A Russian Journal.  He is better known for his novels, lesser-known examples of which are The Short Reign of Pippen IV, and The Wayward Bus. His first work, Cup of Gold, was followed by works like In Dubious Battle and The Red Pony, many of which were based on his experiences in Salinas, California. FTP, identify this American writer of such works as East of Eden and The Grapes of Wrath.;;(John) Steinbeck
Noncomputational Math;;This man's namesake tetrahedra are two tetrahedra that mutually circumscribe and inscribe each other, and his namesake "mu function" gives a measure of the number of distinct primes in square-free integers. A variation of this man's most famous mathematical contribution provides an example of a non-trivial vector bundle over the circle. In 1818 he introduced his barycentric calculus, and later influenced projective geometry with his namesake net. Formulator of the "four-color" problem, FTP, who was this German mathematician best known for his one-sided strip?;;(August) Mo(e)bius
Religion/Mythology;;The author of this book is often contrasted with those "of the circumcision," particularly in Colossians 4:10-14, indicating that he was a gentile.  Dedicated to Theophilus, this book is referred to as the source material for Acts, and it is thought that the author is the same.  The author of this book implies that he was not an eyewitness to the events described, but does state that he researched them fully.  It begins with the infancy and childhood of Jesus and ends with the resurrection.  FTP, identify this synoptic Gospel, the third book of the New Testament.;;(Book of) Luke
Religion/Mythology;;As an infant he was saved from death by his mother Polymede, who pretended that he had been stillborn to spare him from his usurping uncle.  Raised in a wilderness cave by the centaur Chiron, he became the pawn of Hera, who held a grudge against his uncle Pelias.  After bearing Hera in the guise of a mysterious woman across a river, he undertook his most famous task, which was to journey to Colchis to retrieve a possession of King Aeetes.  FTP, name this hero who searched for the Golden Fleece as captain of the Argonauts.;;Jason
United States History;;He joined the 23rd Ohio Regiment at the outset of the Civil War and emerged a major general of a respected volunteer group.  He came into his most famous office after serving as governor of Ohio from 1868-72.  He firmly supported his Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman in his efforts to give Civil War greenback dollars backing in gold, and the Bland-Allison Act had to be passed over his veto.  Embroiled in the election controversy of 1876, FTP, identify this 19th president of the U.S. who won after a Congressional commission picked him over Samuel Tilden.;;(Rutherford) (B.) Hayes
Literature;;After the title character is exiled, his brother is made regent, after which Bharat places the title character's sandals upon the throne.  Jatayu, the king of the birds, unsuccessfully attempts to prevent the abduction of the title character's wife, who he married after bending a bow of Shiva at the behest of King Janaka. Aided by Lakshmana and the monkey-king Hanuman, the title hero defeats the demon king Ravana. Attributed to Valmiki, FTP, identify this Indian epic of India about the legendary figure Rama.;;(The) Ramayana
Music;;Francois-Antoine Habeneck first conducted the premier of this musical work, for which the composer recycled his Marche des Gardes from his ill-fated opera Les Francs Juges and placed it in the penultimate movement.  The solo cornet is the highlight of the second movement, entitled A Ball, while the final movement portrays an orgiastic festival and is called Dream of a Witches' Sabbath.  The first movement is Reveries and Passions, though it is the fourth movement, March to the Scaffold, that best develops this symphony's id¨¦e fixe.  Dedicated to Harriet Smithson, FTP, identify this most famous work of Hector Berlioz.;;Symphon(ie|y){1}? Fantastique
World History;;He served under Pompey's father during the Social War and killed his own brother-in-law during the proscriptions of Sulla.  Charges of extortion and fornication with a Vestal Virgin failed to keep him out of office, though he and his forces were finally defeated in 62 BCE by Gaius Antonius Hybrida at Pistoria.  After losing the consulship in 64 BCE, he assumed command of the army at Faesulae and attempted to hold an insurrection.  FTP, identify this famous Roman conspirator who was the subject of a famous oration by Cicero.;;Catiline|(Lucius) (Sergius) Catilina
Art;;Alexandre Dumas wrote that this painting's creator worked out of sentimentality rather than any sense of patriotism.  Towards the right of the canvas a city can be seen in the foggy background.  The soldier on the left wears his hat askew and bears a sabre, while the boy on the far right charges forward bearing two pistols.  The man in the top hat with the musket is supposedly the artist himself and stands to the left of the central figure, who stands bare-breasted and holds a musket in one hand and the French tri-color in the other.  FTP, identify this 1830 painting, the most famous work of Eugene Delacroix.;;Liberty Leading the People|La Liberte¦guidant le peuple
