;;A nude Andromeda on the left with her back to the viewer watches an armor-clad Perseus perform the title action in his Perseus Slaying the Sea Monster. He was also fond of painting series as in his The Heart Desires and The Soul Attains, two parts of his Pygmalion and Galatea cycle, and his large four-part group about Sleeping Beauty, the Briar Rose paintings.  A male nude in his Phyllis and Demophoon caused scandal but the three male nudes in his canvas Wheel of Fortune resulted in little outcry. His artistic diversity is reflected in the numerous stained glass windows and book illustrations, such as those for an 1896 edition of Chaucer, which he did for the workshop of his friend William Morris. An abiding interest in Arthurian myth, typified by his painting The Beguiling of Merlin, also characterized, for 10 points, what Pre-Raphaelite artist and painter of King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid?;;(Edward) (Coley) Burne-Jones
;;One of this author's works begins with Menaphon and Amethus sighing about their love for Thamasta and Cleophila. Later, Corax heals Meleander, the father of Eroclea. Besides The Lover's Melancholy, this man wrote a historical play in which Daliell is the suitor of the daughter of Lord Huntley, Katherine, the eventual wife of the title claimant to the throne of King Henry VII. His collaborations with Thomas Dekker include The Sun's Darling and The Witch of Edmonton. In one of his plays, Donado's simple nephew, Bergetto, tries to woo the title character, and Hippolita is poisoned by Vasques. That man's master, Soranzo, is murdered by Giovanni, the incestuous brother and killer of the title character, Annabella. For 10 points, name this author of Love's Sacrifice and 'Tis Pity She's a Whore.;;(John) Ford
;;AMANDA extended one of these created by David Turner, and Wadler wrote a book on how to use monads in them.  Charity is an example of the so-called "total" type of these that prohibit non-termination, and easy memorization in them is attained through the fact that many of them maintain referential transparency.  Some 70 SFRIs extend one of these beyond its R6RS standards, while another employs call-by-need, a form of lazy evaluation.  Besides that one named for the first namesake of the Curry-Howard correspondence, side effects aren't present in "pure" ones.  Microsoft recently created one that is similar to OCaml called F# ["F-Sharp"], and they usually implement the tuple data type.  Exemplified by Scheme and Lisp, for 10 points, name this type of programming language contrasted with imperative languages.;;functional (programming) (languages)
;;One member of this house won a major victory at Guastalla during the War of the Polish Succession, while a member of this house named Boniface served as Archbishop of Canterbury and died accompanying Edward I on a crusade. This house was established by a count known as the White-handed, while a female member of this house named Louise was the mother of King Francis I of France, in which capacity she negotiated the Treaty of Cambrai. Another member of this house recovered much of its territory at the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis; that member was Emmanuel Philibert. A more famous member of its Carignan branch, by defeating the Ottomans at Zenta, helped bring about the Treaty of Karlowitz. For 10 points, identify this Piedmontese house which ruled Italy from 1861 until 1946, and whose members included Eugene as well as several Umbertos and Victor Emmanuels.;;(House) (of) Savoy
;;This author depicts the revolt of a mother against her husband, a senior executive at the Engladia Insurance Company, in the novel The Dark Room. Such short stories as "A Breath of Lucifer" and "Uncle" were collected in a volume titled, "The Grandmother's Tale," which focuses on a girl who was married at seven and travels the sub-continent to find her husband. In another work by this writer a husband loses his wife, Susila, to typhoid fever and attempts to contact her beyond the grave.  That novel, The English Teacher, was followed by a work that introduced the character Rosie, a dancer, whose career is managed by the rascally Raju who is mistaken for a swami in The Guide.  For 10 points, identify this Indian author who set his works, including such other novels as The Financial Expert and The Painter of Signs, in the fictional town of Malgudi.;;(Rasipuram) (Krishnaswami.) Narayan
;;Evidence presented during the resolution of this historical affair included an intercepted letter from artillery captain Caleb Huse to Major Josiah Gorgas. The language relevant to this dispute in the treaty which led to its resolution was later adopted as Article 8 of the 1907 Hague Convention. One party to this dispute rejected a settlement proposed at the Johnson-Clarendon Convention. Resolving this dispute became the major post Civil War task of Charles Francis Adams and it arose from the place of construction of a ship that would later be sunk by the USS Kearsarge. Resolved by an arbitration panel established by the Treaty of Washington with an indemnity payment of $15 million, for 10 points, identify this dispute between the United States and Britain, stemming from British production of a namesake Confederate warship.;;Alabama (claims) (affair)
;;This man composed a pas de fleurs for a score mostly written by his tutor, Le Corsaire, which formed the basis of his Naila.  A suite adapted from one of his works consists of four movements like "Les Chasseresses" and "Cortege de Bacchus".  That piece depicts a nymph falling in love with the shepherd Aminta, only to be captured by Orion.  Napoleon III commissioned his cantata Alger, this led to a collaboration with Ludwig Minkus and his setting of a Remy Belleau poem, Avril.  In a work by this man Gerald's love, the daughter of Nilakantha sings while ringing a magic item, and has the duet, "Dome epais," with Mallika.  In a ballet by this man, the lovers Swanilda and Franz try to communicate with the title doll. The two aforementioned songs, "The Bell Song" and "The Flower Duet," are part of an opera about the daughter of a Brahmin priest during the British occupation. For 10 points, name this composer of the opera Lakme and the ballets Sylvia and Coppelia.;;(Clement-Philibert-Leo) Delibes
;;One portion of this work argued that popular theories of punishment, championed by the likes of Pufendorf, were limited because they promote justice by referring to the future, rather than the past.  In another section, it asks "Who would guess why the fish is a symbol of Christianity," before showing how the object of perception is actually made incomprehensible through the use of allegory.  Book IV, which deals with Ethics, discusses the case of starvation as a situation where an individual has renounced one of the title concepts.  Originally published with an appendix that outlines a polemic against Kantian concepts, its preface advises the reader to seek out its author's "On the Fourfold Root of the Principal of Sufficient Reason" before tackling this tome which was heavily influenced by Hindu philosophy, but criticized for its overwhelming pessimism.  For 10 points, identify this philosophical treatise by Arthur Schopenhauer.;;The World as Will and Idea|The World as Will and Representation|Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung
;;In the closing scene of this play, one character tells another to rest, to which she responds "Thank you Father - have I been wicked?" That occurs in this play shortly after another character departs to marry Madeline Arnold. A major aspect of this play's original staging involved the freezing of the action so that characters could deliver short soliloquys that revealed their thoughts. Another character in this play dies after suffering a stroke while watching his son win a rowing race. One character in this play raises her son on stories of her fiancee Gordon Shaw, who died in World War I. That son, also named Gordon, is the product of an affair with Edmund Darrell and is born after the main character aborts her child by Sam Evans following her discovery of hereditary insanity in the Evans family. Ultimately, it is Charles Marsden who ends up caring for Nina Leeds at the end of, for 10 points, what long play written by Eugene O'Neill?;;Strange Interlude
;;Captives under one ruler of this name built the so-called Dam of Caesar in Shushtar. Another man of this name was declared emperor before his birth after his father died, and took Nisibis after winning the Battle of Singara. One ruler of this name defeated and killed Gordian III in a battle at Massice, which was renamed after him when Gordian's successor, Philip the Arabian, became his tributary. That ruler captured the emperor Valerian alive at Edessa and used his head as a footstool, while the second ruler of this name defeated Julian and Jovian after a protracted war against Constantius II, which included his capture of Armenia. For 10 points, give this name shared by the son of Ardashir I as well as three Sassanid rulers, the first two of whom were known as "the Great".;;Shapur|Sabur|Sapor
;;This city's so-called Robot Building houses one headquarters of United Overseas Bank, and a sculpture representing its country's 1932 Constitution is surrounded by four wing-like structures at the Democracy monument. Also home to Dusit Park, the popular sporting venues in this city include Ratchadamnoen and Lumphini stadiums, and noted centers of learning include Mahidol University. It was merged with the city of Thon Buri, by which it is linked by three bridges, after the capital was moved here - those bridges span this city located on the Chao Phraya River. For 10 points, name this city whose Grand Palace complex is the residence of King Rama IX.;;Bangkok|Krung Thep (Maha) (Nakhon)
;;In the first movement, an oboe call is answered by the 'life-will' motif in the basses, while in another movement, a soloist cries "All joy wills eternity, wills deep eternity!". The first movement also features an offstage snare drum inspired by military bands. This work opens with 8 horns playing a unison theme derived from the finale of Brahms's First Symphony, and the composer removed the original last movement of this work but then brought it back as the last movement of his next symphony. Some of the movements of this work were originally titled "Summer marches in" and "What the flowers in the meadow tell me". The fifth movement is a setting of the Wunderhorn song "Three Angels were Singing," while the fourth is a setting of the "Midnight Song" from Nietzsche's Thus Spake Zarathustra. For 10 points, identify this massive six-movement symphony, its composer's longest, which followed the Resurrection.;;Mahler's 3rd (Symphony)
;;In one of this author's works the Countess Mathilde's ownership of a beautiful heirloom inspires the jealous Saint Clair to fight a duel and he dies.  That work, The Etruscan Vase, was written four years before this writer's reimagining of the Don Juan legend, The Souls of Purgatory.  In addition to such historical novels as The False Demetriuses, this author created such fantastic characters as a copper statue that comes to life and kills would be lovers in The Venus of Ille, as well as a dissolute young man who is granted three wishes by Jesus, Federigo.  He first made his name with a pair of literary hoaxes titled The Theater of Clara Gazul and La Guzla.  Most of his short stories were published in the volume Mosaic, including one set in Porto Vechhio, Corsica, that ends with Fortunato being killed by the title character, "Mateo Falcone".  For 10 points, identify this French author of a story about Don Jose's love for a gypsy named Carmen.;;(Prosper) Merimee
;;A history of this conflict was published in 1982 by Uta-Renate Blumenthal, and one side was supported by a tract issued by Humbert of Silva Candida entitled Adversus simoniacum. A promulgation banning its central action was issued by Hugh of Die at the council of Autun, and a compromise was supported by Ivo of Chartres in the conflict over it. Paschal III offered to renounce all holdings of the Church in return for the concession of free elections and the abandonment of it. It ended when the first Lateran Council ratified an agreement in which Holy Roman Emperor Henry V renounced use of the ring and crosier. This conflict resulted in the excommunication of Henry IV by Gregory VII, and Henry's subsequent trip to Canossa. For 10 points, identify this conflict ended by the Concordat of Worms, which revolved around whether secular rulers had the power to appoint bishops.;;(lay) investiture (controversy)
;;A recent trend in this language uses an expletive subject and accusative object to indicate a passive, called the "new impersonal construction" or "new passive". Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb developed an alphabet for a neighbor based on this language, which uses one of its distinct letters to represent various phonemes. Some speakers of this language use "dative sickness", turning accusative into dative in the so-called "quirky subjects" for verbs which don't take the nominative. Traders speaking this language developed a pidgin with Basque in the seventeenth century. Doubled voiceless stops in t his language are preaspirated, and like Faeroese, it uses the letters thorn and eth to represent dental fricatives. For 10 points, name this wacky North Germanic language, a descendant of Old Norse spoken in Reykjavik.;;Icelandic (language)|Íslenska
;;In Hungarian mythology, three children named Almafi were all born from these objects. In Russian mythology, Ivan the Mute used two of these objects to rejuvenate two seamstresses, who gave him a magical handkerchief, and those belonging to Tsar Vyslav Andronovich were routinely stolen by the Firebird. In the Celtic legend of the voyage of Maeldun, these objects are devoured by the beasts which inhabit the Island of the Fiery Swine. While wooing Gerd, Skirnir offers her eleven of these objects, and the old Volsung was conceived after Rerir's wife consumed one of these items. Thiazzi kidnapped Idun to obtain them, and three of these objects were dropped by Hippomenes to distract Atalanta during a race. Presented by Paris to Aphrodite, for 10 points, identify these edible objects, also found in the Garden of the Hesperides.;;apples
;;One of these works revels in the immense joy of eating "Fat apple, banana, pear, / gooseberry", while another asks, "Is there no constellation Rider?" The author of these exhorts the reader to "take inspiration from the flame" in transforming and "turn[ing] yourself into wind" like Daphne. One poem in this collection worries about offending "the great unsuing gods" "Just because they do not know the hard / strong steel that we produce", one of several that laments the aesthetic problems with the industrial age. One of these poems states, "Erect no monument. Just let the roses / blossom" as a reward for the title character, who "drowned out" the shouting of Maenads "with beautiful order" and "uplifting playing". Written to commemorate the death of the young dancer Vera Knoop, for 10 points, name this cycle of 55 fourteen-line poems addressed to a lyre-playing Greek by Rainer Maria Rilke.;;(The) Sonnets to Orpheus|(Die) Sonette an Orpheus
;;Seven years after this work's publication, its author wrote a postscript discussing tacit knowledge and intuition and suggesting shared beliefs, values, and "symbolic generalizations" as part of a "matrix".  The Introduction to this work discussed the problems with unwinding in discussing "A Role for History".  It stated that communities respond to crises by normalizing them, or marking them off to be fixed by a future generation.  One chapter discusses "The Route to" a "normal" discipline, in which different schools vie for acceptance as the standard set of assumptions, thus creating a profession. This book looks at the "Invisibility" and "Resolution" of the title phenomena, which are posited as "Changes of World View" in the face of new observations that lead to paradigm shifts.  For 10 points, name this treatise about the philosophy of science, a work by Thomas Kuhn.;;(The) Structure of Scientific Revolutions
;;The Sarawak one occurred in the Eocene and early Oligocene in the area of Borneo and Palawan, uplifting and deforming turbidites. The Paleo-Tethys Ocean was closed by the Cimmerian one, which occurred in the Triassic. The Taconic and Acadian ones occurred 450 and 400 million years ago, accreting terranes onto proto-North America which include present-day New England. The Cordilleran one on the west coast comprised the Laramide in the late Cretaceous that uplifted the Black Hills, as well as the earlier Nevadan in which subduction of oceanic crust pushed up a tall volcanic arc and batholith which forms the modern Sierra Nevadas. For 10 points, what is this process in plate tectonics involving collisions of two plates, the mechanism of mountain formation?;;orogeny
;;It uses the example of a cloud that looks like a whale in chapter 28, "Values of types and values of examples," to demonstrate the impact of extrinsic associations.  This work, which discusses Xenophon's veneration of a horse's legs, later considers the impact of rarity and the influence of "cost as an element of effect".  It concludes by stating that its subject is an affection of the soul that is "of all things what least calls for explanation," while this work's "Introduction" traces the connection between divinity and something so perfect that it provides pleasure.  Divided into sections titled "Form," "Expression," and "Materials," it includes numerous examples from poetry and painting and its author's exploration of the title concept was expanded in the subsequent volume The Life of Reason.  For 10 points, identify this treatise, subtitled "Being the Outlines of an Aesthetic Theory," a work George Santayana.;;The Sense of Beauty
;;This encounter was preceded by a clash at a garrison in Saati now known as the Dogali Massacre.  One side relied on their sinq, a type of campaign ration, and the establishment of gibbir, or feeding posts along the road.  The other side, which was supported by a large number of Askari troops, had previously retreated and been besieged for 45 days when it was prompted into action by a telegram from Premier Crispi.  However, in searching for the high ground great holes opened in the European lines and waves upon waves of men attacked.  Instantiated by a dispute over the 1889 Treaty of Wichale, it ended with Ras Makonnen's men overwhelming Orestes Baratieri's army.  For 10 points, identify this 1896 victory for Menelik II's forces that ensured Italian recognition of Ethiopia's independence.;;Adowa|Adwa
;;At one point, this work depicts the fate of a lonely planter who dies "on a blue island," while another section depicts the "Great statue of the General Du Puy".  Figures presented in this work include world traveler, Nanzia Nunzio, and a President, who "ordains the bee to be immortal".  In the final section, the speaker states, "Soldier, there is a war between the mind / And sky, between thought and day and night," and asserts that the poet is "always in the sun".  This work, which is dedicated to Henry Church, begins "And for what, except for you, do I feel love".  Published in the collection Transport to Summer, this long work is divided into three sections, "It Must Change," "It Must Give Pleasure," and "It Must be Abstract". For 10 points, identify this manifesto in the form of a poetic sequence, a work by Wallace Stevens.;;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction
;;Marcel Duchamp poses for this man in the painting Sunday Afternoon in the Country by Florine Stettheimer, though a much clearer portrait is seen in Fred Holland Day's 1901 picture of him. His Road to Victory and Power in the Pacific exhibitions helped memorialize the Pacific campaign in World War II, and he won an Oscar for his propaganda documentary for the navy entitled The Fighting Lady.  His work in other genres included a 1905 iconic atmospheric depiction of the Flatiron Building, as well as a large-scale 1955 exhibition with an accompanying book and introduction by his brother-in-law Carl Sandburg. For 10 points, name this man who organized the Family of Man exhibit at MOMA, a photographer who co-founded the Photo Secession movement with Alfred Steiglitz.;;(Edward) Steichen
;;As one of them begins, the axle of a wagon catches fire and a funeral procession for Martin the carpenter passes by, this forces the narrator to ask an old dwarf for help.  The narrator later witnesses a bailiff abusing his power by treating minor disturbances as crimes in "The Counting House". The narrator also discusses the nature of "quit-rent" property with an older man named Foggy in a piece called "Raspberry Water".  In addition to "Lebedyan," which is set at a horse fair, the final version of this work includes an appendix entitled "The Russian German".  Composed of 25 episodes, this volume features such characters as "Khor and Kalinych" whose namesake tale begins the compilation, as well as Old Knot and Vladimir, who team up to shoot ducks in "Lgov".  For 10 points, identify 1852 short story collection centered on the theme of the chase, a work by Ivan Turgenev.;;The Sportsman's Sketches|Sketches (from) (a) Hunter's Album|(<u>The</u>) Hunting Sketches|(A) Hunter's Sketches|Zapiski Okhotnika
;;At one point, the narrator describes the "supernumeraries," a body created to allow people to purchase a chance to serve with the venerated scholae.  In addition to detailing instances of abuse toward astrologers and the reformation of adultery laws, this work relates the success of a plot to strangle Princess Amalasuntha in her bath.  It also recounts the deeds perpetrated by the forger Priscus who enlists the Church of Emesa to extort its supporters. This work, which inspired a drama by John Masefield and a novel about a "Count" by Robert Graves and included such chapters as "Justice for Sale" and "How landowners were ruined," marked a departure from its author's previous works: On the Wars and On the Buildings.  Beginning with a chapter on Antonina's manipulation of Belisarius, for 10 points, identify this chronicle of misrule in Byzantium under Theodora and Justinian, a work by Procopius.;;The Secret History</u> </b>or Historia Arcana
;;According to some myths, the expulsion of this mythological figure's brother led to the establishment of a people named the Termiloi.  This figure's grandchildren include Apemosyne who was killed by her brother Althamenes. The murder of this figure's son caused a war with a man rendered invulnerable by a purple lock of hair on his head. That conflict with the Megaran King Nisos was ultimately resolved by the seduction of Scylla.  Drowned in a bath given to him by the daughters of King Cocalus, this figure's lovers included the boy Miletos. This father of Androgeos and brother of Rhadamanthus next made war on Aegeus, but was cuckolded when a certain inventor built his wife a heifer out of wood and made love to Poseidon's bull.  For 10 points, identify this royal husband of Pasiphae for whom Deaedalus built a labyrinth on the island of Crete.;;(King) Minos