Religion/Mytholgoy;;This Greek god's sons, who are presumably by his wife, the Charity Pasithea, travel from the west of Ocean through gates made of either horn or ivory, depending on whether they intend to tell the truth or to deceive. Those sons are known as the Oneiroi and include Icelus, Phobetor, and Pnathasos. Often seen naked with wings growing from his head, this son of Erebus and Nyx allowed Endymion to watch Selene for the entire day and night, and is the twin brother of the death-god Thanatos. For 10 points, name this father of Morpheus and god of sleep.;;Hypnos
United States History;;He was expelled from a Georgia seat in the House of Representatives in 1792; earlier in that state, he killed the Creek chief Emistesigo during a successful campaign to capture Savannah. He also took Stony Point in the Revolution and later commanded troops which repelled an attack on Fort Recovery. In a clash with the Northwest Confederation near the Maumee River, his forces killed Bluejacket to reverse the defeat of Arthur St. Clair, thus acquiring land extending to the Cuyahoga and Lake Erie in an agreement with Little Turtle. For 10 points, name this general whose victory at Fallen Timbers secured the Treaty of Greenville.;;("Mad") (Anthony) Wayne
Literature;;Minor characters in this work include the protagonist ex-teacher and amputee whose gift of boots eventually leads to the death of another character and the 40 year-old Stanislaus Katczinsky.  A game of cards is combined with putting a number of wooden portable latrines in a circle in this work, in which the protagonist and his friends also gang up and beat their ex-teacher Corporal Himmelstoss.  The protagonist passes the time killing lice and roasting geese with older draftees like Tjaden and Detering, while younger colleagues include Kropp and Kemmerich.  The stabbing of a French soldier eventually breaks down Paul Baümer in, FTP, what novel by Erich Maria Remarque?;;All Quiet on the Western Front|Im Westen nichts Neues
Biology;;A collection of them is called an androecium, and most flowers have six of them whorled around the carpel (which in orchids they are fused with) inside a structure known as the perianth, composed of the petals and sepals. Individually, they consist of long, thin stalks known as filaments, and bulbous, bi-lobed heads known as anthers.  Each anther contains structures called microsporangia which produce haploid spores, more commonly known as pollen, which it can release either all along its length or through pores.  For ten points, name this reproductive organ of the flower, the male counterpart of the pistil.;;Stamen
Literature;;Verse one of Psalm 2 lends itself to the title of this author's only unfinished work, Why Do the Heathen Rage?  A woman's Docetism thwarts her husband's attempt to please her by getting a tattoo of a Byzantine cross in one of this author's stories, while a novel concerns a 14 year old would-be prophet who is raped after baptizing Bishop Rayber.  Better known works include a novel about Hazel Motes and a story in which a psychotic killer, the Misfit, murders Bailey's family, "A Good Man Is Hard to Find".  FTP name this author of "Everything that Rises Must Converge," and a story in which a charlatan bible salesman steals Hulga Hopewell's wooden leg, "Good Country People".;;(Flannery) O'Connor
Religion/Mythology;;Important texts for this group include the Record of Talks on the Law and the Poisonous Stamens and Pistils of Thorns, written by Hakuin. Its members created chinzo portraits and bokuseki calligraphy, and it included a late denomination that believed in the chanting called nembutsu. The goal in this sect is to achieve satori, whether through sitting, as in the Soto group, or verbal methods, as in Rinzai. Brought to China by Bodhidharma and Japan by Dogen, it makes use of statements which may equate the Buddha with three pounds of flax, known as koans. For 10 points, name this anti-rational form of Buddhism.;;Zen (Buddhism)
Pop Culture;;Directive B10.81is known as the eponymous law of this man, who is unable to pronounce the words "bravo," "champagne," or "guacamole". As described in his "Big Book of War," his achievements include carpet bombing Eden 7 and defeating the pacifists of the Gandhi nebula. He was disgraced after destroying the headquarters of the Democratic Order of Planets due to his distrust of the Neutral Planet, via his ship, the Nimbus, which he commands through first officer Kif Kroker. For 10 points, name this sufferer of a sexy learning disability and onetime lover of Leela, an incompetent twenty-five star general on Futurama.;;(General) (Major) (Webelo) Zapp (Brannigan)|Brannigan
Literature;;Toward the end of this work the protagonist finds his wife's orphan cousin working as a starving prostitute.  He attacks a bartender after the bartender tries to cheat him out of 100 dollars, and in jail he meets Jack Duane, a safe-cracker.  The protagonist's father dies from consumption developed due to the cold, moist room in which he worked, and his son of the same name, Antanas, drowns in the street.  His wife's stepmother Elzbieta lies about the age of her son Stanislovas at the stockyards, and Ona sells herself to Connor to make ends meet.  Socialism eventually provides salvation for Jurgus Rudkis in, FTP, what muckraking novel by Upton Sinclair?;;The Jungle