;;The two figures at the bottom of this painting are the only naked ones, and the one of them on the left holds a bowl aloft. In total there are 12 people and the man furthest to the right leans over as he vomits.  A minstrel sits on some tree branches at the right and a May tree, with an owl poking out, is the major feature of the upper half as is the salmon-colored banner with an Islamic crescent tied to the tree's trunk.  A plate of cherries lies just below the nun who plays a lute and sings with a monk at the center.  Initially it was part of a larger piece where it sat above the artist's Allegory of Gluttony.  Likely inspired by a contemporary satire by Sebastian Brant, For 10 points, identify this depiction of a group about to embark on an aquatic voyage, a painting by Hieronymous Bosch.;;Ship of Fools
;;Its third section, which features strings, piano, and woodwinds, depicts the arrival of dusk and is marked "Andantino".  By contrast this work opens with a savage discordant theme marked "Allegro Feroce" that illustrates the elemental struggle inspired by its source material, a poem by Gorodetzky.  Its second section featuring insistent, pounding rhythms, depicts the kidnapping of a wood nymph, and is entitled "The Evil God and Dance of the Pagan Monster".  This work, which was based on a ballet originally commissioned  by Diaghilev as a piece that would focus on prehistoric subject matter, ends with a fourth movement that sees the rising sun smiting the evil Chuzbog and the triumph of the characters Ala and Lolli.  For 10 points, identify this orchestral work that is named for a barbarian tribe and composed by Sergei Prokofiev.;;Scythian Suite
;;Subplots involve the manipulation of a peasant family and a one year window to rescue the princess Erona from being burned at the stake.  It includes such poems as "What tongue can her perfections tell" and a double sestina depicting a discussion between Klaius and Strephon.  The first part ends with the heroes fighting off a lion and a bear, while another scene involves a prince disguising himself as an Amazon.  The first iteration of this work included an appendix titled "A Debate on Versification," as well as a dedication to the author's "dear sister," the Countess of Pembroke.  Composed in five "Books or Acts," it opens with the ruler of the title realm, Basilius, receiving dire prophecies concerning the fate of his two daughters, Pamela and Philoclea.  For 10 points, identify this 16th century pastoral romance, a work published in "Old" and "New" versions and written by Philip Sydney.;;Arcadia
;;5,6-secosterol is a signature product of this reaction within atherosclerotic plaque.  Scavenger compounds like 2-butanol increase the yield of secondary organic aerosols when pinene is subjected to this reaction.  In this reaction, which is a series of three reversible 1,3-dipolar addition reactions, one of the more stable intermediates involves the reversion of a cyclic compound to a carbonyl and a carbonyl oxide, the latter of which is sometimes called the Criegee intermediate.  This reaction catalyzes the opposite conversion of the Wittig reaction, and harsher alternatives to this reaction involve the use of osmium tetroxide or permanganate.  For 10 points, name this reaction, a useful tool in locating double bonds in organic molecules, in which alkenes or alkynes are converted to carbonyl compounds by a triatomic allotrope of oxygen.;;ozonolysis
;;The protagonist of this novel dreams about being offered large sums of money for a closed box which contains a sardonic crocodile whose tears form diamonds. One section of this novel relates how Mrs. Boothby expels the cook Jackson from the Mashopi Hotel. Another section of this novel describes the affair between Ella and Paul Tanner, and is given the title The Shadow of the Third by the narrator, who lives off the royalties from her novel Frontiers of War. In the frame story Tommy becomes blind after shooting himself, and Marion leaves Richard, the former husband of the narrator's friend Molly Jacobs. This novel intersperses sections titled "Free Women" with the contents of black, red, yellow, and blue journals, before the narrator attempts to interweave all of her experiences in the title book. For 10 points, name this novel about the author Anna Wulf, written by Doris Lessing.;;The Golden Notebook
;;Michigan Democrats passed the "Miner Law" before this election to split the state's traditionally Republican vote.  William Whitney unsuccessfully pushed for making former Republican and "Sisyphus of the Wabash" Isaac Gray the Democratic Vice Presidential candidate, and one ticket in this campaign featured both a former Union and Confederate General. The latter was Vice Presidential candidate James Field who ran with a man who published A Call to Action in this year.  That faction put forth the Omaha Platform calling for a graduated income tax and a $50 per capita circulating medium.  Wyoming's recent entrance into the Union made it the first presidential contest in which women could vote, and the incumbent was hurt by the newly-passed McKinley Tariff. Meanwhile four states were won by a ticket headed by James Weaver of the Populist Party.  For 10 points, name this election in which Benjamin Harrison was defeated by Grover Cleveland.;;(Election) (of) 1892
;;The third section of this work opens with the protagonist assuring his workmen that he will fire a man who is already dead.  It begins at a high school dance with the wealthy partner of a construction firm planning out his son's future.  The epilogue features a widow, who'd earlier been repulsed by the true nature of her husband's personality, releasing her two sons to their own lives.  The fourth and final act features a soliloquy about the failed State Capitol project and climaxes with the prostitute Cybel comforting the dying title figure, who'd been shot during an arrest attempt.  The police had been after William for the murder of his "old self," after he had taken on the persona of his architectural rival, Dion Anthony, by literally putting on his face.  For 10 points, identify this expressionistic play that features the use of large masks, a work by Eugene O'Neill.;;The Great God Brown
;;In one section, the speaker compares smoke from a cannon to the vapors rising off a monster's hide.  In a letter to Sir Robert Howard, this work's author claimed that it was written in the style of Virgil, an assertion that fails to acknowledge the influence of William Davenant's Gondibert.  Stanza 155 introduces a "Digression concerning shipping and navigation" that leads into a section featuring the line "Who great in search of God and Nature grow," the "Apostrophe to the Royal Society".  Prefaced by "Verses to her Highness and Duchess" [of York], several of this work's 304 stanzas chronicle the Battle of Solebay, while a later section celebrates the work of Christopher Wren and the rebirth of London from a "chymic flame".  Taking as its subjects the Second Anglo-Dutch War and the Great Fire, for 10 points, identify this work, subtitled or The Year of Wonders, 1666, a poem by John Dryden.;;Annus Mirabilis
;;Much of its power was exercised by the "royal guard" which was recruited among the Hum and Tio peoples.  Its ruler was elected by special body of nine or twelve nobles, including the pagan kbunga, who retained a veto vote, but rarely exercised it.  At one point this empire, whose currency consisted of a particular type of seashell named the nzimbu, was led by a woman named Anna, who was initially forced to retreat to the neighboring Kingdom of Matamba, before rallying her Jaga warriors to subjugate Luanda.  It was during the reign of Nzinga Nkuwu that the colonists arrived from Sao Thome, setting in motion a pattern of cooperation and exploitation.  Led by rulers that bore the honorific Mani, for many years its capital was located at Sao Salvador.  For 10 points, identify this West African kingdom that was conquered by the Portuguese and existed south of a namesake river.;;Kongo (empire)
;;This designation was derived from a word alluding either to an upstanding officer of the revenue department or a piece of land directly under government control and it was first used in a religious setting by Kabir. Before it took on its current meaning the groups known as masands were abolished, and the man responsible for that new meaning clarified his purpose in the composition known as the 33 Swayya.  In common usage when prefaced by "Sarbatt" it can refer to a gathering of members of a certain religion. It came to identify a group who partook in the Pahul by taking a water-sugar drink in the Amrit Sanchar ceremony. That group would be differentiated from the Sahajdharis, who typically do not keep the kanga or the kirpan. For 10 points, name this group established by the Guru Gobind Singh as the purest of all Sikhs.;;Khalsa
;;In one work, this thinker argues that two sets of virtues drive market action - "commercial sydrome" and "guardian syndrome" - one promotes honest collaboration and one does not, but in combination the systems form a "monstrous hybrid". Another work elucidates the three "transactions of decline" including military production, subsidies to poor regions, and advanced-backward trade. This thinker used the example of Japan developing bicycle repair shops in the late 1800s, which led the country to eventually produce its own bicycles, to demonstrate the idea of "import replacement". In addition to Systems of Survival, this author defended pursuing the sovereignty of Quebec in The Question of Separatism. This longtime opponent of Robert Moses described the "ballet of the sidewalks" in New York in arguing for mixed-use neighborhoods. For 10 points, name this urban studies pioneer and author of The Death and Life of Great American Cities.;;(Jane) Jacobs
;;This work introduces the Boozers, a mother-daughter team that cons the perverted Kilpatrick, as well as a London Times reporter named Hugh Pryce who dies after climbing a tree. It also describes the odd case of Albion Simms who lives life with a spike stuck in his head and is observed by a German surgeon.  Other chapters describe the travels of Mr. Culp, a photographer, who is accompanied by his black apprentice, Calvin Harper, and is eventually murdered by Arly Wilcox, a runaway on the losing side.  It opens with the taking of the Jameson farm and the introduction of the character Pearl, while a later section describes the romance of Wilma Jones and the banjo playing Coalhouse Walker, Sr., whose son appears in another of its author's works, Ragtime.  For 10 points, identify this 2005 novel whose action revolves around William Tecumseh Sherman's Southern campaign, a work by E.L. Doctorow.;;The March
;;This god is mentioned on a votive stela on which Neferabu admits making a false oath in his name and losing his sight as a result, and begs for forgiveness. He is sometimes syncretized with the earth god Tatenen, and common epithets refer to him as "under the moringa tree" and as "Lord of Ankh-tawy". He's also worshipped in hyphenated form with the mortuary deity Sokar. This god's son Nefertem appeared late as a member of his triad, and is sometimes said to have helped him create the world by thought and imagination. This god of craftsmen is most traditionally worshipped with his wife Sekhmet. For 10 points, name this predominant creator god of Memphis.;;Ptah
;;The second section of this work presents four variations on a "sighing" theme initially presented on the strings, then the horns, then the full orchestra.  The fourth section of this work features a difficult cadenza in which the flute and clarinet take turns, before the harp enters to play shimmering scales, which, in turn, sets the stage for the introduction of a Gypsy Song.  Featuring an instruction to play all the way through without pause, the opening theme, a morning serenade, returns throughout this work which climaxes with a fiery Fandango, emphasized by cutting strings, cymbals, and castanets.  This work in five movements was completed in 1887 and was inspired by Inzenga and Castellanos' Book of Songs.  For 10 points, identify this work that begins with the "Alborada," a work based on Asturian folk themes by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.;;Capriccio Espagnol|Spanish Caprice|Kaprichio na ispankskiye temi
;;Twice during this work, one character asks to examine another character's hand.  The second time, a fugitive offers to pay his suspicious rescuer 150,000 piastres to protect him.  In another episode, a funeral and a wedding occur simultaneously, that is, until the "corpse" hears the war with the princes is over, at which point he recovers.  Scene 3 sees the protagonist crossing a rotten bridge to reach the Northern Mountains.  There she finds shelter with her brother Lavrenti.  Punctuated throughout by various songs, it was written during its author's stay in California and it focuses on a peasant woman's journey to protect the Governor's abandoned child from the Ironshirts.  The climax is presided over by the unconventional judge, Azdak, who administers the titular test after drawing it on the floor.  For 10 points, name this play that ends with Grusha proving her love for baby Michael, a work by Bertolt Brecht.;;(The) Caucasian Chalk Circle|(Die) Kaukasische Kreidekreis
;;Charles Francis Adams notably criticized this man in a North American Review article.  This author of A History of Delaware County was never listed by Mrs. William Astor in her list of the New York 400, even though he was worth more than many men on the list.  Although some of his partners, like Russell Sage, made a fortune, others like Charles Leupp and Cyrus Field were less fortunate.  His first success came after he founded a tanning factory and he would later establish an office in Jersey City to illegally issue stock in an attempt to best Cornelius Vanderbilt for control of the Erie Railroad.  He tried to influence Horace Potter through the President's brother in law, A.H. Corbin, and a share of his investments, a situation that culminated on September 24, 1869, when the price of gold dropped precipitously.  For 10 points, identify this American financier and railroad magnate whose actions, alongside his partner, Jim Fisk, precipitated "Black Friday".;;(Jay) Gould
;;The second part analyzes the mitigation of risks and dangers with the establishment of a "regimen in general" in the chapter "Dietetics".  The third part, which opens with a section on dreams and the "method of Artemidorus," explores what its author refers to as "The Question of Monopoly" in the context of marriage.  The first part, which includes the chapter "We "Other Victorians,"" argues that, "Confession came to be constituted in scientific terms," and posits capitalism as an outcome of the controlled insertion of bodies into the machinery of production in its analysis of "bio-power".  That volume, which preceded the other completed volumes The Care of Self and The Use of Pleasure, was translated as both An Introduction" and The Will to Knowledge.  For 10 points, identify this three volume treatise tracing the experience of erotic desire in Western Society, a work by Michel Foucault.;;The History of Sexuality|L'Histoire de la sexualite
;;He was voted out of his country's parliament for anti-war activities that included founding the Union of Democratic control and later the right-wing press printed a copy of his birth certificate, showing his illegitimate birth. He returned to parliament four years later and defeated J.R. Clynes for his party's leadership. He ended his political career as Lord President of the Council for two years, in political isolation as a result of making a power-sharing pact with the Conservatives four years prior. Winston Churchill gave him the nickname "boneless wonder" and in 1906 he made a pact with Gladstone's Liberals that bore fruit nearly two decades later. For 10 points, name this man who was twice succeeded by Stanley Baldwin, and who in 1924 and 1929 he became British Prime Minister, the first Laborite to do so.;;(James) (Ramsay) MacDonald
;;The title of one of this author's works is taken from the last line of Guillaume Appollinaire's "Zone" and is called Solar Throat Slashed.  This author, who would abandon Surrealism, worked in odd formats such as his "oratorio" for the stage, And the Dogs Were Silent.  Other works include the elegies "The Tomb of Paul Eluard" and "Statue of Lafcadio Hearn" which were collected in this author's volume Ferraments, whose title refers obliquely to the shackles that once bound his ancestors.  His overtly political works include a play about a ruler of Haiti and another about the execution of Patrice Lumumba.  Those works, The Tragedy of King Christophe and A Season in the Congo, were written after he helped found a literary movement alongside Leon Damas and Leopold Senghor.  For 10 points, identify this author of "Notes From a Return to the Native Land," a Martinique born founder of Negritude.;;(Aime) Cesaire
;;Recently, experimental realizations of this model have been achieved in optical lattices, first a bosonic analogue and later the original fermionic version in work of Kohl et al. An important limiting case was derived by Spalek in 1977, applying a projection operator to remove double-occupancy states. This is a large U limit of it, called the t-J model. It was introduced by its namesake in 1963 in a study that revealed a type of metal-insulator transition. Its Hamiltonian involves a hopping term that moves an electron from one site to another, and a potential energy term giving on-site Coulomb repulsion. For 10 points, what is this model of interacting electrons, introduced in 1963 by a British physicist who also invented a transformation named for him and Stratonovich?;;Hubbard (model)
;;The second part of this work opens with a description of the "wood choppers" who had made a clearing where, now, only an old pine stands.  Earlier in the work a house guest noted that he was willing to give ten dollars in return for a favor, while another character reminisced about her son Dan, a great wanderer who left the North East for California.  Published in a namesake collection, some two years before its author's novel on a similar theme, A Country Doctor, it opens as the protagonist is attempting to use a twig of birch leaves to guide home a cow named Mistress Mooly.  Ultimately, Mrs. Tilley's granddaughter decides not to tell the young man with the gun where a particular creature can be found.  For 10 points, identify this work about Sylvia's decision to save the title bird, a short story by Sarah Orne Jewett.;;A White Heron
;;Groups of people referred to by this term include a set of Prussian religious dissidents who settled in Serbin, Texas in the 1850s; and the Liutizes, who in the ninth and tenth centuries formed a union centered around Riedegost-Rethra. The group as a whole unsuccessfully resisted a crusade in the 1100s led by Valdemar the Great of Denmark, who captured this people's main settlement at Arkona and gained control of Pomerania. The Kashubs and Sorbs in Germany and Poland are the only existing ethnic groups to identify themselves with these peoples whose name was used in the early Middle Ages to refer to almost any Slavic people living within the Holy Roman Empire. For 10 points, identify these peoples who got their name as a result of false etymology with a barbarian tribe that also gave its name to a major maritime city-state in northeast Italy?;;Wends|Veneti
;;One of these features a simple yo-yo like path of three descending notes and double stops preceded by what sounds, at first, like a flute and, subsequently, like a French horn.  That work, which was later interpolated in the final movement of Mendelssohn's Italian Symphony, was written in E major and nicknamed "The Hunt".  Another one of these, in B flat major, is nicknamed for a mocking, descending theme that mimics a demonic chuckle.  Later provided with piano accompaniment in works by Fritz Kreisler and Mario Pilati, this group of works opens with a piece marked "Andante in E" and concludes with a set of eleven variations on a twelve bar theme in A minor, that make up the 24th and final one.  For 10 points, identify this series of compositions for the solo violin, the masterwork of Niccolo Paganini.;;(Paganini's) Caprices|Capricii
;;At one point, in this work, a character compares nature to an "assembly of blondes and brunettes," before he is admonished to stop searching for comparisons and decides to leave his mistress behind.  Another section describes the futility of the Russo-Turkish War, which is cited by the narrator as an example of man's capacity to do evil despite his short life.  Earlier, the protagonist laments that even with a thousand senses he sometimes feels a vague longing, a realization that is followed by a refutation of Father Castel's Treatise of Universal Gravitation and the arrival of two travelers on the northern shore of the Baltic.  Subtitled "A Philosophical Story," this work in seven chapters opens with a description of a young man from Sirius who is 24,000 "geometrical paces" tall.  For 10 points, identify this satire about a visit to Earth by the title giant, a work by Voltaire.;;Micromegas
;;Odean's work demonstrating the failure of momentum strategies has lended support for it, while Lesmond et al find that relative strength strategies similarly fail. A key methodology in studying it is the "event study" which as a whole find no systemic over or underreaction biases. Grossman and Stiglitz argued that this idea was paradoxical on the grounds that it would imply that firms had no incentive to improve. Alternatives to this idea have been proposed by Andrew Lo centering around the idea of adaptation. First expressed by Louis Bachelier in his dissertation, "The Theory of Speculation", its weak version states that prices should reflect all available information, while the strong form asserts that prices also reflect hidden information. For 10 points, identify this economic doctrine espoused by Eugene Fama which colloquially asserts that one cannot consistently beat the market.;;efficient markets (hypothesis)
;;Under its rule, women had to acknowledge their husband, son, and father as their "three lords" and often kept a chastity dagger. Catholics living in this empire's borders were often known as "potters" after having turned to pottery following the Chesa controversy and the resultant Catholic pogroms. Under its greatest ruler, its fleet of Turtle ships grew and the establishment of hangul, the national alphabet, took place. In its second half its power waned and it became known as the Hermit Kingdom, during which time its soldiers notably burned a U.S. ship at Keupsa Gate. Reaching its zenith under Sejong, it was founded by Taejo on the remnants of the Goryeo kingdom. For 10 points, name this dynasty in power from 1392 to 1910 on the Korean Peninsula.;;Joseon|Chosun|Yi (Dynasty)