Noncomputational Math;;Its area is three times that of its generating shape, and its length is four times that of the aforementioned shape's diameter. Christiaan Huygens used its isochronous properties, namely that a particle on it will descend it constant time regardless of its starting point) to fashion guides for the first pendulum clock that guaranteed a regular swing for any pendulum height, and these properties led to its proposal by Bernoulli of its inverse being the brachistochrone or curve of fastest descent. The solution to the differential equation (y')^2 = (2r-y)/y, its parametrization is x= r(t-sint) and y= r(1-cos t). For ten points, name this curve generated by a point on a rolling circle.;;cycloid(s)
Music;;Operas by this man include The Uncle from Boston and The Marriage of Camacho, and most of the librettos for his operas are by Dr. Johann Ludwig Casper.  His first royal commission was to create incidental music to the choruses from Sophocles' Antigone.  He wrote overtures to The Pretty Melusine and Ruy Blas, while his Religious works include the oratorios Elijah and St. Paul.  The second movement of his third symphony evokes folk music from the titular place, while a saltarello and a tarantella appear in the final movement of his Italian Symphony.  FTP name this composer, also known for his Hebrides Overture and incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream.;;(Felix) Mendelssohn
Literature;;The word "serendipity" originated from a short work by this man based on King Bahram V about three unusually fortunate Sri Lankan princes.  His poetic achievements include an epilogue to Nicholas Rowe's Tamerlane and an epistle in verse for Lady Caroline Fox entitled The Beauties.  Adeliza falls in love with her estranged birth father, Edmund, who had her unknowingly with his mother, the Countess of Narbonne, in his only drama, The Mysterious Mother, but he is better known for a novel in which Theodore is imprisoned after Conrad is crushed by a giant helmet, leaving Isabella to be courted by Manfred in an Italian city.  FTP name this author of The Castle of Otranto.;;(Horace) Walpole
Noncomputational Math;;Contrary to common perception, it did not require all local variables to be statically allocated, although variables are implicitly assigned to either INTEGER OR REAL status, and the IMPLICIT NONE keyword is commonly used to force the programmer to explicitly type them. Pointers in the 1990 standard are designed specifically for matrix targets, and are always dereferenced, and arrays are famously handled directly without the need for loop control structures. Before 1977, it extensively used preprecessors in order to make the language more programmer-friendly. Aging but still popular for numerically intensive computing, for ten points, name this imperative programming language, whose name comes from a shortening of Formula Translating System.;;FORTRAN
Geography;;Premier Robert Bond solved the "French shore problem" afflicting this entity in the 1880s. It was the only dominion prohibited by the Statute of Westminister from joining the League of Nations, and had come under British control due to the 1580s expedition of Humphrey Gilbert. Its political groups included the People's Party and Fishermen's Protective Union, both of which were opposed by Joseph Smallwood, who became its first provincial governor after a long battle for union with Canada. For 10 points, name this formerly politically distinct province, comprised of a large island and the mainland of Labrador.;;Newfoundland (and Labrador)
Art;;The right side of this work features an image of a woman clad in black and gold playing the harp before other female musicians.  A man clad only in a red toga-robe walks toward a cottage in the foreground of the bottom right, which features more lavish foliage than the other images.  A company of flag-bearing men ride from the bottom left toward the central scene, which features the sun shining down on a red bed being worshipped by four women clad in white.  Alternately called Adoration of the Mystic Lamb, it features the annunciation on the outer panels.  Residing in St. Bavo cathedral in its namesake city, this is, FTP, what altarpiece by Hubert and Jan van Eyck?;;Ghent (Altarpiece)
Physics;;The Daya Bay experiment in Hong Kong due to start in 2007 is intended to investigate the theta-1-3 ‘mixing angle' of their oscillation, by indirectly measuring the disappearance of the antimatter counterpart. Evidence of ‘sterile' ones predicted by the seesaw mechanism which only interact via gravity has caused controversy, and the seeming gap of those coming from the sun was explained when their oscillation between different flavor states was detected. For ten points, name these subatomic particles coming in electron, tau, and muon flavors, and thought to not have mass until recently.;;neutrino(s)