;;For de Sitter space it is finite, as shown by Gibbons and Hawking, due to the presence of a cosmological horizon. The entanglement version of it measures the amount of correlation between two different subsystems. The conditional version of it incorporates known information and is bounded above by the absolute one. For a classical ideal gas, it scales as the number of particles times the log of the volume, the precise statement of which is known as the Sackur-Tetrode equation. Given the assumption of molecular chaos one can prove the H-theorem of Boltzmann, showing that it increases, as demanded by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. For 10 points, what is this measure of the number of microstates in a system, which is usefully thought of as a measure of disorder?;;entropy
;;He argued that St. John of the Cross' greatest gift was his ability to find joy in emptiness and liberty in suffering.  He corresponded with Louis Massignon on the connections between non-violence and Sufism, while his interest in Buddhism led to a meeting with the Dalai Lama. He reiterated that Saint Thomas declared the contemplative life to be superior to the active life and championed the view of God as Being Itself, an idea he adapted from Etienne Gilson.  His namesake collection which includes such religiously themed books of verse as The Strange Island and Figures for an Apocalypse, is housed at Bellarmine University.  This student of Mark van Doren published a 1948 book that described his conversion and his subsequent life at a Cistercian Monastery at Gethsemani, in Kentucky.  For 10 points, identify this Trappist monk and author of the spiritual autobiography, Seven Storey Mountain.;;(Thomas) Merton
;;Towards the end of this novel the protagonist's family is aided by the Cucuzzas and Mahwinneys in rescuing a childhood friend.  Chapter 6 begins with a letter from Homer L. Kasson outlining the opportunities available to new "homesteaders" under the Office of American Absorption.  One subplot follows the relationship of the narrator's aunt Evelyn and the Rabbi Bengelsdorf, while a key moment occurs when the narrator's parents discover his older brother Sandy's drawings of Burton K. Wheeler's running mate.  Its Postscript, which follows a chapter entitled "Their Country," describes the true lives of figures such as Walter Winchell and Henry Ford.  Centering on a Newark based family whose lives are turned upside down by the 1940 election of Charles Lindbergh for President, for 10 points, identify this novel, an alternative history about an anti-Semitic United States, written by Philip Roth.;;The Plot Against America
;;A key relationship in the life of this figure mirrors that of Hadingus and Regnhild.  This figure is present at Aegir's feast and interjects during Heimdall's argument to predict that another deity will soon be bound with the entrails of his son.  The Norse analogue of Ull, according to some stories this deity lived at Manheim and fathered the ancestors of the Hladir Jarls with Odin.  Numerous sources assert that it is this deity, who had earlier been made to laugh by an encounter with a goat, who provides the serpent that drips venom on Loki's head.  This figure, who is loath to leave her family abode, Thrymheim, and was often depicted wearing snow-shoes was the daughter of Thiazi. For 10 points, identify this Goddess who selected her husband on the basis of his beautiful feet and thus became the unwilling mistress of Noatun and the consort of Njord.;;Skadi|Shathi
;;He was raised by his grandmother, from whose silver cup he would drink on festival days, and for a time he was so poor that he dealt in donkeys and was known as "the Muleteer". He was widowed before coming to power and lived with a freed-slave mistress named Caenis [KYE-niss]. That power was bolstered by the oath of loyalty given by Tiberius Alexander as well as 40,000 archers from the Parthians. However, he owed that power chiefly to the political skills of Mucianus and the military victory at Cremona of Antonius Primus. His reign ended with him saying "Alas, I think I'm becoming a god" on his deathbed and began with the crushing of major revolts on the Rhine and in Judaea and saw the start of construction on the Forum of Peace and the Colosseum, the latter of which was finished by his son. For 10 points, name this father of Domitian and Titus and Roman emperor from AD 69-79.;;(Titus) (Flavius) Vespasianus
;;Minor characters in this work include the maid Katrina and as it opens a teacher arrives at her friend's house for a surprise visit.  However upon noticing that she isn't prepared, she agrees to go back out to the car and pretends to arrive again.   In another scene the two women discuss the progress made on an elaborate cement sculpture garden that was begun 15 years ago, after one of them became a widow.  Later in this work one of the characters lights the candles spread throughout the setting, an oddly decorated home in New Bethesda, in the heart of the Karoo Desert.  As in another play by its author, A Lesson From Aloes, it is the arrival of a third character, in this case, Pastor Byleveld, that catalyzes the action.  Ultimately, Elsa Barlow, convinces her eccentric friend not to move to a home for the elderly. For 10 points, identify this work that takes its title from Miss Helen's decision to blaze a creative path to a metaphorical Muslim holy site, a play by Athol Fugard.;;The Road to Mecca
;;The Kaposi's sarcoma virus SOX protein causes overgrowth of this structure, and its formation is directed by a tripartite signal that includes efficiency and positioning elements.  HEX, CPE, and Pumilio-binding elements participate in their formation, and the association of a namesake binding factor with these structures recruits eIF-4G.  The transferrin receptor and several histone components use a stem-loop rather than this structure.  In plant mitochondria, long ones are destabilizing, but more commonly, the lengthening of these structures enhances the stability of the molecules to which they are attached and promotes translation.  For 10 points, name this structure found on the 3' (three prime) end of most mRNAs which consists of a long string of adenosines.;;poly-A tail
;;An invasion of a Mansion by some weasels foretells both joy and sorrow for a former ruler; meanwhile the crash of a tree near the Hill Palace causes a character in this work to command his men to stand ever-ready to shoot the goblins thought to be responsible.  Earlier in this work that same character's cruelty causes the dancing girl Gio to shave her head and become a nun.  Originally divided into twelve chapters, later versions included a secret text known as "The Initiates' Chapter" which focuses on the "Matter of the Six Paths" and tells the story of an Empress' exile.  Other episodes include a Prince leading a fruitless revolt alongside the monks of Miiidera, as well as the execution of the child warrior Atsumori by Kumagae.  Although the ruthless Kiyomori leads the title group to a series of victories in the early chapters, the defeat of  Rokudai at the battle of Dan-no-Ura cements their demise. For 10 points, identify this work set during the Gempei Wars, a Japanese epic that traces the decline of the Taira clan.;;Tale of the Heike|Heike Monogatari
;;Its early negotiations were threatened by the attempted rebellion of a man who was exiled to the island of Madeira. Minister Banffy was an infrequent participant in those negotiations, which concluded successfully and twelve years later led to the establishment of an Economic Council, Permanent Council, and Secretariat via the terms of Pact of Reorganization signed by all of its members. This was done at Geneva, which was less important than both the Genoa conference the prior decade and the series of treaties signed with France by all of its members. Intended to suppress Habsburg resurgence as well as Hungarian advances, for 10 points, name this brainchild of Edvard Benes, an alliance between Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia formed in 1920 and 1921.;;Little Entente
;;Silicon-substituted cyclic compounds have been used as "pumps" to generate this class of chemicals in the formation of block copolymers.  Laser flash photolysis of ketoprofenate produces an example of this class of compounds that is unusually unreactive with water.  In unimolecular elimination via the conjugate base, the intermediate is one of these compounds.  Wittig-Horner and Horner-Emmons reactions use resonance-stabilized phosphonate examples of these in place of the phosphonium ylide, and in the first step of the malonic ester synthesis, diethyl malonate is treated with sodium to generate this type of reactive species.  Less substituted examples of these are more stable, and they have the same electron structures as analogous amines, though they are stronger nucleophiles.  For 10 points, name these compounds that contain a trivalent carbon atom with a negative charge.;;carbanions
;;As it ends a character describes how to ascend above the music of the spheres and confirms his return to the Gardens of Hesperus.  In one section of this work a character asserts that he would follow his antagonist from Africa to India and "drag him by the curls to his foul death".  In another scene, the coming of a dark cloud covers the stars in the wood and forces another character to sing and beseech Echo for guidance.  During the climactic encounter, two brothers follow the shepherd Thyrsis' advice and attempt to break a glass and seize a "charming rod".  It ends with the summoning of the river nymph Sabrina who frees the protagonist, a virtuous young lady, from the title figure's spell.  First performed for the Earl of Bridgewater at Ludlow Castle, for 10 points, identify this masque about the son of Circe and Bacchus, a work by John Milton.;;Comus
;;This son of the "Oracle of New Lebanon" was turned out of one of his earliest offices by James Harper and gained his fortune by managing the merger of the Galena & Chicago Union and Northwestern Railroads.  Although he received partial vindication through the Potter Committee, he was hurt by a series of telegrams obtained from Senator Oliver P. Morton that alleged his staff offered bribes for votes; those were the Cipher Dispatches.  He would later fail to directly challenge a body including Joseph Philo Bradley, who was appointed because the independent David Davis had resigned his position on the Supreme Court.  Earlier, his "Figures That Could Not Lie" report, combined with the efforts of William Wickham, helped bring down a certain "Grand Sachem".  For 10 points, name this governor of New York who busted the Tweed Ring and went on to lose to Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876.;;(Samuel) (Jones) Tilden
;;Art tourism in this city includes the Agial Art Gallery and the Sursock Museum, which houses a noted collection of Japanese wood engravings. To the north of this city is a massive cave system known as the Jeita Grotto, which acts as a source for the Dog River. Another natural formation associated with this city, the Pigeon Rocks, are located off of its western coast, and may be viewed from the Corniche in its Raouche district. Situated to the east of the city of Zahle, its governmental buildings include the Grand Serail and its recently-renovated international airport named after Rafik Hariri. For 10 points, name this port city west of the Bekaa Valley, which currently serves as the capital of Lebanon.;;Beirut
;;This man appointed Charles Henningsen as second-in-command, authorizing him to burn large portions of territory. He died after being betrayed by Norvell Salmon, the captain of the sloop Icarus, who falsely promised that his surrender would secure him safe transport home. Early in life, after the death of his deaf fiancee Ellen Martin, he left his career as editor of the New Orleans Crescent to travel to San Francisco. After that, he conspired with Edmund Randolph to reach a secret agreement with C.K. Garrison and Charles Morgan, aimed at the destruction of the Accessory Transit Company. That plan failed after this man's puppet president Patricio Rivas withdrew. For 10 points, name this doctor who gained infamy as a filibuster in Nicaragua.;;(William) Walker
;;The papal legate Ottobon urged moderation in dealing with the supporters of this man, whose death led to those supporters pillaging the countryside from strongholds at places like Axholme and Ely. He had first consolidated his power after using his brightly decorated litter as a trap in battle and by raising a fleet in the Cinque Ports.  He would then briefly establish co-rule with the Bishop of Chichester and the Earl of Gloucester. However, he was weakened the next year by the machinations of Richard de Clare and the negative views of his alliance with Llewellyn. His end came when his son was defeated at Kenilworth and when his own forces fell the next day at Evesham. For 10 points, name this French-English nobleman who briefly ruled England after the Barons' War of 1263.;;(Simon) (de) Montfort(,) (6th) (Earl) (of) (Leicester)
;;Its arcade columns originally stood on a stylobate of three steps and now rise from the ground without bases.  Its upper story is finished with white and rose-colored marble and also contains a lace-like parapet of oriental cresting.  Among the notable features in its courtyard is a large dark green ornamental bronze well-head, but most notable are the facades which total approximately 500 feet in length and which were largely designed by the brothers Giovanni and Bartolomeo Buon. Its famous parts include the "paper door" and "giant's staircase" or Porta della Carta and Scala dei Giganti. Adjacent to it is a former prison known as the Piombi, which is separated from this structure by the Bridge of Sighs. Called the "central building of the world" by Ruskin in his book on the architecture of its city, For 10 points, name this structure once home to the rulers of Venice.;;Doge's Palace|Palazzo Ducale
;;A key revelation in this work involves a dispute over the establishment of a committee with six votes.  At one point the protagonist recalls receiving poisoned chocolates from a man named Dresch while he is in jail.  In another scene we are introduced to two men, George and Slick, who walk around a summer house with machine guns and ogle the main character's upper-class wife, Jessica.  The seventh and final act ends with the protagonist yelling, "Unsalvageable," as he leaves his one-time comrade Olga behind and prepares to be executed by the revolutionary party he once killed for.  For 10 points, identify this play, centering on the idealistic Hugo's struggle over the assassination of the pragmatic Hoederer, a work by Jean Paul Sartre.;;Dirty Hands|Les Mains Sales
;;He once went to jail due to a libel suit stemming from his Herald of Freedom newspaper, while donations to Tufts University were part of his so-called "profitable philanthropy".  Twice elected to the Connecticut State Senate, his initial fortune was built on the success of an establishment in New York that he'd purchased from John Scudder.  He turned a collection of articles he wrote for the New York Weekly Mercury debunking frauds in history into the book Humbugs of the World and went on a European Tour with "General Tom Thumb".  In addition he founded the American Museum which housed the Siamese twins Chang and Eng.  For 10 points, name this creator of the "Greatest Show on Earth" who entered into a partnership with James A. Bailey.;;(Phineas) (Taylor) Barnum
;;A document drafted by this organization foretells the "the planetization of mankind" and ends by declaring "these fruitless strifes, these ruinous wars shall pass away, and the Most Great Peace shall come" - that work is entitled "The Promise of World Peace" and addressed to the "Peoples of the World". This body's current members include Hooper Dunbar and Peter Khan, and it was established 100 years after a proclamation in the Garden of Ridvan. Its constitution states its authority derives from the "Centre of the Covenant" and the "Guardian of the Cause".  It was formed by election of nine members from the National Spiritual Assemblies, six years after the death of Shoghi Effendi, and this body is located in Haifa on the slopes of Mount Carmel. For 10 points, name this organization which enforces the Kitab i-Aqdas and renders judicial decisions on the Baha'i faith.;;Universal House of Justice
;;One of the first works to treat the writings of Kate Stone and Charlotte Forten, its penultimate chapter cites Leon Edel's biographies to argue that such Henry James stories as "The Story of a Year" and "A Most Extraordinary Case" tie together sexual incapacity with the incapacity to serve one's country. That same section then turns to discuss the novels Playing the Mischief and Honest John Vane before declaring John W. De Forest to be the first author to deal seriously with this book's subject.  Though it devotes a number of pages to situate the work of John Pendleton Kennedy in relation to the "Myth of the Old South," the most interesting chapter extols the merits of Grant's Autobiography.  Published in 1962, its title comes from James Ryder Randal's "Maryland, My Maryland".  For 10 points, identify this collection of "Studies in the Literature of the Civil War," a work by Edmund Wilson.;;Patriotic Gore
;;One story about this deity says that his wife became enraged when accused of infidelity and locked herself in a burning hut, declaring that only their true children would be born, and miraculously three children emerged from the fire - two of those kids notably held a talent for fishing and hunting, which they decided to switch with each other. This deity married that wife only after rejecting her sister, the rock deity Ihanaga, who cursed him and declared that his marriage to the flower goddess Kono-hana explains why human lives are so fragile. This deity landed on Mount Takachiho and built his palace, after which he convinced O-kuni-nushi to let him rule the country - he had descended from his heavenly rock carrying the Eight-Handed Mirror, the Yakasani jewel, and Kusanagi. For 10 points, name this grandfather of Jimmu, who brought the three sacred treasures to Japan on the orders of Amaterasu.;;Ninigi-no-Makoto
;;This work analyzes a passage from Max Weber's Science as Vocation to prove a larger point about reason's failure to establish "values".  In another section, it posits that "our desire for conflict reduction" explains the popularity of the word "dialectic" and contributes to "ignorance".  It argues that Fromm's Escape from Freedom is "just Dale Carnegie with a bit of middle-European cultural whipped cream on top" in part two, "Nihilism American Style".  This work traces the development of "relativism" and "tolerance" and advocates a return to the study of classical texts.  The Foreword, which notes that due to the prevalence of public opinion, the university is no longer an oasis of independent thought, was written by its author's friend, Saul Bellow.  For 10 points, identify this book about the paradoxical failure of higher education's embrace of "openness'" in a democratic society, a work by Allan Bloom.;;The Closing of the American Mind: (How) (Higher) (Education) (has) (Failed) (Democracy) (and) (Impoverished) (the) (Souls) (of) (Today's) (Students)
;;A key motif in this work is an inlaid handkerchief box that was lent by one character to another.  Chapter six ends with the protagonists attending a spirited performance of Lucia de Lammermoor.  It opens by recounting the rejection of the perfectly suitable Mr. Kingcroft and the haphazard education of young Irma.  Prompted by the news of a member of the family's engagement to a dentist's son, a pair of siblings leaves from Sawston to meet up with Caroline Abbott in Monteriano in an attempt to bring back their headstrong sister in law.  The climax of the novel occurs after Harriet's attempt to kidnap a baby ends in tragedy when a carriage overturns and the child is killed.  For 10 points, identify this 1905 novel, which takes its title from Pope's Essay on Criticism and traces the consequences produced by the union of Gino Carella and Lilia Herriton, a work by E.M. Forster.;;Where Angels Fear to Tread
;;At one point in this work, its author cites to a person's memory of building a paper house and continually failing in spite of the motto that she had absorbed years earlier.  Another section offers an interpretation of a particular depiction of adolescent abandonment to illustrate the complications of a "triadic existence" and the Oedipal complex. This work critiques Piaget's reaction upon hearing one of his subjects insist that she had seen an elephant fly.  Its Introduction sets out the author's project which arose out of his work with severely disturbed children and his disdain for modern literature, while this work's second, analytical, section includes chapters on stories by the Brothers Grimm, as well as "Little Red Riding Hood" and "Hansel and Gretel" For 10 points, identify this work, subtitled "The Meaning and Importance of Fairytales," by Bruno Bettelheim.;;The Uses of Enchantment
;;This poet asked "why should a man wax tears, when his wooden world fails?" in a sonnet whose speaker attempts to describe "faiths that were snapped like wire" after "that hot gospeller has levelled all but the churched sky".  This poet observed "The classics can console. But not enough" in a poem which compares "that father and husband's longing" to "the adulterer hearing Nausicaa's name in every gull's outcry". This poet wrote "either I'm nobody, or I'm a nation" in a poem narrated by the sailor Shabine. This poet of "The Schooner Flight," "A City's Death by Fire," and "Sea Grapes" wrote "a smell of dead limes quickens in the nose / The leprosy of empire" in a poem comparing colonial England to a rotting mansion, "Ruins of a Great House". In a long poem by this author, Ma Kilman heals the wound of Philoctete and Major Plunkett researches the history of St. Lucia. For 10 points, name this Caribbean poet of Omeros.;;(Derek) Walcott
;;The third section of this work features three motifs, a song for muted strings, a subject for the brass, and a theme for trombones, that evoke an elegiac mood and is sometimes called "The Queen's Monastery".  It features a the energetic ringing of a bell in its fourth section, which provokes a moment of reflection, but opens with a dance melody meant to symbolize the hustle and bustle of "The Street".  It ends with the movement "City Hall" which recapitulates the celebratory opening theme of the whole piece, notably played by nine trumpets.  Originating as a series of fanfares for a gymnastic festival sponsored by the Sokol group, this 1926 work in five movements was dedicated to the Czechoslovak Armed Forces.  Its composer's largest purely orchestral composition, it features a length that belies its diminutive name, for 10 points, identify this "little symphony" by Leos Janacek.;;Sinfonietta
;;Its final chapter features a man using a forked peach branch, with a sack containing a gold-filled human tooth attached to it, to detect a supposed Confederate treasure buried on what was once Eustace Grimm's land.  Its second chapter features a scheming sewing machine dealer reminiscing about Pat Stamper's dealings with the protagonist's father, a horse trader.  Divided into four sections, with such titles as "The Peasants" and "The Long Summer," the second portion is named for and introduces a nubile thirteen year old girl who eventually becomes the mistress of Manfred de Spain.  Set in Frenchman's Bend, this work charts the dissolution of Will Varner's fortune and the rise of Flem Snopes.  For 10 points, identify this work, the first in a trilogy that includes The Town and The Mansion, a novel by William Faulkner.;;The Hamlet
;;The Rosa26 strain uses lacZ expression as a reporter for this molecule's activity, and five-one-one sites can be used to control the directionality of its activity.  The mechanism of this molecule's action was elucidated by the Van Duyne lab and involves the formation of a Holliday-type intermediate after DNA is cleaved by tyrosine-324.  This protein is structurally similar to lambda integrase, and its active tetrameric form results from the binding of this enzyme to two 34-bp palindromic recognition sites.  ERT2, a modified form of the estrogen receptor, is often fused to this protein, causing the administration of tamoxifen to produce gene rearrangements in model organisms.  For 10 points, name this recombinase derived from P1 bacteriophage, which is used to engineer conditional knockout animals by rearranging DNA at loxP sites.;;Cre
;;A paper by Andreoni and Miller used simulations and lab experiments to parameterize it using a revealed preference framework. Dale Miller wrote an article in American Psychologist arguing that to deny it leads to a tautology.  The competitive form of  it was introduced by Gilbert Roberts, who explained it by the handicap principle and signaling benefits. Daniel Batson tackled the question of this behavior, which he links in a namesake hypothesis with empathy. Pitirim Sorokin wrote a 1950 study about this type of love, subtitled as "a Study of American Good Neighbors". In a book subtitled "Toward a Social Psychological Answer," Along with fatalistic, anomic, and egoistic - it was identified by Emile Durkheim as one type of suicide. For 10 points, name this type of behavior in which agents account for benefits to people other than themselves.;;altruism|altruistic (behavior)
;;This work recounts an encounter with a man who supports Cuban independence by working as a cigar roller in Jacksonville.  The protagonist ends up playing Mendelssohn's "Wedding March" at a club that hosts lots of slumming visitors; this is where he meets "my millionaire" and witnesses the murder of a widow who bought him a drink.  Though he grows up in Connecticut, the protagonist attends school in Atlanta, but after seeing a man being burned at the stake decides to leave Georgia for good.  The protagonist later recognizes his childhood friend "Shiny" walking in New York and resolves to tell his new fiance the truth.  Its author, who would revisit the same theme in 1933's Along this Way, based this work on the life of his friend and law partner Judson D. Wetmore, who succeeded in graduating from Michigan Law by "passing". For 10 points, name this novel about a black man who lives as a white man, a work by James Weldon Johnson.;;The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man
;;In zeolite pores, a confinement effect that acts primarily upon this entity reduces the gap between it and its counterpart.  The ionization potential of a closed-shell system may be determined by ascertaining the negative of its energy, a relationship described by Koopman's theorem. Walsh's rule predicts that molecular structures are predicated on the stability of these, while in ring-opening electrocyclic reactions, their symmetry directs the symmetry of the newly formed p-orbitals.  Lewis bases have a lone pair of electrons in this region, and the photochemical induction of cycloaddition of ethylene is activated by excitement of a pi electron that migrates to enter a new one of these. The Diels-Alder reaction involves interaction between this orbital of the diene and the opposite orbital of the dienophile.  For 10 points, name this frontier orbital that contains at least one electron.;;HOMO|highest occupied molecular orbital
;;It opens with a slow three bar sequence that is eventually joined by a second melody for first violins based on a folk song that was brought to the composer's attention by Percy Grainger and named "In Ola Valley".  The first melodic theme consists of a sequence of phrases written for strings and oboe that is played once and then softly repeated as if the instruments are engaged in an exchange.  This work, whose composition was preceded by A Song of the High Hills, was completed in the same year as its companion piece Summer Night on the River.  A tone poem, which was first performed in Leipzig in 1913, it concludes with a clarinet mimicking the calls of the title creature.  For 10 points, identify this musical sketch that depicts a bird stirring after the long winter, a work by Frederick Delius.;;On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring
;;In their most famous work the 13th image is entitled The Anatomical Man but of the two figures seen it is a woman, with the signs of the zodiac ascending up her naked body, who faces the viewer.  That work ends with preliminary drawings for two more images, but the actual final image is that of the Martyrdom of St. Andrew.  In the same work, their patron can be seen wearing a brilliant blue robe on the right on the first folio.  Some of their sections were completed by the "Master of Shadows" and in their time they were known as the "courtly," "pious," and "rustic" painters.  Their major achievement remains the opening calendar, featuring one month painted by Jean Colombe. They worked at the behest of Jean, Duc de Berry, and their names were Johan, Herman, and Paul.  For 10 points, name this group who created the major illuminated manuscript of the 15th-century, Tres Riches Heures.;;(ANSWERs:) (the) Limbourg (brothers)
;;A system of N interacting bosons can be regarded as a Bose-Einstein condensate if the single particle this has one eigenvalue of order N and all the others of order 1. Banks, Peskin, and Susskind showed that if it obeys an equation more general than Schrodinger's, as suggested by Hawking, locality or energy conservation would be violated. The von Neumann entropy is minus the trace of this matrix times its logarithm. If and only if it is equal to its own square, it represents a pure state and could be alternately represented simply as a wavefunction. For 10 points, what is this mathematical description of general mixed states in quantum mechanics, with a name that evokes its use as a measure of the amount of "weight" of wave function per "volume" of configuration space?;;density matrix
;;Minor characters in this work include the lustful Scottish Captain Hausbank and a pair of prostitutes who administer magical vials of perfume and are nicknamed the Skeleton and the Mattress.  Much of the center portion of the book concerns the adventures of a tulip tattooed mercenary called the Turk whose retinue includes a quartet of Swiss giants, and who long ago left his childhood friends Agostino and Nicolo behind.  It contains two epigraphs, one by Mirza Ghalib and another by Petrarch, and opens with a cart approaching the glowing lake of Sikri and a blonde man's demands to see the emperor, so that he might tell him how they are both descended from the title figure, a woman alternatively known as Lady Black Eyes and Qara Koz.  For 10 points, identify this 2008 work that juxtaposes events set at Akbar's Mughal court with Machiavelli's Renaissance home, a novel by Salman Rushdie.;;The Enchantress of Florence
;;In his talk on "Taste," which he later turned into an essay, he took issue with the work of Malcom Morley and David Salle among others. In another essay he defined one of the titular movements by saying it originated in France in the poetry, painting, and prose fiction of Baudelaire, Manet, and Flaubert respectively. In addition to Modern and Postmodern he attempted to give proper credit for the titular art medium, to either Braque or Picasso, in his seminal essay Collage. In his major work he concluded that socialism was the means of preservation for whatever living culture, particularly artistic, that exists and also popularized the titular German word. He would go on to become an ardent supporter and promoter of Hans Hoffman and Jackson Pollock. For 10 points, name this art critic and author of "Avant-Garde and Kitsch".;;(Clement) Greenberg
;;Under his leadership persons of European descent were disenfranchised and those of pardo descent were favored.  Swept into power after the Parian Market was destroyed during the Acordada riots, his tenure ended after he was kidnapped by an Italian ship captain and executed.   At one point this man, who would go on to abolish slavery in his homeland, missed hooking up with the forces of Javier Mina, who would have boosted the army he had been put in charge of when Morelos named him commander of the South.  In addition to leading his army to victory at such battles as Huetamo and Santa Fe, this man who helped Iturbide draft the Plan of Iguala took power in 1829, but was deposed under the Plan of Jalapa that saw the rise of the conservatives under Lucas Alaman.  For 10 points, identify this revolutionary hero and early president of the Mexican republic.;;(Vicente) (Ramon) Guerrero (Saldana)
;;Guven and colleagues pioneered the attachment of these molecules to copolymeric hydrogels to control swelling rate.  The surface chemistry of activated carbon was formerly modeled as this type of chemical, though newer methods use a simpler two-parameter approach.  In aqueous suspensions, metal particles behave like this type of chemical.  Though tyrosine and glutamate are not this type of compound, thirteen of the most common amino acids are.  K-sub-a-2 is typically the lowest dissociation constant for this type of acid, examples of which include carbonic acid and sulfuric acid, and titrations for these acids typically show two equivalence points.  For 10 points, name this type of acid that can generate two moles of hydronium ion per mole of acid dissociated.;;diprotic (acids)
;;This author created the vainglorious Aristabalus Bragg in a work about the Effingham family's return to New York, Home as Found. He described the romance of Lucy Hardinge in Afloat and Ashore, a story that would be continued in Miles Wallingford.   He wrote of monkeys traveling in Europe and set another work in 16th Century Bavaria.  In addition to The Monikins and The Heidenmauer, he wrote about politics in A Letter to his Countrymen and The American Democrat, while his trilogy about the Anti-Rent War included the novel The Chainbearer.  Characters created by this man include Harvey Birch, in a story of Revolutionary War intrigue, as well as Judith Hutter, who appears in a series of novels that also features Cora Munro, the evil Magua, and the noble Uncas.  For 10 points, identify this author of The Spy who chronicled the adventures of  Natty Bumppo in the Leather-Stocking Tales.;;(James) (Fennimore) Cooper
;;This work defines three levels of "creativity" and cites the example of a man who knows he hates oysters but has never tried them in a section that addresses balancing the need to know with the fear of knowing.  Another section describes the dangers of "B-cognition" which can make actions impossible.  This work's discussion of "peak experiences" offers an alternate take on one of its author's key ideas and it sets out a checklist of the characteristics that define healthy humans including "more openness to experience" and "the ability to love".  This work, which also features a chapter on the value of existentialism, ends with an appendix that asks, "Is a normative social psychology possible?" and is an elaboration of ideas its author previously presented in Motivation and Personality.  For 10 points, identify this work that outlines how human beings can become self-actualized, a work by Abraham Maslow.;;Toward a Psychology of Being
;;Each of them is associated with a symbol known as a veve and their appearance causes a namesake "crisis," which is marked by a state of utter exhaustion when these entities enter a govi and are said to "mount a horse". These entities include Dinclinsin, who holds a whip and is renowned for his cruelty, while Limba is said to dwell in rocks and eat everyone he encounters.  They are said to be "served with both hands" when invoked by a bokor under certain conditions, or by a traditional houngan. They are divided into families including the Ghede, the Petro, and the Rada. For 10 points, name these entities exemplified by figures like Baron Samedi and Papa Legba, who serve as deities that possess Voodoo priests.;;loas
;;This agreement was immediately preceded by one side's resolutions passed in the Kaiserbagh building and it grew out of a memorandum written two months earlier by 19 members of the Imperial Legislative Council. It built upon the Minto-Morley reforms of seven years earlier, specifically in terms of expansion of the numbers in both the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils. Due to unhappiness with its results, the leader of one side would go on to announce his "fourteen points" though by then it had already been weakened by the growing Khilafat movement. It was marked by cooperation between the moderates of Gokhale [go-kuh-lay] and the extremists of Tilak as well as the INC and its counterpart. For 10 points, name this agreement chiefly orchestrated by Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1916 to improve Hindu-Muslim affairs and which was reached in the namesake Indian city.;;Lucknow Pact
;;This writer depicted a place where the "sun burns sere and the rain dishevels" in "The Forsaken Garden," while his, Heptalogia, or the Seven Against Sense, offered a slew of parodies in the style of his contemporaries, such as the piece "The Higher Pantheism in a Nutshell". He created a fictitious back-story about a damsel named Yolande de Sallieres in a work about a clerk who continues to caress the deformed body of his now dead mistress. That work, "The Leper," was published in a controversial 1866 collection alongside another poem that begins- "Swallow, my sister, o swallow--" and is named "Itylus".  Other works by this author include "Laus Veneris," "Faustine," and a piece addressed to "Our Lady of Pain:" "Dolores".  For 10 points, identify this English poet of such works as "Ave Atque Vale," "The Garden of Proserpine," and Atalanta in Calydon.;;(Algernon) (Charles) Swinburne
;;Before this group of paintings could begin their artist negotiated terms with Claude Maugis settling for a total of 20,000 crowns. The first entry depicts the Fates at work with their accoutrements, minus Atropos's scissors, while Zeus and Hera watch from above. The most discordant painting in this cycle shows a gathering on Olympus and was titled The Council of the Gods and Time uncovers Truth while a wreath is presented above them in the final entry, The Triumph of Truth. The "Destiny," "Birth," and "Education" of the central figure precede such historical scenes as The Flight From Blois and The Disembarkation at Marseilles and the happiness of the final reconciliation with the Dauphin.  Numbering 24 paintings in all they were produced to decorate the Palais de Luxembourg.  For 10 points, identify this cycle of paintings by Rubens named for their subject, the widow of Henry IV of France.;;(The) (Life) (of) Marie de'Medici
;;The quartet1 mutation can be used to study "tetrads" in this tissue, and T. fornieri has been used to study the attractant effects of LURE proteins upon it.  The S RNase arrests the growth of one of its components.  The action of callase is critical for its maturation, and at maturity it is surrounded by two cell walls, the intine and the exine.  Following hydration, a tube grows from this structure to direct the delivery of its generative cell through a micropyle; the POP2 and POP3 gene products are important for this process in Arabidopsis.  Microsporangia are sacs containing this substance, which has frills or wings in many gymnosperms.  For 10 points, name this powdery substance found on anthers, which contains the male gametes of plants and is the allergen that triggers hay fever.;;pollen
;;In a biography of this man entitled The Founder evidence of his homosexual relationship with his friend Neville Pickering is offered, while his cruelty and brutal rule is the subject of much of the final five chapters of Twain's Following the Equator. His power was nearly complete after establishing a company headed by himself, the Duke of Abercorm, and Alfred Beit. This allowed him to reach the so-called Rudd Concession, in which he and partner Charles Rudd came to an agreement with Lobengula. After acquisition of the Pitsani Strip, he attempted to stir up the Uitlanders [ootlanders] and the resultant failure led to this downfall. Thus he stepped down as prime minister of Cape Colony following the disastrous Jameson Raid. For 10 points, name this founder of De Beers, a diamond merchant and politician who set up a scholarship to study at Oxford.;;(Cecil) Rhodes
;;This work's minor characters include the loyal Billy Biasse whose gift of a gun helps another character get out of a tight jam with the gambler Zeddy.  Chapter 12, "The Treeing of the Chef," takes place on a train travelling from Pittsburgh, and documents the protagonist's friendship with the Howard University educated Ray, who espouses race pride and admires Toussaint L'Ouverture.  Later sections of the novel are set in such clubs as the Baltimore and the Congo, where the protagonist meets the masochistic entertainer Rose.  Its final section depicts the main character reuniting with his love Felice and eventually leaving for Chicago.   Criticized as "filth" when it was published in 1928, as it opens, the protagonist, an army deserter, boards a freighter en route from Cardiff to the title location.  For 10 points, identify this work about Jake Brown's return to New York, a novel by Claude McKay.;;Home to Harlem
;;It ends with the return of a seal by an old adviser named Shrewsbury and the flight of a former love interest to France.  As it opens, a hidden compartment containing jewelry is discovered much to Hannah Kennedy's chagrin.  Though based on such historical sources as William Camden's Annals, it reimagines the signing of the Treaty of Blois and features several fictional characters including the murderous O'Kelly and the fanatical Mortimer, who aims to succeed where Babington's conspiracy failed.  Composed of five acts that shift from Fotheringay Castle to the Palace of Westminster, the titular heroine, who first appears wearing a veil with a crucifix in her hand, confronts her first cousin and royal rival in a park outside of her prison.  For 10 points, identify this tragedy about a deposed Queen of Scotland, a work by Friedrich Schiller.;;Mary Stuart|Maria Stuart
;;The song "The Old Flag Never Touched the Ground" was associated with one of its original survivors, William Carney.   Among the skirmishes in which this group participated were Olustee, Honey Hill, and Boykin's Hill. Its leader and second-in-command, Pen Hallowell, were both chosen by John A. Andrew, the man who had first proposed its formation.  Among those called to recruit on its behalf were Edward Pierce and Lewis Hayden who did so before it assembled at Camp Meigs. Its first action was at James Island and two days later it participated in the attack on a location south of Charleston harbor.  Memorialized for heading the assault on Fort Wagner, for 10 points, name this group led by Robert Gould Shaw, the first black regiment recruited in the North during the Civil War.;;(the) 54th Massachusetts (Infantry)
;;A film by Rafael Esquer was commissioned to document the impressions of visitors to this structure. Southwest of it is Calluna Farms, which was purchased and remodeled by David Whitney, a longtime collaborator of its creator.  Another long time friend, Frank Stella, shot a short film of his 2009 "Return" to this site.  Sitting at its south side is the sculpture Two Circus Women by Elie Nadelman, whose upcoming renovation will follow the recent renovations of its flat roof and the purple-hued brick cylinder which contains its bathroom.  Low walnut cabinets and black steel cylinders set it apart from Mies van der Rohe's contemporaneous and similar Farnsworth House.  For 10 points, identify this self-designed residence of Philip Johnson, whose simple name reflects its transparency.;;(the) Glass House
;;Cui would later use the opening melody of this work in the 9th piece of his Kaleidoscope: Orientale.  The first section ends with a fortissimo rendition of the plaintive folk song, "The Sun Does not Shine," by a pair of trumpets, a moment that some critics suggest is meant to evoke a cry for help.  It ends with a swirling virtuoso coda for the full orchestra that features loud and ringing accents presumably announcing victory.   In later years, a portion of this work was replaced by inserting a melody by Glinka in the second section, where a rustic motif for the woodwinds is interrupted by a statement of "God Save the Tsar".  Its composer's Opus 31, this work was written at the behest of Nikolai Rubinstein in 1876 for a benefit concert for Serbian soldiers wounded in the war against Turkey.  For 10 points, identify this orchestral work by Pyotr Tchaikovsky.;;Marche Slave|Slavonic March
;;As a gift, this figure is given a mixing bowl obtained from the king of the Sidonians, Phaedimus, and forged by Hephaestus. According to one fragment, he was bathed by a maiden named Polycaste and thus become the father of Persepolis. This older brother of Acusilaus gets visited by a figure introduced as a king of the Taphians who claims to be bringing a cargo of iron to Temesa. Later, this figure receives a chariot and horses driven by Pisistratus, after he had asked for twelve jars of wine and twenty measures of barley from Euryclea. Much earlier, he was placed in front of a plow by Palamedes, in order to expose the fake insanity of his father. He futilely attempts to expel Eurymachus and Antinous from his house before setting on the above journey to talk to Menelaus and Nestor. For 10 points, name this son of Penelope who searches for his father in the Odyssey.;;Telemachus
;;Chapter 10 of this novel begins in the form of a diary extract by a Dutch clerk named Jonassen who documents the searching of several ships, while its appendix contains a chart explaining the number of silver pieces available to informers.  In one scene, a woman named Monica, who'd previously given the protagonist a cucumber, is rolled up in a straw mat, rowed out to sea, and tossed in.  In another, two men sing "We're on our way, we're on our way" while being tied to trees on the seashore; when the tide rolls in they drown.  The main character regrets not following in the footsteps of his companion Francis Garrpe who dies attempting to save the newly converted.  The cowardly Kijichiro appears throughout this work, which begins with the news of Christovao Ferreira's apostasy.  For 10 points, identify this novel about the experiences of Father Rodrigues in Japan, a work by Shusaku Endo.;;Silence