Literature;;A set of possessions in this work is bought by the pastor Tribulation Wholesome and his partner, who believe that they are helping to care for a group of orphans.  Another character tries to see the Queen of Fairy while blindfolded, gagged, and stuffed in a water closet, having lost most of his money gambling.  Pertinax Surly, posing as a Spanish Don, encounters Dame Pliant, who along with her brother Kastril has come to see the title character.  Surly is a friend of Sir Epicure Mammon, who thinks Dol Common is a mad aristocrat thanks to the machinations of Face.  Lovewit's house is used by Subtle to con the local citizenry in, FTP, what play by Ben Jonson?;;(The) Alchemist
World History;;Throughout their existence, a debate raged over the consequences of employing the "link system" on them. Politically favored ones had first use of MTS loans, and their output was the subject of the article "Dizzy from Success," which slowed the pace of their formation. Divided based on size and the source of managers into kolkhoz and sovkhoz, the process of forming them led to the Ukrainian genocide and the "liquidation of the kulaks". For 10 points, name these organizations, the basic structure of agricultural production in the Soviet Union.;;collective farm(s)
Music;;This work was composed after its composer abandoned an opera based on Hans Christian Andersen's The Emperor and the Nightingale.  Early moments in this work include an appearance of thirteen maidens who play a game with golden apples and dance a "round dance".  The first tableau ends with "profound darkness," while the second, far shorter tableau includes the revival of the Petrified Knights.  The title character was a breakout role for Tamara Karsavina, and that character meets Ivan in the garden of Kaschei the Immortal, whose lackeys later participate in the "infernal dance".  FTP name this ballet about a mythical flaming creature by Igor Stravinsky.;;(The) Firebird|Zar-ptica|L'Oiseau de feu
Philosophy;;He created the NF system of set theory and, with Hilary Putnam, made an "indispensability argument" for the reality of mathematical entities. He advocated looking to the limits of a formal language in order to determine the "ontological commitments" of any statement in that language in his The Ways of Paradox and Ontological Relativity, and he identified logical reductionism and the analytic/synthetic distinction as the titular fallacies of another work. For 10 points, name this American analytic philosopher, the author of Word and Object and "Two Dogmas of Empiricism".;;(Willard) (Van) (Orman) Quine
Geography;;Native groups here include the YotaYota, Kurnai, and Kulin , and one area of this place, bounded on the north by the Avoca river, features the Den of Nargun and Ninety-Mile Beach, accessible from Bairnsdale.  It is divided by Port Phillip Bay into a basalt plain and the plains of Gippsland, and minor urban destinations here include Melton and Mildura, while brown coal is mined in the Latrobe Valley here. Its current incarnation was begun when John Pascoe Fawkner landed on the banks of the Yarra River.  FTP, name this state in southeastern Australia with capital at Melbourne, named for a 19th century Empress of India.;;Victoria
Miscellaneous;;This practice was at issue in the abortive 1955 case of Naim v. Naim, in which a state ignored a Supreme Court order to gather more evidence. The California case of Perez v. Sharp found Fourteenth Amendment protection for this practice in 1948, drawing on a broader federal precedent in Meyer v. Nebraska. Bans on it were upheld in 1883's Pace v. Alabama if the two people involved received the same penalty, but after a Virginia judge upheld a ban on this practice by appealing to the geographic intent of God, the Supreme Court finally protected it in 1967. For 10 points, name this practice protected in Loving v. Virginia.;;interracial marriage(s)|miscegenation
Biology;;Due to its propensity to clear the renal system in three to four hours, patients' urine was often collected in early treatment protocols to reuse and recover it. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin famously elucidated its structure in the early 1940s, enabling its mass production. The name refers to a group of Beta-lactam antibiotics that share the basic Penam skeleton, with the formula R-C9H11N2O4S, such as amoxicillin, ampicillin, flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and methicillin. It also refers to a specific member in its namesake group that is used to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections. For ten points, name this compound whose discovery was attributed to Alexander Fleming.;;Penicillin
World History;;The books The Forged Classics and The Great Commonwealth opposed the rule of this person, who was accused of squandering  the naval budget on the construction of a useless marble ship. That occurred around the time that this ruler's government was turning a skeptical eye to the Hundred Days of Reform and the Self-Strengthening Movement. One of the two other people who came to power in a coup by Prince Gong, this former consort of the Xianfeng emperor lost power after deciding to back the Boxers. For 10 points, name this mother of the Tongzhi emperor and effective ruler near the end of the Qing dynasty.;;Ci xi|Tzuhsi|Xiaoqin|Xianhuanghou|Empress Dowager|Dowager Empress