;;This author of the book Romanticism and Christianity buys clothing in preparation for a trip to Martha's Vineyard, before he writes Tennie about his ex-mother-in-law's divorce from an actor.  Lawyer Sandor Himmelstein had earlier offered him a place to stay after his disastrous experiences with the Freudian Dr. Edvig and the resulting divorce. The ensuing custody fight with Madeleine over their daughter June brings him to Chicago where he visits his stepmother and gets in a car accident. Subsequently, he is arrested for carrying his deceased father's gun. In the police car, he recalls his childhood rape and reflects on his betrayal at the hand of his crippled best friend Valentine Gersbach. For 10 points, name this namesake academic, the protagonist of an epistolary novel by Saul Bellow.;;(Moses) (E.) Herzog
;;At one point the speaker describes jewels originally designed to give joy that "lie lightless, all their sparkles bleared and black and blind".  In another section, this work poses the question, "What does this vaingloriousness down here?" before asserting that everything is stirred along and urged by the "Immanent Will".  First published in its author's collection Satires of Circumstance, this work's seventh stanza depicts the preparation of a "sinister mate" in the "shadowy silent distance".  Its opening line reads "In a solitude of the sea" and depicts the aftermath of the titular meeting between "the smart ship" and "a shape of ice".  For10 points, identify this work subtitled "Lines on the Loss of the "Titanic,"" a poem by Thomas Hardy.;;Convergence of the Twain
;;According to tradition, it must be 12 lines and must fill the margins exactly. Additionally, the letter "lamed" [lahm-ed] must appear in every line, and other specific letters must be enlarged.  It is always written with a quill or a reed, and must be composed under the observation of two witnesses.  According to commentator Shiltei Giborim [Shill-tay gibb-or-im], the word for it comes from a type of quartz said to have anti-magnetic properties.  The actions of the paranoid Isaac Neiberg resulted in one example which was immortalized as the Cleves version.  Due to its Orthodox requirements, missing persons and the mentally ill create a class of persons known as an "agunah".  For 10 points, identify this document which requires the consent of the man and facilitates the Jewish ritual of divorce.;;get (,) (also) (accept) gittin
;;The effect of proteins like OXA-18 on these agents can be mitigated by the co-administration of clavulanic acid, which counteracts resistance to these chemicals.  Another mechanism of resistance to these agents is mutation of serine 403 in the enzyme they target.  Members of this class are structural analogues of the NAG/NAM peptide of the protein whose transpeptidation they inhibit.  The variable binding of PBP subtypes to members of this class of drugs, which includes the cephalosporins, affects the relative abilities of these drugs to inhibit the crosslinking of the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan.  For 10 points, name this class of antibiotics with a namesake central ring structure, a class that includes penicillin.;;beta-lactams
;;This author wrote a collection of 32 poems that ends with an elegy on his adopted son.  That work "A Lament for his Boy" is preceded by an ode to the god of slumber entitled "Sleep".  That collection also featured a title that would later be adapted by Poliziano to characterize an entire genre of occasional verse.  Another work by author, though left unfinished at his death, gives an account of a hero's childhood in Thessaly and concealment on the island of Scyros, it is called the Achilleid.  In the Purgatorio Dante has the shade of this man explain that he secretly embraced Christianity after reading his fellow poet, Virgil's Eclogues.  His greatest work, divided into twelve books depicts the institution of the Nemean Games and focuses on the brothers, Eteocles and Polynices, who hail from the title city.  For 10 point, identify this court poet under the Domitian, the author of the Silvae and the Thebaid.;;(Publius) (Papinius) Statius
;;Among the nine main reasons its formulator laid supporting it were the observations that tax collection was disorganized and lending money at interest was prohibited. Its formulator also argued on behalf of the significant achievements of Cassiodorus and particularly Boethius. Britain was exempted from it as was Venice due to their isolation and multiple trade routes respectively. It was introduced in the book Medieval Cities and became crystallized in its formulator's follow-up Mohammed and Charlemagne. Arguing that the break with antiquity and the decline of Western civilization was due not to Germanic invasions but the advance of Islam, for 10 points, identify this theory of European development named for the Belgian historian who proposed it.;;Pirenne (thesis)
;;In an early scene in this film a group of drunk men crowd around a phone booth as the hero tells off his employer.  Not long after we meet an annoying character named Shapely who talks incessantly and is fooled into thinking he's become embroiled in a kidnapping plot.  In a memorable sequence the hero teaches the heroine the art of dunking a doughnut after a night spent at Dyke's Auto Camp.  During that night the so-called "Walls of Jericho" scene takes place when the two leads share a room. The majority of this film focuses on the heroine's attempts to reunite with her gold-digging husband King Wesley by traveling from Miami to New York. Newspaperman Peter Warren's attempts to help heiress Ellie Andrews on said journey lead to them falling in love.  For 10 points, name this Frank Capra film starring Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable.;;It Happened One Night
;;In the A-model of topological string theory, this type of submanifold can be wrapped by a brane. For a symplectic manifold of dimension 2n, a dimension n submanifold on which the symplectic form restricts to zero is said to be this. The submanifold of positions inside a phase space of positions and momenta is of this type, and is related to the object of the same name that is a function of positions and velocities. The one that characterizes general relativity is proportional to the Ricci scalar times a volume form. Equations of motion can be derived by the variational principle from one. The action is the integral of this quantity over time. It is a Legendre transform of the Hamiltonian. For 10 points, what is this difference of kinetic and potential energy, named for an Italian-born mathematician?;;Lagrangian
;;In one of this writer's works, a clerk named Dandeker embarks on a journey to heal "the growth on his wife's womb".  Another of this author's works focuses on the divergent paths of two peasant girls, one of whom chooses to remain in her home village while the other runs off to the city.  That work, Two Virgins, was preceded by another work depicting how Richard's ethnicity leads to tension with his love Mira.  In addition to Some Inner Fury, this author explored the perils of modernization in a novel about the newly arrived British engineer Clinton, who loses his young wife Helen, to a man named Bashiam, as he builds the title structure in The Coffer Dams. This writer created such characters as Ravi who struggles to interact with his wife Nalini and his son Raju, after moving to Madras, as well as the long suffering couple Nathan and Rukmani in the 1954 novel that made her name.  For 10 points, identify this Indian author of A Handful of Rice and Nectar in a Sieve.;;(Kamala) Markandaya
;;This work posited a distinction between "the satisfying and the satisfactory" and discusses Bergson's comparison of the Parthenon's frieze with the models it depicts to assert that the Greeks privileged the climactic moment of change.  In "The Play of Ideas" it asserts the limitations of an aesthetic stance by providing the example of a visitor to a foreign country who cannot understand why beautifully designed articles are used for instrumental purposes, thus degrading their inherent nature.  It ends with a chapter titled "The Copernican Revolution," which explores how the scientific method has resolved the opposition between theory and practice.  Subtitled, "A Study of the Relation Between Knowledge and Action," it was based on its author's 1929 Gifford Lectures and argues for a pragmatic approach to philosophy's titular search for truth.  For 10 points, identify this epistemological work by John Dewey.;;The Quest for Certainty
;;In one section it scolds those who abandon their mother to go sport in "decadent lands".  It asserts that "the prize in literary contests should not go to the best ode, but for the best study of political factors," after noting that the struggle is not between civilization and barbarism, as posited by Sarmiento's Facundo, but "between false erudition and Nature".  This work admonishes leaders that the words of Sieyes or Hamilton will not quicken the blood of the Indian, while its declaration that "there are no races" reflects its author's fight against bigotry during his homeland's struggle for independence. Published in 1891, this work presents the danger of residual colonial influence as a tiger and ends with an image of the Taino deity, Semi, astride a condor, as he sows the seeds of a new utopia from the Rio Grande to the Straits of Magellan. For 10 points, identify this nationalistic essay by Jose Marti.;;Our America|Nuestra America
;;James Van Zandt and Hugh Johnson were lesser known figures that were asked to lead this action, which was partly inspired by the French group Croix de Feu. Men that were interviewed in the aftermath of this incident included Albert Christmas and Frank Belgrano, while Grayson Murphy, the treasurer of the American Liberty League, was notably not asked to testify. Robert Clark employed one man involved in this incident, the only conspirator to testify before the McCormack-Dickstein committee. That man, Gerald MacGuire, requested that the author of War is a Racket march 500,000 troops on Washington and become America's "Secretary of General Affairs". Smedley Butler exposed, for ten points, what alleged plot to install a fascist goverrnment and overthrow Franklin Roosevelt, hatched by some captains of industry?;;Business Plot
;;His doctorate examined the concept of capitalism in German scholarship, while during World War II he wrote a series of important monographs on the sociology of Nazism, arguing that they sought to overthrow the enlightenment. He called the gratification of emotions "affectivity", which he contrasted with a state of "affective neutrality".  He differentiated between societies that valued action in the correct context versus advancement per se, a distinction he dubbed ascription and achievement. His educational theories emphasized people finding their appropriate occupation in society, an idea that with his students Davis and Moore became the theory of role allocation. His explication of the nature of illness in chapter 10 of The Social System was one of the founding texts of medical sociology. For 10 points, identify this popularizer of Max Weber who analyzed the "unit act" to understand The Structure of Social Action.;;(Talcott) Parsons
;;Tris(o-phenylenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazine can induce a shift to this structure in other molecules by promoting clathration.  Martensitic transitions to this structure occur in shape metal alloys, and coarse-grained metals with this structure are prone to deformation twinning.  Compression along the C-axis in iron and zinc causes them to deviate more severely from the ideal form of this structure than magnesium, which has a nearly perfect c/a ratio of 1.624.  Because their axes are not orthogonal, these crystal structures are conventionally described by a four-axis system, Bravais-Miller indices.  Like the cubic system, this system has a close-packing crystal structure with a packing factor of 0.74.  For 10 points, name this crystal system used by hematite and graphite in which each atom has twelve equidistant neighbors.;;hexagonal (crystal) (system)
;;In one scene, the shifting fortunes of the real estate market cost Samuel Ross' partner 50 thousand dollars.  Earlier, the reading of a will by Mr. O'Brien prompts one of the main characters to abandon his post as director of the family carriage company and take a trip to Cairo, where he encounters his one-time flame Letty Pace.  Chapter 38 describes a meeting between Mrs. Sommerville and Mrs. Craig who speculate about the peculiar relationship of a newly arrived couple in Hyde Park.  Earlier the discovery of a toy lamb allows the protagonist to ascertain the existence of Vesta, a child fathered by his partner in Columbus with the deceased Senator Brander.  Ultimately, Lester Kane cannot overcome the social strictures placed upon his relationship with the title figure in, for 10 points, what 1911 novel named for a poor though pretty girl from an immigrant German family and written by Theodore Dreiser.;;Jennie Gerhardt
;;Recently the low-energy theory on a stack of M2 branes has been shown to be a doubled parity-invariant version of it. The Jones polynomial for a knot in a 3-manifold is given by a path integral in this theory of the holonomy of a connection around the knot, as shown by Edward Witten. The topological nature of the theory implies that it is associated with an integer level, and has been used to explain the exactness of the fractional quantum Hall effect. One of its namesakes is a Chinese differential geometer also known for a type of characteristic class for complex vector bundles. Its action is the integral of a three form and its equation of motion says the field strength is zero. For 10 points, what is this theory also named for an American mathematician who founded Renaissance Technologies?;;Chern-Simons (theory)
;;In a flashback in this work, a woman calls Ike an idiot for losing his money during the Great Depression, while another scene introduces a woman who is grateful to the main character for helping her secure a divorce.  A key moment occurs when the protagonist recalls the moment his friend Mickey agreed to testify against his client Lou, after the latter has been subpoenaed by Congress.  The opening instruction calls for a single chair to be set in front of a three level tower meant to evoke a concentration camp, which symbolizes a past the prospective third wife, Holga, struggles against.  Much of the play centers on the protagonist's relationship with his second wife, a famous singer named Maggie, who was thought to have been based on the author's ex-wife, Marilyn Monroe.  For 10 points, identify this play with a religious title that traces Quentin's relationships with women, a play by Arthur Miller.;;After the Fall
;;Disagreement over the existence of Dame Aubert's dispute with a butcher prompts the protagonist of this work to take dueling advice from Jacques Rival for his standoff with Langremont.  The old poet Norbert de Varenne urges the protagonist to marry to stave off loneliness, though he engineers the downfall of Laroche-Mathieu when he divorces his wife. The title character gets his nickname from Laurine, daughter of his lover Clotilde de Marelle, whose affections for him remain undimmed even after he marries Suzanne Walter, daughter of his boss at the publication La Vie Francaise. This novel opens with the penniless title character meeting his friend Charles Forestier. For 10 points, name this novel about George Duroy, a work of Guy de Maupassant.;;Bel Ami
;;The decidual type of these cells have increased expression of galectin-1 relative to other subtypes of these cells.  These cells are especially abundant in the gravid uterus.   They express Ly49-like C-type lectins and KIRs on their surface, allowing them to recognize MHC class I molecules on other cells.  These cells are identified by their surface expression of CD56 and CD16, which recognizes the Fc [read "F-C"] portion of immunoglobulin G and results in the release of interferon gamma in the process of ADCC.  These components of the innate immune system release granzyme and perforin, inducing apoptosis of their targets, typically tumor cells or virus-infected cells.  For 10 points, name this type of lymphocyte that destroy cells without requiring activation, unlike cytotoxic T cells.;;natural killer|NK (cells)
;;This author wrote about a group of fern enthusiasts visiting the titular Mexican province in his Oaxaca Journal, and he wrote about a man who paints incredibly accurate depictions of his hometown of Pontito in "The Landscape of His Dreams," found in a collection subtitled "Seven Paradoxical Tales".  Harold Pinter's play A Kind of Alaska was inspired in part by one of this author's works focusing on a group of survivors of a sleeping sickness epidemic of the 1920's.  In addition to An Anthropologist on Mars and Awakenings, he wrote a collection whose title essay focuses on a musician whose severe visual agnosia causes him to confuse his spouse with an item of clothing. For 10 points, name this neurologist who wrote The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat.;;(Oliver) (Wolf) Sacks, (MD)
;;This work's performance notes state that the title figure of its fourth movement "much prefers to hear" that movement's optional flute part.  This work's second movement quotes Debussy's "Golliwog's Cake-Walk" and Columbia, Gem of the Oceans, and calls for a 14 ľ-inch strip of wood to be used to produce a massive tone cluster.  All four movements of this piece quote a work of the same form, Beethoven's Hammerklavier.  This work's fourth movement draws on the composer's lost work Walden Sounds, while its first movement draws on the Emerson Overture for Piano and Orchestra.  For 10 points, name this piece whose movements include depictions of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, and other residents of the title city, composed by Charles Ives.;;Concord Sonata|Piano Sonata No. 2</u>, Concord, Mass., 1840-60</b>
;;Important primary sources about the conflict to take this location include the diary of Will Tummard and letters exchanged between members of the Lord family, residents of this place. An earlier attempt to take it saw Thomas Craven forced to turn back by mechanical breakdowns while Young's Point and Helena were used as staging grounds. To support the attack Nathaniel Banks struck to the south and, after the Battle of Plains Store, began a siege of Port Hudson.  Commanders inside this city included William Loring, who lost earlier at Champion Hill, and Martin L. Smith who was actually a New Yorker. Assaults on it ordered by Grant were all repulsed, but John C. Pemberton ultimately surrendered this city after 47 days. For 10 points, identify this Mississippi city besieged by the Union during the Civil War.;;Vicksburg
;;At the beginning of Act 3, one character in this play asks her maid to sing "When first Amintas charm'd my heart,/My heedless sheep began to stray" and claims another character is possibly a tolerable "blockhead".  One character in this work accuses another of having had business "with a vizard at the playhouse" after they have a brief discussion with the Orange-Woman.  The protagonist takes Bellinda as mistress and disguises himself as "Courtage" to charm Lady Woodvil, whose daughter he wishes to marry. At the end Bellair pairs off with Emilia, while Lady Lovewit is left bitter and alone when the protagonist marries Harriet.  Featuring a discussion of fashion between Sir Fopling Flutter and Dorimant, for 10 points, name this play by George Etherege.;;(The) Man of Mode
;;Warning: Greek or Roman version acceptable.  According to Pausanias, inquirers at the oracle of Trophonius in Lebadeia had to spend several days in a house sacred to the 'Agathos Daimon' and the Greek version of this deity, who was said to be an Oceanid in Hesiod's Theogony.  Like Demeter, she was sometimes depicted carrying a cornucopia or the Ploutos child.  As a patron goddess of various cities she was depicted wearing mural crowns shaped like each city's battlements, and she was often shown carrying a rudder or a ball.  The Roman version of this goddess was associated with Bonus Eventus, while the Greek version was associated with Nemesis, who provided a counterbalance to her favors.  At her temple at Argos, the hero Palamedes supposedly dedicated the first-ever pair of dice.  FTP, name this goddess of luck whose Roman equivalent is invoked in a section of the Carmina Burana.;;Tyche|Fortuna
;;The Oxyrhynchus Epi-tome preserves a partial summary of this author's major work. A later writer championed free discourse and the conflict between upper and lower classes as sources of liberty in republics in a treatise that is nominally a commentary on part of this author's major work. The Periochae is a summary of this man's major work, which draws on writings of Quintus Fabius Pictor and the other Annalists, and on Polybius. In that major work, this man's account of a siege includes the stories of Cloelia and Mucius Scaevola, who impress Lars Porsena, a king of the Etruscans. That work by this man closes with the death of Claudius's father Nero Claudius Drusus, and opens with the arrival of Aeneas's arrival in Italy.  For 10 points, name this historian whose Ab urbe condita is a 142-book history of Rome that inspired some Discourses by Machiavelli.;;Livy|(Titus) Livius
;;At one point, the narrator recounts the story of a man who arrived in town to challenge all to a pigeon shooting contest.  When it turns out that he had strapped firecrackers to the pigeons in an attempt to cheat, the town tars and feathers him. This occurs after the narrator reminisces about how the protagonist worked setting posts for old man Whaley to buy the rifle he always carried.  In another scene the main character comes upon a woman in the road and rips off her white gown; after she accuses him of rape, he is arrested but soon let go. The protagonist, who ends up living in a cave on Frog Mountain, discovers a dead woman and, after dressing her up, has sex with her.  Set in Sevier County, Tennessee, it describes a series of macabre events culminating in the title figure being sent to the State Hospital and dissected.  For 10 points, name this work about Lester Ballard, a novel by Cormac McCarthy.;;Child of God
;;A tabular summary of this work in Delaune's Epitome provided the basis for the "Hundred Aphorisms".  This work's third book contains a refutation of Osiander's doctrine of "essential righteousness," arguing in part from the author's belief that justification comes from the secret or internal agency of the Holy Spirit.  Its first book singles out Servetus in its discussion of contemporary Anti-Trinitarians, and the various editions of this work include an address with a "Plea for the persecuted evangelicals," written to Francis I.  In addition to the prefatory plea on behalf of the Huguenots, this work includes discussions of a group known as the elect to illustrate the author's concept of predestination.  For 10 points, name this major work of John Calvin.;;Institutes of the Christian Religion|Institutio Christianae religionis
;;One of this author's short stories opens with Miss McAllister sterilizing a pan; that work, "Mamma's Little Girl," was included in a publication of Complete Stories that drew on earlier collections like Jackpot and Kneel to the Rising Sun.  In a novel by this writer, Dr. Plowden confronts a policeman about racism.  That work follows mixed race siblings Ganus and Kathyanne as they're pursued by whites and is called A Place Called Estherville.  In another work, Darling Jill sleeps with anyone before agreeing to marry the obese Pluto Swint, Will Thompson is murdered, and Buck kills his brother after failing to find gold on their father, Ty Ty Walden's land. This author first gained fame with a novel about the exploits of the poor Georgian Jeeter Lester. For 10 points, identify this author of God's Little Acre and Tobacco Road.;;(Erskine) Caldwell
;;An emakimono painting commemorates Ban Dainagon's attempts to frame the first man to take this clan's name of the burning of the door of the Imperial Palace. Legendary warriors such as Watanabe no Tsuna and Sakata no Kintoki were among the four famed retainers of another member of this family, who quelled the Oeyama rebellion. Another member of this clan became known as "the son of the God of War" for his exploits against the Abe clan in the Zensunnen war. Members such as Tametomo and Tameyoshi sided with Sutoku in the Hogen rebellion, marking the decline of the Seiwa Genji line. One member of this family heeded Mochimoto's call to arms against Antoku. For 10 points, name this clan, whose member Yoritomo established the Kamakura shogunate.;;Minamoto (Clan)
;;When the result of this procedure has a unique value, then that value is a function of every sufficient statistic.  The covariance matrices of quantities generated by this method are commonly approximated by the inverse of the Fisher information matrix.  Under appropriate regularity conditions, this method gives results that are equivariant, consistent, asymptotically normal and asymptotically efficient.  This method's namesake function is the data's joint density treated as a function of the parameter being estimated, and that namesake function appears in Bayes' theorem as the unnormalized ratio of the posterior and prior probability densities.  In carrying out this procedure it is often more convenient to replace that namesake function by its logarithm.  For 10 points, name this method of parameter estimation which gives the parameter values that make the observed data most probable.;;maximum likelihood (estimation) (method)
;;This author praised the lack of a direct reproach uttered by the court lady who narrates the poem "The Jewel Stairs' Grievance".  He set out three categories of poetry, which he termed melopoeia, phanopoeia and logopoeia, in his treatise How to Read.  He adopted the Persian pseudonym Caid Ali in writing a French epigraph to a poem that extends one of his earlier poems which focuses on a writer whose "true Penelope / Was Flaubert".  One work by this man focuses on Sigismundo Malatesta in its eighth to eleventh sections and opens its second section with the line "Hang it all, Robert Browning,". In a much shorter work, he wrote the lines, "The apparition of these faces in the crowd; / Petals on a wet, black bough".  For 10 points, name this author of "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley" and "In a Station of the Metro" who won the first Bollingen Prize for a portion of his massive epic, the Cantos.;;(Ezra) (Weston) (Loomis) Pound
;;Short stories by this writer include "Mixing Cocktails" and "Illusion," while protagonists created by this writer who are unlucky in love include Marya Zelli and Julia Martin. This writer's novel about the aging Sasha Jensen's return to Paris and her subsequent affairs with a gigolo was written in stream of consciousness and titled Good Morning Midnight.  In a novel by this author, another protagonist is abandoned by her British husband Lancelot Grey Hugh Smith, at which point Anna Morgan shacks up with an older man and becomes a chorus girl.  That novel, Voyage in the Dark was followed by a novel that re-imagines a Victorian classic and ends with a suicide by Edward Rochester's creole wife, Bertha.  For 10 points, identify this author of The Left Bank and Wide Sargasso Sea.;;(Jean) Rhys
;;This work's protagonist wants "a novel with a good detective story in it", and wants to avoid the "romance and beauty of life" as well as "love's young dream".  This declaration prompts her lover to leave her and vow to be like a brother to her, which he may indeed be, according to another character named Crofts.  In another section of this work the reader learns of the "Gospel of Art," a philosophy espoused by an architect and central character. Another character's rejection is followed by the protagonist's decision to go to Chancery Lane to do actuary work at Honoria Fraser's chambers, ungratefully using the math education provided for by the profits of her mother's business.  For 10 points, name this work that includes the characters of Praed and Frank Gardner and turns on Vivie's realization that Kitty is a Madam, a play by George Bernard Shaw.;;Mrs. Warren's Profession
;;The article outlining this theory cited survey data by Elinor Ostrom as supporting the idea that resources must be devoted to supporting community needs. A 2008 paper by Keizer et al in Science reported six field experiments in support of it, though articles by Harcourt and Ludwig cited data from Housing and Urban Development relocation projects as evidence against it. It has also been criticized for neglecting to consider alternative causes such as abortion by Steven Leavitt. This theory was initially described in an Atlantic Monthly article by Wilson and Kelling, and  developed out of an experiment concerning abandoned vehicles in the Bronx and Palo Alto conducted by Zimbardo. Many attribute reduced crime in New York in the 1990s to the implementation of this theory by Rudy Giuliani. For 10 points, name this theory that decreasing disorder will reduce crime.;;broken windows (theory)
;;As it opens, a girl with no head covering and a soldier walk by, only five minutes after the guard patrol.  A recurring image in this work is the "shadow of the leaves," where the action takes place.  After pulling down shutters one character in this work asserts that he has "never had confidence," and notes that you do not want music, nor can you stand with dignity at a bar.  Earlier it is revealed that the man who counts the saucers was saved by his niece, who cut him down when he tried to commit suicide.  First published in 1933 and collected in its author's Winner Take Nothing, it ends with one of the characters stopping by a bodega to ward off insomnia; that section is preceded by a recitation of the Lord's Prayer with the use of the word "nada" sprinkled throughout.   For 10 points, identify this short story that centers on a pair of waiters debating why an old man needs a cafe with the title characteristics, a work by Ernest Hemingway.;;A Clean Well Lighted Place
;;The first of these objects was discovered in 1920, but was not classified until the 1970s. That object was Hidalgo. Recently, the first binary pair of these objects was discovered. It consists of Echidna and Typhon. Charles Kowal discovered the first of these objects, which was later reclassified after the discovery of ice-jets emanating from it. The unstable orbits of these bodies are caused by the perturbation of a nearby planet. These bodies are believed to originate in the Kuiper Belt and examples of them include Echeclus, Chariklo, and Chiron. They exhibit behavior that is in some ways a hybrid of asteroids and comets, hence their name. For 10 points, name these icy planetoids that orbit between Jupiter and Neptune, named after Greek mythological half-men half-horses.;;centaurs
;;This city's Chinatown was the site of the Wah Mee massacre, and its suburbs include Bainbridge Island and Mercer Island. Its neighborhood of First Hill is nicknamed Pill Hill due to a large number of hospitals, while Capitol Hill and the Denny Regrade are two of this city's seven hills. Its entire central business district was burnt down in 1889 and it hosted America's first city-wide general strike. Boasting a public library designed by Rem Koolhaas, it is also the home of the Bumbershoot Music Festival and has a notable Science Fiction Museum. Surrounded by Kirkland, Bellevue, and Redmond, this seat of King County is situated on Puget Sound. For 10 points, name this birthplace of Starbucks and largest city in Washington State.;;Seattle
;;At one point in this work, a character is praised for his short responses to questions. In another section of this work, which inspired Olympiodorus to author a namesake Scholia, its participants consider what it means to have honor. The title character of this work was well known for positing that even if something exists, that nothing could be known or communicated about it in his work On Non-being.  Another character argues for a definition of real politics as a style of leadership that compels "hunger and thirst," a viewpoint contrasted to those politics that are sweet. Characters in this work include Chaerephon, who is blamed for delaying the start of the feast, as well as the "coltish" Polus. It features Callicles telling Socrates to debate himself and its final conclusion is that "rhetors" are tyrants.  Named for a disciple of Protagoras, for 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue, titled after a Sophist.;;Gorgias
;;This writer's encounter with Napoleon Guay led him to a work about Baptiste who repairs the speaker's tool in "The Ax-Helve," while the pieces "Bravado" and "The Night Light" help make up a work collectively known as Five Nocturnes.  In another work, a speaker notes that he has hidden a "broken drinking goblet like the Grail" before telling his audience to "Drink and be whole again beyond confusion".  That work was published in the collection Steeple Bush and is entitled "Directive".  He argued that a poem "begins in delight and ends in wisdom" in, "A Figure a Poem Makes," an essay published in the 1939 edition of his Collected Poems, a volume that begins with such pieces as "A Line Storm Song" and "Home Burial," works first published in the collections A Boy's Will and North of Boston.  For 10 points, identify this poet of such works as "Out, Out--," and "Mending Wall".;;(Robert) Frost
;;This composer's third Symphony opens with an impressive array of gongs and cymbals into a staggered bass accompaniment. This composer of two String Quartets also created a piece for two pianos titled Synthetic Waltzes.  His critical writing was collected in such volumes as The Musical Scene and he composed film scores for such works as The River and The Plow that Broke the Plain.  He included a tango and recurring references to the Song "The Bear Went Over the Mountain" in the ballet Filling Station and spent more than 30 years composing his Portraits for piano.   Still another work by this composer of Symphony on a Hymn Tune opens at Avila Cathedral and includes the song "Pigeons on the Grass Alas," as sung by St. Ignatius of Loyola.  For 10 points, identify this American composer who collaborated with Gertrude Stein on The Mother of Us All and Four Saints in Three Acts.;;(Virgil) Thomson
;;One individual commonly cited as a daughter of this figure was the spirit of Excuse, Prophasis, while a Corinthian nymph who was either the daughter or wife of this figure was Ephyra. This figure's daughter was the mother of Protogeneia, Thyia, and the king Hellen, and that daughter previously consulted the oracle at Themis with her husband, the last Bronze Age man, about how to repopulate the human race. This figure's agreement with his brother that the latter would inspect this figure's handiwork eventually resulted in that brother's theft of a fennel-stalk from heaven. That theft led to the creation of this son of Iapetus's wife, who would later bear him Pyrrha; he eventually accepted that clay wife from Hermes despite being warned not to by Zeus. For 10 points, name this creator of animals in Greek mythology and husband of Pandora, the foolish brother of Prometheus.;;Epimetheus
;;Prior to this battle, James Neill had given way as chief of staff to Major George Washington Hockley, who is credited with nursing the shattered ankle of the winning commander. After Erasmus "Deaf" Smith reported the burning of Vince's Bridge, the winning force was able to aggressively advance its right flank under Henry Millard. Those attackers had two pieces of artillery, a pair of smoothbore guns donated by the citizens of Cincinnati called the "twin sisters," flanked by the infantry of Sidney Sherman on the left. Nearly a month later, the Treaty of Velasco cemented the success of the winners in this battle, which lasted only about 18 minutes. For 10 points, name this decisive 1836 battle by which Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna and captured him the following day.;;(Battle) (of) San Jacinto
;;One use of it has been to suggest that a large axion decay constant, naively ruled out due to its prediction of an overabundance of dark matter, is allowed due to a highly tuned initial angle. Hoyle's argument for the existence of a particular resonance of carbon-12 is often considered a use of this principle. In cosmology, it is the subject of a book by Barrow and Tipler. Its name was coined by Brandon Carter, and one prominent use is Stephen Weinberg's 1987 prediction of a small cosmological constant on the basis of galaxy formation. Its weak form is a tautological statement that the universe must be compatible with our knowledge that carbon-based life exists. For 10 points, what is this controversial principle which in one strong form relies on an ensemble of universes in which we live in a rare habitable region?;;(the) anthropic principle
;;One of the final scenes in this novel depicts the estate of the protagonist being inspected by the clergy for the presence of idols, as three spinster sisters keep watch.  Another scene in the novel sees the protagonist visit the town after dinner with his priest with him. That priest, Father Pirrone, visits his home village in one part of the novel to settle a family dispute and educate the villagers about the changing political landscape.  The protagonist's nephew joins the redshirts and boasts about this at a dinner party, much to the disgust of his cousin Concetta.  Angelica falls in love with the dashing Tancredi in the town of Donnafugata where the protagonist and his family are visiting.  Centering the Risorgimento's impact on a Sicilian family, for 10 points, name this novel about Prince Salina who goes by the titular animal nickname, a work of Giovanni Tomasi di Lampedusa.;;(Answer:) The Leopard|Il Gattopardo
;;Early on in this work, an old woman mutters "Wel-a-wel-a-day" as she recounts the dangers presented by Lord Maurice, the "dwarfish" Hildebrand, and the "barbarian hordes".  In another section, this work compares Merlin's Demon debt with the protagonist's attempt to hide in a closet filled with "cates and dainties".  As it ends, the combination of the dragoons having drunk Rhenish wine and the cover provided by an "elfin storm" allows a pair of figures to slip out of the Baron's mansion and, with Angela's help, escape across the moors.  Composed in 1819, its 32nd stanza alludes to a poem by Alain Chartier that would be adapted by its author as "La Belle Dame Sans Merci".  Inspired by the belief that a virgin would see an image of her future husband after performing certain rites on a particular night, for 10 points, identify this work, about lovers Porphyro and Madeline, a poem by John Keats.;;The Eve of Saint Agnes
;;This man arrested and executed Vladmir Rytov for smuggling caviar as part of his anti-corruption campaign. At the death of his former patron, Mikhail Suslov, he took the position of Ideology Secretary and pushed for economic modernization. During his most prominent tenure, an airplane containing Georgian Congressman Larry McDonald was shot down, leading the U.S. to allow GPS for non-military use. This man diplomatically wrote "we want peace" in order to be "growing wheat, building and inventing, writing books and flying into space" in his infamous letter to ten year old Samantha Smith. As part of project PAUK, he attempted to isolate Alexandr Solzhenitsyn from other dissidents as head of the KGB. Succeeded in his most famous position by Konstantin Chernenko, For 10 points, name this leader of Soviet Russia from 1982 to 1984, after Leonid Brezhnev.;;(Yuri) Andropov
;;Valproate, or Depakote, can cause encephalopathy in individuals in which this pathway is defective, and CSPI deficiency is a particularly severe disorder affecting this pathway. Disorders in this pathway may be treated with sodium phenylbutyrate, which is metabolized to phenylacetate in the body.  One enzyme in this pathway is an isomer of an enzyme that makes up part of the CAD complex in pyrimidine biosynthesis; that enzyme is allosterically regulated by N-acetylglutamate and is called CPS-I. In one step in this pathway, carbamyl phosphate is combined with ornithine to produce citrulline. Originally discovered by  Henseleit and Krebs, for 10 points, name this cycle which is used to remove nitrogen from unneeded amino acids from the body.;;urea cycle
;;A speaker describes the plight of the character Ulrich who accepts his adulterous wife in this man's "The Faithlesss Louisa".  Another work by this author describes the actions of a drummer boy and was published in the collection Poems for the Times. One of his final works was a set of poems inspired by the story of Lazarus and his early works include the tragedy William Ratcliff.  Yet another work by this author, subtitled "A Summer Night's Dream," described the protagonist visualizing honey dripping down from a tree before he is shot by Laskaro.  That work Atta Troll was published three years after its author's work celebrating a revolt in Silesia, Germany: A Winter's Tale.  In addition to "Two Grenadiers" which reflected his love for Napoleon, this man wrote a poem about a beautiful woman who lures sailors to their death.  For 10 points, name this poet of the lyrics The North Sea and The Lorelei.;;(Heinrich) Heine
;;He discussed the lack of good municipal art in urban areas in his essay "Our Ugly Cities," and predicted that the airplane would "wipe out the borders of the world" after viewing an early Wright Brothers flight. One of his works depicts a slave girl named Pink being freed by Henry Ward Beecher, while his memorial to Sacco and Vanzetti features some of latter's last words and is located in the Boston Public Library. He portrayed James R. McConnell, a pilot killed in World War I, as a man with wings in The Aviator.  His Twelve Apostles adorns the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York, and he depicted a stampede directed by Hercules in the first sculpture accepted by the Met, his Mares of Diomedes.  For 10 points, identify this sculptor of the head of Lincoln in the US Capitol Rotunda and a National Memorial featuring the heads of four presidents at Mount Rushmore.;;(Gutzon) Borglum
;;It often arises near transverse homoclinic points, as in the Smale horseshoe. A Poincare section or first-return map for this type of dynamics will exhibit a fractal structure. In examples such as the logistic map, as a parameter is increased a sequence of period doubling bifurcations characterized by the Feigenbaum constant leads to its onset. It is characterized by positive Lyapunov exponents, meaning that small errors in initial data grow quickly and make practical long-term predictions impossible. Devaney specified three requirements for it: topological transitivity, dense periodic orbits, and sensitivity to initial conditions. For 10 points, what is this physical phenomenon, exemplified by the weather, in which a deterministic system exhibits apparently random behavior?;;chaos
;;The Rio Salado flows into one river of this name, which reaches the Atlantic south of Bahia Bianca in central Argentina. Another river of this name contains empties into Matagorda Bay near Palacios. The "Little" river of this name flows through Nankoweap Canyon and the Kaibab National Forest, after collecting water from the Puerco River, and it includes a kayaking section through the Painted Desert. The aforementioned river passes through a series of "Highland Lakes" including Inks Lake, Lake Buchanan, and Lake Travis before flowing through Austin, Texas. For 10 points, give this name which also applies to a river that forms Lake Powell at the Glen Canyon Dam, before it passes through Yuma and forms the boundary between California and Arizona.;;Colorado (Rivers)
;;Part V of this work asserts that Proudhon's veneration of violence made his ideas incompatible with those of its subject.  This work traces the paradoxical nature of a man who is able to express the "oscillations of feeling" that animate the individual, yet champions a metaphysics based on determinism.  It analyzes a definition of "greatness" that turns on the incapacity of persons like Marx to recognize their own insignificance, and traces the influence of Joseph de Maistre's ideas on a certain writer who, as this work asserts, should be treated as a philosopher rather than a novelist.  This work, which posits a distinction between two types of intellectuals, begins with a fragment taken from Archilochus stating that although one of the title creatures knows "many things," the other knows "one big thing". For 10 points, identify this work subtitled "An Essay on Tolstoy's View of History," a work by Isaiah Berlin.;;The Hedgehog and the Fox
;;Attendees at this event included George Read and Richard Bassett from Delaware, and Egbert Benson from New York. They resided together at the city tavern belonging to George Mann, after initially being called to discuss water navigation regulations at this meeting, which attempted to resolve issues not agreed upon at the Mount Vernon Conference.  It was attended by delegates of only five states, but Abraham Clark of New Jersey seized on the opportunity to call for a further meeting.  For 10 points, identify this 1786 meeting that decided to reconvene a year later in Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation, and was held in the namesake Maryland city.;;Annapolis (Convention)