Architechture;;The inverted right triangle design of the Dallas City Hall is characteristic of this man, who adapted the colonnade of St. Peter's Basilica for Christopher Newport Univerity's Ferguson Center for the Arts. He first gained widespread notice in Boulder, Colorado where he designed the National Center for Atmospheric Research, and he would later be recognized by the Japanese government for his Miho Museum. His design for the JFK memorial library presages the structure of both the East Wing of the National Gallery of Art and the Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame. FTP, identify architect, most famous for designing the Louvre Pyramid and the Bank of China in his country of birth.;;((Ieoh) (Ming)|I(.) M(.)) Pei
Geography;;The monarchial rivalry with this country's National Peasant Party laid the foundations for the "National Legionary State," a fascist government whose contributing movements included Everything for the Fatherland and the Legion of the Archangel Michael, also known as the Iron Guard. Its postwar politics were dominated by Petru Groza and Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, who secured the abdication of King Michael. Gheorghiu-Dej's successor issued the July These and hammered out an independent communist approach, denouncing Soviet interventionism and investing much power in his wife Elena. For 10 points, name this country which executed dictator Nicolae Ceausescu in 1989.;;R(o|u){1}?mania
Economics;;The "welfare triangle" region found when graphically representing monopolies is a specific form of this phenomenon. Joel Waldfogel argued that because a receiver of a gift usually makes a better decision when buying a gift than a giver, this quantity is present in Christmas shopping, while another example is a production shortfalls caused by erroneously small predictions of the amount of labor needed. Commoly caused by an externality affecting the price of a good, such as a subsidy or tax, it exists when the equilibrium point is not optimal. For 10 points, identify this economic phenomenon, a social cost caused by market inefficiency.;;deadweight loss
Chemistry;;Research at Columbia University by Thomas Katz with tungsten systems was key to discovering the role of metal carbenes in initiating this reaction, and was later followed up by the development of tantalum and tungsten carbene systems with high-metal oxidation states, distinct from the low-oxidation Fischer carbenes created before. These Schrock carbenes led to more viable molybdenum complexes for this operation which worked under less exacting conditions, which inspired the ruthenium catalyst systems popularized by Grubbs. For ten points, name this reaction that involves exchanging of carbon-carbon double bonds between alkenes.;;(olefin) metathesis
Literature;;At the end of this novel, Russell's grandmother gives him a dime to buy an ice cream cone after thinking about her son's death. In its third section, reverend Duncan McMillan fails to pardon another character from Death Row when Orville Mason exploits that character's sensational trial to further his political career. In its second section, the protagonist moves to Lycurgus and impregnates his mistress before leaving her for the rich, exciting socialite Sondra Finchley. The drowning of Roberta Alden in Big Bittern Lake results in the execution of Clyde Griffiths in, for 10 points, what 1925 novel by Theodore Dreiser?;;(An) American Tragedy
Physics;;Four remarkable aspects of it were noticed after its discovery: there was no time lag for the phenomenon; increasing the intensity of the source increased the number of reactions but not their maximum kinetic energy. red light was unable to cause it; and weak violet light resulted in higher energies than intense light with greater wavelengths. Such results fit well with Plank's hypothesis of the particle nature of light, as almost every phenomenon involving light could be explained by waves. For 10 points, name this effect explained by Albert Einstein in a 1905 paper which won him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.;;Photoelectric Effect
Literature;;One of this author's stories consists of a woman's letter to her abusive husband relating a dream about the titular blemish on her back. One of his novels finds a man recalling his life as he sleeps next to six titular virgins, and in another novel a young war veteran beats up his mistress in an attempt to force an abortion. Uragami reports on a match between Shusai and Otake in The Master of Go, but better-known is a novel about an affair between the businessman Shimamura and the geisha Komako at a hot springs in western Japan, Snow Country. FTP name this author, also known for a work centering around the tea ceremony, A Thousand Cranes.;;Kawabata (Yasunari)
Miscellaneous;;One person known by this nickname was Mark Luckhurst, the bassist for Thunder. Another defeated Rick Martel in a "blindfold" match, used the DDT finisher, and was the owner of Damien and Lucifer. A song laments that you could "fill the Great Lakes" with the millions of these attacking the Aquabats, while another person by this name defeats Cuervo Jones after rescuing Donald Pleasance from a prison island in two John Carpenter movies. The appearance of one of these creatures interrupts the chanting of "badger badger mushroom" in a Flash cartoon. For 10 points, name these reptiles which also provide the nickname of quarterbacks Ken Stabler and Jake Plummer.;;snake(s)
United States History;;Before this battle, Major General Johann de Kalb joined up with the main forces at Deep River with a force of mostly Marylanders, and one side's commander had to rush to the site upon the attack, having left Lord Rawdon in charge. It occurred at a supply depot which was earlier secured by Banastre Tarleton's defeat of Colonel Burford, and which was eventually evacuated and burned as a result of Nathanael Greene's attack on Hobkirk's Hill a year after this battle. This battle resulted in the casualties of over 2000 Americans under Horatio Gates at the hands of a Cornwallis-led British force. For 10 points, name this major defeat for the Revolutionary Army in South Carolina.;;(Battle of) Camden
Biology;;A recent study by Yixian Zheng revealed that RanGTP causes the protein Lamin B to assemble this. Partly created by MTOCs, this structure develops its characteristic form after attaching to kinetochores once the nuclear envelope breaks down. It disappears after being constricted by the cleavage furrow, where it helps to establish a new system of microtubules in each daughter cell. Attaching to the centromeres during metaphase, for 10 points, name this group of fibers that plays a central role in Mitosis.;;(the) (mitotic) spindle
Philosophy;;He posited a "law of conservation of difficulty," saying that simpler fields develop more obscurantist vocabularies, in his essay "Postmodernism Disrobed". His latest book denounces "tremulous Martin Luther King impersonations" and describes one subject as "comparable to the smallpox virus but harder to eradicate". One of his earliest forays into metaphysics was titled in reference to a William Paley argument, and he later argued that children should not be taught metaphysical beliefs and advocated the term "Bright" to describe those who reject all superstition. For 10 points, name this author of The Blind Watchmaker and The God Delusion, a biologist and evangelizing atheist.;;(Richard) Dawkins
Music;;This work, never performed during the composer's lifetime, was readapted by its composer in 1874 to serve as part of his never completed opera The Sorochintsy Fair as an intermezzo, earlier having been borrowed heavily in the "Festival of Chernobog" in his opera-ballet Mlada. Originally intended as incidental music to the play Ved'ma, Its composer finished it on the eve of the day of St. John, a figure who is mentioned in its full title. Re-orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov, this is, FTP, what piece by Modest Mussorgsky about the gathering of witches for the Sabbath, adapted by Stokowski to be part of the final segment of Fantasia.;;(St(.)|Saint) (John's) Night on Bald Mountain
Noncomputational Math;;These quantities must be real when all of the complex entries equal their conjugate transpose, as is the case in a Hermitian matrix. They can be obtained by solving the determinant of the matrix minus these variables times the identity matrix and solving for zero, a process that yields the characteristic equation of the matrix. For 10 points, identify this scalar value, usually symbolized by lambda, that indicates that a matrix times some vector x is equal to this integer quantity times the vector x.;;Eigenvalue(s)|Characteristic Root(s)|Characteristic Value(s)|Proper Value(s)|Latent Root(s)
United States History;;John Rankin's opposition to this piece of legislation caused John Gibson's "midnight ride" from Georgia to Washington to cast the tiebreaking vote in favor of it. It established the "52-20 club," paying unemployment benefits of twenty dollars for one year. Drafted by the American Legion, it gave out over two million home loans, and paid up to 500 dollars of the college tuitions of its recipients, dramatically increasing the enrollment of universities across the country. For 10 points, name this law signed in 1944 and overhauled in 1984 by Sonny Montgomery, which provided generous benefits for returning veterans of World War II.;;(The) G(.)I(.) Bill (of Rights)|(The) Servicemembers(') Readjustment Act of 1944
Religion/Mythology;;The wise men known as the Abgal were created from the body of this god, and Damkina became pregnant while living on this god's corpse. He was killed after a failed attempt to eliminate his children by creating Mummu. He original offspring were the soils Lahmu and Lahamu and the earth and sky, Anshar and Kishar, and his later descendant Ea kills him. In the epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh goes into the body represented as this deity to pick the plant of eternal life. For 10 points, name this husband of the deep salt water Tiamat, the Mesopotamian embodiment of the primordial fresh-water ocean.;;Apsu
Geography;;It only has one National Park, but some of the lesser-known federally-protected ar