;;The developer of this process also developed a method for generating straight-chain detergents with a platinum catalyst and was named James Roth. Sunley and Watson developed a variation on this reaction that uses an alternative iridium-based catalyst. It inspired a similar process which takes place under anhydrous conditions and is named after Tennessee Eastman. The catalyst for this compound adopts a d8 configuration during its first step, an oxidative addition, and subsequently participates a reductive elimination step after an insertion reaction involving carbon monoxide. It supplanted the earlier Wacker and BASF methods and, unlike the Cativa process, uses homogeneous rhodium iodide as a catalyst. For 10 points, name this commercial process in which carbon monoxide is combined catalytically with methanol to produce acetic acid, developed by the company that manufactures RoundUp.;;Monsanto (Process)
;;This author wrote a short story in which Little Jebb ends up going to prison for murder while his father lives to be over a hundred.  In that story, a nine year old boy named Seth reflects on a stranger who came to his parents' house looking for work; it is revealed that Seth followed the stranger after that experience for many years.  That story, "Blackberry Winter," appears in a collection whose title story contains the emotional death of Mrs. Lockhart and her perceived betrayal by her son Bolton.  This author of "The Circus and the Attic" wrote one novel in which Jerry Beaumont proclaims himself a knight and another in which Jerry Calhoun and Slim Sarrett are among the love interests of Sue Murdock.  For 10 points, name this author of World Enough and Time and At Heaven's Gate who also created Jack Burden and Willie Stark in the novel All the King's Men.;;(Robert) Penn Warren
;;An early painting of his shows a winged angel dominating the center with two large blotches of red on the left and right, and another of his paintings depicts a large group of people praying as a bird-like creature breaks through the roof. In addition to The Elements and The Devil in the Church he created a self-portrait featuring grotesque fingernails and an outstretched arm. A gold-skinned young boy wearing a red sash and crying and sitting in field of broken machinery is seen in his Echo of a Scream, but more renowned is a 1000-square foot mural depicting a huge robotic bird, men wearing gas-masks, and a machine that spits out gold coins. He completed Portrait of the Bourgeoisie one year before participating in a plot to assassinate Leon Trotsky. For 10 points, name this man, who belonged to the "Big Three" of Mexican muralists along with Diego Rivera and Jose Orozco.;;(David) (Alfaro) Siqueiros
;;Much of the second section of this work is played in triple time.  The opening theme is structured around the first four notes, A, G sharp, A, G natural, and part 1 features a vision of demons before a character sings "Into thy hands".  At one point this work contains an instruction that every instrument must "exert its fullest force," that climactic section was added on the advice of its composer's friend August Jaeger.  Part 2 includes the lullaby "Softly and Gently" as sung by a chorus of angels, while the whole work begins with an orchestral prelude that segues into the title figure's first words: "Jesu, Maria".  Originally composed for the Birmingham music festival, it depicts the title man's journey from death to his encounter with God in Heaven.  For 10 points, identify this oratorio based on a poem by Cardinal John Newman, a work by Edward Elgar.;;The Dream of Gerontius
;;In Chinese myth, Lan Caihe, one of the eight immortals, is traditionally said to possess only one of these objects.  In Welsh myth, Gwydion is called one of the three golden makers of these after he makes them for Arianrhod in a plot to make her give a name to Lleu Llaw Gyffes. In addition to saddles and shields, Manawydan and Pryderi are driven out of England by angry villagers for making these objects.  The Norse god of silence, Vidar, will kill Fenrir at Ragnarok with one of these which he is crafting out of strips of discarded leather, the Thickmost one.  Hans Christian Andersen wrote about a red set of them, which cause a girl to dance uncontrollably. At the end of some versions of Snow White, the queen is given a red-hot iron pair of, for 10 points, what articles of clothing, which are often made by elves or leprechauns?;;shoes
;;Kelley observed that high frequency radar was returned strongly at high latitudes, which are known as its namesake "summer echoes".  Red flashes of light with tendrils hanging below, known as sprites, are observed in this layer during thunderstorms. An unusual type of cloud which glows bluish-white and is usually seen from near the poles is found in this layer, and is known as a noctilucent cloud. Zonal flow is very small near the top of this layer of the atmosphere, which has temperature decreasing with increasing height. For 10 points, name this region of the atmosphere from about 50 to 85 kilometers above the surface, whose upper section is the coldest part of the atmosphere, which is also the location where meteors usually burn up.;;mesosphere
;;In one this author's short stories, a charlatan who sells fake ringworm medicine finds himself competing with Rastafarian and a Jehovah's Witness for clients on a crowded molue, or bus.  That story, in addition to such works as "In the City of Red Dust" and "When the Light Returns," was published in the collection Stars of the New Curfew. A novel by this author centers on a painter's love for Ifeyiwa, who dreams of killing her husband.  That work, Dangerous Love, preceded a story inspired by the Sudanese famine, "A Prayer for the Living".  His first novel, about a man named Jeffia who realizes his family wealth is due to the corruption present in Lagos, was called Flowers and Shadows. In another work, this author introduces the vivacious barkeep Madame Koto who interacts with the "abiku," Azaro.  For 10 points , identify this author of Incidents at the Shrine and The Famished Road.;;(Ben) Okri
;;This man's bizarre death apparently involved him asphyxiating in a bathtub covered by boiling water, discovered when police broke into his locked bathroom. Events during his rule included the passing of Decree 900, aimed at massive land redistribution, and the Alfhem affair, named for a Swedish boat that linked this man's administration to arms from Czechoslovakia. His daughter Arabella infamously had a love affair with the matador Jaime Bravo, and publicly shot herself in front of him. He ascended to defense minister after joining a coup against Jorge Ubico. In the wake of Operation WASHTUB, he was overthrown by Carlos Castillo Armas as part of a plan known as Operation PBSUCCESS. For 10 points, name this reformist leader who was ousted by a 1954 junta orchestrated by United Fruit and the CIA in Guatemala.;;(Jacobo) Arbenz (Guzman)
;;In dispersive media, this man's namesake theorem involves a term proportional to the imaginary part of permittivity times the square of electric field, accounting for absorptive dissipation. Without dissipation, his theorem states that the partial time derivative of energy density, plus J dot E, equals minus the divergence of his vector. This expresses conservation of energy in electrodynamics. The Abraham-Minkowski debate is the question of how to generalize his vector to fields in materials. For a plane wave, his vector points in the direction of propagation and has a magnitude of epsilon-nought times the electric field squared. For 10 points, who is this English physicist whose namesake vector gives the  energy flux transported by an electromagnetic field, proportional to E cross B?;;(John) (Henry) Poynting
;;Jared Spicer wrote a 1968 poetry collection with this name, while a children's book by Frances Darling with this title details Reuben's fourth birthday and how he almost misses a family photograph.  Hal Blythe claims the most famous poem of this name is an exercise in perspective and should be read like a screenplay.  The central image of that poem is often interpreted as an intermediary between man and nature as well as being an archetype of purification, fertility, and growth.  This poem's central image may also signify female maturation contrasted with the innocent color of the nearby animals; it may have been inspired by gazing through the window of a dying girl's bedroom, which was "glazed with rain". For 10 points name this poem about a titular conveyance adjacent to poultry by William Carlos Williams.;;(The) Red Wheelbarrow
;;The first three parts of this composer's Songs for Achilles were taken from an opera in which the titular Trojan is killed by Neoptolemus, while another of his operas sees Jo Ann fall in love with Merlin, who arrives in Act I on a spaceship.  This composer created the song cycle The Heart's Assurance for the tenor Peter Pears and may have used The Magic Flute as a basis for his first opera The Midsummer Marriage.  His oratorios include The Mask of Time and one featuring African-American spirituals such as "Go Down Moses" and "Deep River". That work's libretto was originally planned to be written in part by T.S. Eliot, but instead was written completely by the composer, who used Herschel Grynszpan's sparking of the Kristallnacht to express his objection to the Nazis. For 10 points, name this British composer of A Child of Our Time.;;(Sir) (Michael) (Kemp) Tippett
;;With Michael Smith and Mark Johnston he advanced a meta-ethical theory holding that something is valued if, and only if, we would be disposed to value it under ideal circumstances.  He explored what it meant to introduce a new theoretical term into science in such papers as "Tensing the Copula" and "Void and Object".  This process, called Ramseyfication, was also employed in his, "An Argument for Identity Theory," to make a case for mind-brain monism.  He asserted the importance of tracing local matters of particular fact, a metaphysical doctrine that he called "Humean supervenience," and employed techniques from game-theory to describe norms as resulting from coordination problems in his first work, Convention.  Best known for championing modal realism, For 10 points, identify this philosopher who wrote On the Plurality of Worlds.;;(David) Lewis
;;The victors in this battle were accompanied by Arnold Amalric, the archbishop of Narbonne, who wrote several letters describing the victory. Another account claims that the tent of the losing army was surrounded by a human wall of ten thousand slaves and a bunch of iron chains which were cut. The victors used an obscure mountain pass marked by the skull of a cow, shown to them by a local shepherd, who escorted the vanguard under Diego Lopez de Haro through the pass. The winning force was avenging the "Disaster of Alarcos," which necessitated this campaign. They decimated the army under Miramamolin through a combined effort of Sancho VII, Pedro II, and Alfonso VIII of Castile. For 10 points, name this battle which crippled the Almohad Empire and marked a victory in 1212 AD for the Spanish Reconquista.;;(Battle) (of) (Las) Navas de Tolosa
;;In Chapter 30of this work the Marshall Prince de Wissembourg tells a story about a man who eats glass in order to save his honor.  That story is told after a character in this work discovers a letter written from a prison in Oran, where his uncle, Johann, has been arrested for a scheme to defraud the crown.  This work's final chapter, which ends with the declaration that "children cannot prevent the folly of parents in their second childhood," depicts Agathe seducing the purportedly reformed Baron.  Upon hearing that her beloved, a struggling sculptor, is engaged, the main character entreats Grasset to arrest him for debt.  When Hortense and Steinbock, marry anyway, it is left up to the opportunistic Mme. Marneffe to break up the union at the title character's behest.  Ultimately the Hulot family is ruined by Adeline's family relation.  For 10 points, identify this work centering on the scheming Lisbeth Fischer, a novel by Honore de Balzac.;;Cousin Bette
;;Manann'an is a 30 kilometer crater on it, from an impact that penetrated dark terrain to reveal brighter material. A region consisting of hummocky terrain with blocks several kilometers across, known as the Conamara Chaos, suggests that its outer layer is only a few hundred meters thick in places. For the most part, its surface has high albedo and is smooth, broken by lenticulae and lineae. Relatively few craters suggest a surface younger than 50 million years. Magnetometer measurements indicate its internal magnetic field changes over time, suggesting that it has a conducting layer, which may be a salty liquid ocean beneath its icy surface. These measurements were carried out by the Galileo spacecraft. For 10 points, what is this smallest of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter?;;Europa
;;This play's second act begins with reflections on Shelley's verse and features a speech deriding a poet's responsibility to the people.  That speech is interrupted when one of the main characters hears a "tappin'" that portends death.  Later in the play a distraught wife complains that her husband never returned to Hilljoy Square from the Blue Lion pub.  During the first Act, Mr. Gallogher seeks out the protagonist and reads him a complaint letter to Mr. Dwyer, while a young man assures him that he awaits the call to action.  However, when the Auxiliary arrives, it is neither Tommy Owens nor the meek title character that put up any resistance.  Instead the most courageous tenement residents turn out to be the verbose Mrs. Henderson and the doomed Minnie Powell. For 10 points, identify this tragicomic play about Donal Davoren, who pretends to be the titular IRA assassin; a work by Sean O'Casey.;;The Shadow of a Gunman
;;RANKL and M-CSF can promote the transdifferentiation of osteoclasts into this cell type.  Their namesake grabbing non-integrin protein promotes their interaction with ICAM-3 receptors.  Steinman and Cohn first identified them in Mishell-Dutton culture.  Subtypes of these cells include the plasmacytoid and follicular classes, while another subtype possess Birbeck granules, are found in the epidermis, and are called Langerhans cells.  These immune cells are capable of cross-presentation of MHC-1-antigen complexes from other cells, and this type of cell can be pre-incubated with antigen and used as a vaccine.  Unlike macrophages and lymphocytes, these MHC-2-expressing cells can activate both helper AND naive T cells.  FTP, name this class of antigen-presenting cells named for their branching pseudopods which resemble a type of neural structure.;;(TOSSUP:) () dendritic (cells)
;;Hungarian artist Istvan Orosz recreated an experiment in perspective by this man in a 2000 installation using a sheet and a mirror. He had a large ship named Badalone built to transport many of his supplies, but the ship sank on its first voyage nearly bankrupting him. Visual representations of him are scarce and include his portrait in Donatello's Beardless Prophet and a presumed appearance in Masaccio's Resurrection of the Son of Theophilus. His own works include his first commission, the so-called Hospital of the Innocents, and his last, the Pazzi Chapel. However, his fame rested on solving a problem that had confounded Arnolfo di Cambio 120 years earlier. For 10 points, name this man who won the right to design the dome of the Florence Cathedral seventeen years after finishing second to Ghiberti in the contest to design the second doors of the Florentine Baptistery.;;(Filippo) Brunelleschi
;;This politician was infamously presented with a leather jacket as a gift by the musician Udo Lindenberg, and in return, he gave Lindenberg a medieval wind instrument called a shawm - a fitting gift given his longtime opposition to rock and roll. As a result of his terminal cancer, he was allowed to live with his daughter Sonja in Chile instead of standing trial for treason. The artist Dmitri Vrubel lampooned this leader by depicting his notoriously passionate kiss with Leonid Brezhnev, which occurred after he came to power by securing the downfall of Walter Ulbricht. Eventually succeeded in his office by Egon Krenz, for 10 points, name this man who served from 1971 to 1989 as the Socialist head of state in East Germany.;;(Erich) Honecker
;;Along with the yidam and the cheuchong or guardians, this term is given to one of the "three roots" of Buddhism, and is held to thaw out the frozen places within one's heart. One figure with this title wrote a work called "The Golden Rosary" and was named Taranatha - that one founded the Kuren monastery in the 16th century, and was followed by successors at Urga. These figures are often given the honorific title of rinpoche, or "precious one," when they achieve the status of tulkus. They belonged to an order of Tsong-Kha-Pa known as the Yellow Hats, a branch of the Gelugpa school. One of them traditionally sat at the Tashilhumpo Monastery, while another once resided at the Potala Palace, until his exile after the uprising at Lhasa. For 10 points, name this religious office of Tibetan Buddhism, represented by the Panchen and Dalai ones.;;lamas
;;It introduced the term "false personalization" and analyzed Mr. Belevedere films in its chapter on "the problem of competence". In a subsequent edition, its author acknowledged the critiques made in "Work and Its Discontents," by William Bell, who noted that too much of it concerned leisure.  Such a focus is exemplified by this work's discussion of society's interest in food from "the Wheat Bowl" to the "Salad Bowl," as well as a section on how the "the night shift" and the entry of women into the office impacted the consumption of popular culture.  Its composition arose out of an interdisciplinary course on "Culture and Personality" developed at the University of Chicago.  That research culminated in this collaboration with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glazer.  For 10 points, identify this work that posited a distinction between inner and outer directed types and was subtitled "A Study of the American Character," by David Riesman.;;The Lonely Crowd
;;This writer compares a fruit's tough exterior to that of a fallen Amazon warrior in "The Pineapple," and depicts an artist "losing all she had," in "The Ballerina".  In addition to two poems "in praise of sand," this author of "The Voice of Elqui" also wrote critical studies of Alfonsina Storni and Alfonso Reyes and looked to religion for subject matter in such works as "The Song to St. Francis" and "Motifs of the Passion".  This author's second collection of poems, includes such works as "Children's Hair" and "The Rural Schoolteacher," and was inspired by the suicide of her lover Romelio Ureta.  That work was followed by such volumes as The Mothers' Poems and a long work about her homeland, Poem of Chile.  For 10 points, identify this author of Ternura, Desolacion, and the Sonnets of Death.;;(Gabriela) Mistral|(Lucilla) (Godoy) Alcayaga
;;In one section the narrator discusses the feud between the "Romanian agitator" and the "Polish agitator" for the favor of a man who imports his Jockey Club cologne from New York.  In another scene a young captain apologizes for spurring on a horse that a teacher was riding.  The main character reflects on her love of fine lace and the reality that this affinity puts her at odds with the workers whose struggle she supports.  By the end, Eugenio had died in prison after taking all of the tablets.  It opens as an Indian maid named Lupe lets the protagonist know that the guitar playing revolutionary leader, Braggioni, awaits her arrival.  Published in 1930, it is set in Mexico and centers on young American woman named Laura.  For 10 points, identify this short story named for the scarlet blossoms of the title tree, a work by Katherine Anne Porter.;;Flowering Judas
;;A common feature of hydration-promoting catalysts, such as chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium, Wilkinson's catalyst, is the adoption of this molecular structure.  Hoogsteen pairing gives rise to complexes with this configuration which are composed of hydrogen-bonded guanines stabilized around a potassium cation.  The central atoms in these compounds usually possess the d8 electron configuration, and, as in octahedral compounds, the kinetics of substitution reactions in compounds with this type of geometry are strongly influenced by the trans ligand. An exemplary compound exhibiting this geometry is cisplatin.  For 10 points, name this type of molecular geometry characterized by two nonbonding and four bonding electron pairs, in which the four substituents are situated ninety degrees apart on the same plane as the central atom.;;square planar
;;This politician collected his public speeches in a volume entitled Live Questions, which he carried with him on campaign tours - it included his short treatise on crime entitled Our Penal Machinery and its Victims. In one office, he hired Florence Kelley as the first Chief Factory Inspector, while his earlier service as a judge saw him notably overturn the convictions of Oscar Neebe, Samule Fielden, and Michael Schwab. After that, he protested the actions of Attorney General Richard Olney as unconstitutional after Olney sent in federal troops under authority of Grover Cleveland to keep peace in this man's home state just after the Pullman Strike. For 10 points, name this man who drew fire for his handling of the Haymarket Square Riot after being elected governor of Illinois of 1892.;;(John) (Peter) Altgeld
;;The lobby and arcade of this building has a cruciform plan and the lobby's ceiling is laid with colored glass in Byzantine mosaic style. The lobby's halls include a set of humorous gargoyles depicting people instrumental in its construction such as Edward J. Hogan, its first rental agent, and Gunvald Aus, one of the original design engineers. Its heavy steel frame is hidden by its detailed terra cotta shell and Gothic exterior. This building's early symbolism was marked by twin murals at the mezzanine level depicting "Labor" and "Commerce," one of reasons it was once dubbed the "Chamber of Commerce". For 10 points, name this New York structure that was the world's tallest building at its 1913 completion, a skyscraper designed by Cass Gilbert to be the headquarters of the namesake discount retail store.;;Woolworth (Building)
;;The final pages of this work, which are introduced by "His Majesty's Notary," are written as a series of declarations and depositions.  In one scene in this work, a man whose ears once held wedges of gold is brought out in chains, but when the protagonist asks what Atufal did to deserve this, the man with the key around his neck falters.  Based on information taken from A Narrative of Voyages and Travels in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, a key moment in this text occurs when an attendant shaves his quaking master.  First published in Putnam's alongside five other stories including "The Lightning Rod Man" and "The Encantadas," it ends with the main character discovering that the Senegalese Babo and his men have seized control of the title character's vessel, the San Dominick. For 10 points, name this work about Amasa Delano's discovery of a mutiny, a story by Herman Melville.;;Benito Cereno
;;Much of what we know of his inspiration comes in a biography of his mentor written by Epiphanius. Between 1905 and 1918 his most famous work underwent restoration, though the gold background was lost and the lone tree had to be painted anew. In good condition is his Harrowing of Hell, though the top of Christ's head is missing in his The Savior, one of his few works located in a museum.  Rather, it is such sites as the Dormition Church and Dormition Cathedral that house his frescoes, many of which he completed with the help of Theophanes the Greek. Solo credit is given for his Old Testament Trinity, initially housed in the cathedral of his master St. Sergius.  For 10 points, name this subject of an Andrei Tarkovsky film and 14th and 15th century Russian icon painter.;;(Andrei) Rublev
;;Its final chapter, which cites to Burckhardt's Renaissance to make a point about the definition of "success," begins by comparing Native American and Samoan approaches to deceit during warfare and is entitled "Life Policy".  Another section describes the history of the mimus and the marionette theater to argue that "amusements" "lack all progress" and need the constant control of educated judgment and will.  This work asserts that slavery originated with "ill feelings towards a member of an out group" but that it paradoxically taught members of society the value of work.  Chapter two defines certain entities and notes that they arose from recurrent needs that were unforeseen and went unnoticed for a long time.  First published in 1906, it advocated a study of society its author termed "ethology" and focused on the relationship between the titular non-coercive customs and their more binding analogues: Mores. For 10 points, identify this work by William Graham Sumner.;;Folkways
;;The potential energy between two heavy ones is Coulombic at short distances, but becomes linear, representing a constant attractive force, for a range of distances around a femtometer. The effect of pair creation of these particles allows chromoelectric flux tubes to break, with the pieces becoming independent jets. The heaviest known one weighs about 175 GeV and was discovered at Fermilab's Tevatron collider, and unlike lighter ones, it decays before it can form hadrons. They were called "aces" by George Zweig, who proposed them independently of Murray Gell-Mann. For 10 points, what is this type of subatomic particle, 3 of which make up a proton or neutron?;;quark
;;Early in this work, a salesman arrives with a copy of the Arabian Nights for his cousin, the protagonist, and a new greyhound for his nephew, the protagonist's son.  Another section describes a Madam's Yorkshire upbringing and the death of her brother in Canada, before the scene shifts to the boudoir of a Polish whore named Louise.  In Chapter 9 a young woman with black teeth performs the song "Snow," which reminds the main character of the first time he "worshipped a woman," a feeling he no longer has for his own wife. The next chapter sees the protagonist accompany his father-in-law and O-hisa to see Morning Glory Diary, one of many puppet plays attended over the course of this novel.  A letter from Takanatsu reveals that Hiroshi knows about his mother's infidelity with Aso and the coming dissolution of Misako and Kaname's marriage in, for 10 points, what work by Junichiro Tanizaki.;;Some Prefer Nettles|Tade Kuu Mushi
;;This work identifies two types of genius: one that begets and one that is "happy to be impregnated".  It also recounts the relationship between Kotzebue and his audience, before asserting that the Addresses to the German Nation amounted to dishonest flattery in Part 8, an exploration of "fatherlandishness".  Another section cites the sweetness of "a Roman in the Arena" or the "Spaniard at the sight of… the bullfight" to assert that high culture is based on the spiritualization of cruelty.  This work, which asserts that "morality in Europe these days is the morality of herd animals," contains such chapters as "We Scholars" and "The Free Spirit" and opens with a "Preface" that posits the question: "Suppose that truth is a woman?"   For 10 points, identify this work, subtitled "Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future," a work Friedrich Nietzsche.;;Beyond Good and Evil|Jenseits von Gut und Bose
;;In one section of this work, the speaker asserts that a certain commodity "cannot grow by an inch or ounce," before moving on to discuss the "handiwork of Callimachus".  The speaker, who had also previously asserted that "All things fall, and are built again," later imagines a figure asking for "mournful melodies" and "delight[s] to imagine" a long legged bird, a "symbol of longevity," flying over a trio still seated on the mountain and the sky.  The second section of this 56 line work reads, "All perform their tragic play, / There struts Hamlet, there is Lear, / That's Ophelia, that Cordelia," while it begins with a stanza about "hysterical women" who criticize the poet's inefficacy and dread the coming of the "Aeroplane and Zeppelin".  Composed to commemorate a birthday gift given to the poet by his friend, Harry Clifton, it depicts a set of "Chinamen" carved out of the title material.  For 10 points, identify this William Butler Yeats poem named for a rich blue stone.;;Lapis Lazuli
;;Dimeric arrays in which this molecule exists in zinc-bonded and free-base forms are capable of long-distance energy migration and have been used in artificial olfactory receptors.  Cationic manganese examples of these act as superoxide reductases.  One piece of evidence for the RNA world hypothesis is that bacteria and plants, but not humans, use glutamyl-tRNA in the C-5 pathway for the synthesis of the committed precursor of this family of compounds; in humans, glycine reacts with succinyl-CoA to form alpha-amino-beta-ketoadipate, which is decarboxylated to form the committed precursor D-aminolevulinate.  The addition of iron to one member of this family of compounds is catalyzed by ferrochelatase.  Defects in an early step in their biosynthesis can result in X-linked sideroblastic anemia.  For 10 points, name this family of chemicals with a metal-coordinating ring structure, examples of which include chlorophyll and heme.;;porphyrins
;;Its namesake society was founded in 1875 and its offshoots include the Temple of the People created in California by William Dower and Francia LaDue.  Another member founded the Central Hindu College in Benares where she wrote the volume Karma.  That woman predicted the arrival of a "World Teacher".  Heavily influenced by the vision of God as an undifferentiated "Absolute," its other beliefs include the idea that 4 dimensions exist and the transmigration of souls.  In a treatise subtitled "Anthropogenesis," its greatest exponent pondered "Are Giants Fiction?" and asserted that man was the "third logos".  That work was called The Secret Doctrine and it was a follow up to her Isis Unveiled. For 10 points, identify this pantheistic religious system, named for the Greek for God and wisdom, and usually associated with Madame Blavatsky.;;Theosophy
;;In one of this man's works, a boy narrates the impact of his stepmother, Brigitte's quest for moral perfection.  In another work, the charismatic leader of a movement that is condemned by the Vatican confuses a student. In addition to, Young Man in Chains, this writer's works include The Black Notebook and the foreword for Elie Wiesel's Night.  The development of his own philosophy can be traced in his The Stumbling Block and God and Mammon and is on display in a novel about a woman lusted after by a physician and his son, The Desert of Love.  Other works include a novel about old Louis, who tries to keep his fortune from his wife and children, and a1927 novel inspired by the trial of Henriette-Blance Canby, which depicts a Bordeaux woman who plots to escape her bourgeois marriage by poisoning her husband.  For 10 points, identify this Nobel Prize winning author of A Woman of the Pharisees, The Knot of Vipers and Therese Desqueyroux.;;(Francois) Mauriac
;;Mutations in the SERPING1 gene product and other components of the complement pathway are a risk factor for diseases of this structure, as is the presence of reticular zinc-rich bodies.  Toxoplasmosis infection can cause stellate exudates in it.  Dichroism in this structure is thought to explain the phenomenon of Haidinger's brushes.  An elongated layer of S-shaped axons under this structure is called the fiber layer of Henle.  The accumulation of drusen and the vascularization of Bruch's membrane are symptoms of the "wet" form of a disease of this structure.  Zeaxanthin is one of two pigments that give it a yellow color, and a cone-rich pit within this structure is called the fovea.  For 10 points, name this part of the retina, whose degeneration causes a common type of blindness.;;macula (lutea)
;;This man commanded an army that was wracked by the so-called "mutiny of the Usipi," which led to a voyage resulting in cannibalism. In an earlier campaign, he reportedly forced the natives of the "island of Mona" to beg for peace through the swimming prowess of his auxiliary troops. He served under Salvius Titianus after being appointed quaestor in Asia and after he shared a battle tent with his military tutor Suetonius Paulinus. He commanded the victorious army at the Battle of Mons Graupius, leading the Twentieth Legion to a victory over Calcagus, the chief of the Caledonians. For 10 points, name this man who drew the ire of the emperor Domitian according to the account of his life by his son-in-law Tacitus, and who served as a longtime governor of Britain.;;(Gnaeus) (Julius) Agricola
;;This author's short stories include a work about Dick Small's docility, "Headwaiter," and a man who steals from his mother to buy his friends gifts, "Mama's Missionary Money".  His novel about Jimmy Monroe's experiences in prison was reissued posthumously under the title Yesterday Will Make You Cry.  His first novel dealt with the fallout resulting from Madge Perkins' accusations of rape and ends with the protagonist being sent to join the army, while The Primitive depicted a tense relationship between a white woman executive and a black writer.  His novel For Love of Imabelle later began a series that culminated in the apocalyptic work Plan B and focused on the violent exploits of two Harlem detectives, Coffin Ed Johnson and Grave Digger Jones.  For 10 points, identify this author of such works as Cotton Comes to Harlem and If He Hollers Let Him Go.;;(Chester) Himes
;;A few key officials in this ruler's government included Chief Justice Hector MacDonald and General Peter Walls, both of whom are criticized as turncoats in this man's memoirs entitled The Great Betrayal and Bitter Harvest. He rose to his highest office by replacing Winston Field and afterwards was faced with a period of opposition called the Second Chimurenga. His tenure ended with the Internal Settlement, under which he was replaced by Bishop Abel Muzorewa, and soon after, he was definitively removed by the Lancaster House Conference. These events occurred fifteen years after he made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, drawing sanctions from Great Britain and the United Nations. For 10 points, name this leader of the Rhodesian Front, the longtime head of the white minority government in Rhodesia.;;(Ian) Smith
;;Autoimmune etiology for this disease is based on an association with HLA Cw6.  Calcipotriol and dithranol are largely outdated treatment modalities unlike Ingram's regimen which can cure up to 80% of cases.  Among the pathological types of this disease are guttate and pustular, and there can be an associated arthropathy explaining the use of TNF-alpha blockers in combating it.  However, the first line therapy is the use of PUVA or psoralens with ultraviolet A. Its typical manifestations can be seen on flexor surfaces, palms, with nail involvement, and the scalp where it is sometimes confused with seborrhoeic dermatitis.  For 10 points, name this condition characterized by erythematous plaques with silvery scales, a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin.;;psoriasis
;;The story of this man is told in the book Deeds Not Deficits by Richard Fowler, which contains a forward by the journalist whose career was backed by this politician, William Allen White. This man delivered a lecture entitled "New Challenges in International Relations" as the first in a series now named after him. He narrowly defeated Harry Woodring in one election during which he gained the nickname "the Fox," but he's better remembered for a candidacy which led him to be the target of the joke "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont" - since those were the only two states he won. This former governor of Kansas lost that election running alongside Frank Knox, and his poor showing led his party to replace him four years later with Wendell Willkie. For 10 points, name this Republican who badly lost to FDR in 1936.;;(Alfred) (Mossman) Landon
;;In one work, this thinker wrote that "the proper office of benevolence is to soften the partial evils arising from self-love, but it can never be substituted in its place". He called for less reliance on foreign politics in The Grounds of an Opinion, while another work defines a certain concept as "the reward of present valour and wisdom as well as of past strength". Elsewhere, he argued that "moral restraint" is the only feasible "preventative check," but will not succeed without universal suffrage and education. This author of Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent used that work to present some "Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, Condorcet, and Other Writers," arguing that means of subsistence increase by an arithmetic ratio doomed to lag behind the geometric ratio of population increase. For 10 points, name this British classical economist who wrote Essay on the Principal of Population.;;(Thomas) Malthus
;;A scene in this work involves the discovery of dead, naked banker named J.M.B. and a character's mistaken belief about the lengths to which his longtime friend would go to cover it up.  Its main character pens an article ruminating on the need to put pets to sleep after he is told by his maid, Damiana, that his cat has become uncontrollable.  Although its protagonist was once engaged to a woman named Ximena Ortiz, she leaves him after he spends one last night in the Barrio Chino. Set in the town of La Paz, its narrator, a newspaper critic, once boastful of his status as two time client of the year in the city's red light district, ends up falling in love for the first time with a girl 76 years younger than him at Rosa Cabarcas' brothel.  For 10 points, identify this 2004 novella about a 90 year old writer's love for Delgadina, a work by Gabriel Garcia Marquez.;;Memories of My Melancholy Whores|Memoria de Mis Putas Tristes
;;This work's Preface claims inspiration from Apollonius and Pappus' geometry in its method of exigesis.  Its final section dismisses the efficacy of a particular counterargument based on the notion that man, at times, knows not whether he is asleep or awake, by noting that one's memory never joins dreams to the other actions of life.  That discussion is preceded by the author's argument for "extension" as an essential property, which cites the example of a ball of wax that melts and changes shape but remains the same substance.  Dedicated to "the deans and doctors of the faculty of sacred theology in Paris," its fourth section argues all that we perceive is true, while the fifth section offers a "new proof" for the existence of God.  For 10 points, identify this essay which responded to the queries prompted by its author's previous piece, Discourse on Method, a work by Rene Descartes.;;Meditations (on) (First) (Philosophy)
;;Pieter Raedt's landmark 1977 article questioned many of the accounts of this event. Aubrey of Trois-Fontaines, in mentioning the disaster that befell some of its members in an expedition possibly organized by the merchants William Porcus and Hugh Ferreus, recounted how Gregory IX built a church to honor those who died.  The chronicler Wendover wrote of the large contingent of prostitutes and how one of its leaders claimed to have received a letter to the King of France from a pilgrim who was Jesus. Some of it would end due to orders from Phillip II, while the remainder mostly petered out when seas at Genoa failed to part. After getting suckered into "free transport" at Marseilles, some participants were sold into the Egyptian slave market. Led by Stephen of Cloyes and Nicholas of Cologne and coming in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, for 10 points, name this expedition to the Holy Land led by some youths.;;(The) Children's Crusade
;;The concluding section of this work, in lively double meter, evokes the Provencal compositions popular at the Court of Louis XIV, and was identified as a "Rigaudon" by its composer.  It opens with a restless "Praeludium" that features a skipping motif before it eases into an elegant dance.  The fourth section, which contrasts sharply with the previous "Gavotte," is marked "Andante Religioso," and presents an emotional "Air" based on folksongs associated with its titular subject's hometown, the city of Bergen.  Its composer's Opus 40, it was later adapted for string orchestra and it was written in the form of dances contemporary with the namesake author's era.  For 10 points, identify this work for piano which was dedicated to and named for the "father of Danish Literature," a work by Edvard Grieg.;;Holberg Suite|From Holberg's Time|Fra Holberg's Tid
;;Ana Maria Pacheco's "Studies of" this figure are large scale drawings, whereas her Dark Night of the Soul is a wood sculpture inspired by the Pollaiuolo brothers' sculpture depicting his death. In 1915 Egon Schiele painted a self-portrait of himself as this man, and Bellini created a triptych on his life. Il Sodoma's version of him is the painter's masterpiece, and he was also the subject of six paintings by Anthony van Dyck, some of which replaced his face with van Dyck's. Ribera and de la Tour's depictions of him both feature him being tended to by Irene, whereas Perugino, like many others, painted him "bound to a column". For 10 points, Andrea Mantegna's portrayals show the typical scene of arrows piercing the body and martyrdom of what Christian saint?;;(St.) Sebastian|(San) Sebastiano
;;Alfred Draper wrote a definitive 1981 history of this event. It was followed by the enforcement of a declaration known as the "Crawling Order" for two weeks before that order was revoked by Chelmsford. The chief perpetrator claimed that it was in response to an attack on Marcia Sherwood, and had the support of Police Superintendent Ploper. Due to the observance of Baisakhi Day, several thousand had gathered in the square known as Jalianwalla Bagh and the subsequent actions would result in the assassination of regional governor Michael O'Dwyer for his role 21 years later. Chaos resulted soon after Sir Reginald Dyer's order to fire resulting in, for 10 points, what incident in which 379 people were killed by British troops in the namesake holy city in northern India in 1919?;;Amritsar (massacre)
;;This author reminisced about his time visiting with William Drummond in "My Picture Left in Scotland" and characterized a Spaniard as having "a Rhinoceroses' nose" in "On Don Surly".  This author borrowed from Quintilian in advocating for a writer's personal style in the volume Timber; or Discoveries, while another of his works features the line, "Make room for the bouncing belly". That work, which ends with Daedalus leading some dances, is entitled Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue, and was staged in collaboration with Inigo Jones.  This author's imitation of Horace, Inviting a Friend to Supper, was published alongside the country manor poem "To Penshurst" in a 1616 collection that also featured a piece beginning, "Drink to me only with thine eyes". For 10 points, identify this author of the "Ode on Cary and Morrison," "To Celia," as well as the plays Bartholomew Fair and Volpone.;;(Ben) Jonson
;;One island in this body of water was once known as Orphan Island because it was inherited by a group of orphaned grandkids - that island was connected to the mainland by the Waldo-Hancock Bridge and is now called Verona. This body of water is the namesake of a military action in which Commodore Dudley Saltonstall and General Solomon Lovell attempted to dislodge the British from the town of Bagaduce on this river - the chief of artillery Paul Revere was court-martialed as a result of that doomed naval expedition in 1779. It flows into a namesake bay near the town of Bucksport after originating near Millinocket in western and eastern branches and passing through the "Queen City of the East". For 10 points, name this river that flows through Bangor and is the largest river entirely in Maine.;;Penobscot (River)
;;One character in this work repeatedly asks another, "How much do I owe you?"  Earlier that same man is shown a picture of another man's oldest son, Michael, now a successful lawyer living in the State capital.  Section eight is set  at Henry's where a seemingly triumphant character comes in from the snow, buys several rounds of whiskey, and boorishly insists that a group of four other men drink with him.  The ninth and final section ends with Mr. Blanc confessing to Bill that the now dead New Yorker had been right about young Johnnie who'd been accused of cheating at cards.  Set in Fort Romper, Nebraska, it was first collected in its author's volume The Monster and Other Stories.  For 10 points, identify this short story that centers on the murder of the Swede at Pat Scully's title establishment, a work by Stephen Crane.;;(The) Blue Hotel
;;The most famous political cartoon about this event depicts a man being pulled from under a bed by two men in red coats. One person associated with this event had court-martialed Joseph Short following the seizure of his ship, the Porpoise. Others associated with this event included John Blaxland and Richard Atkins, and it saw resistance along the Hawkesbury River after the storming of the Government House. Following this event, Lachlan Macquarie was placed in charge, and this event was led by George Johnson and John Macarthur. Resulting in the disbanding of the New South Wales Corps, for 10 points, identify this event in which William Bligh was deposed as governor in Australia in 1808, which takes its name from the regulation of an alcoholic beverage.;;Rum Rebellion
;;In this novel a woman gives her life savings to men guarding a coffin meant to be buried in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier after mistakenly believing the corpse is her son. A priest is sent to encourage the main character to escape from jail, but commits suicide after being shamed by the protagonist's humility. At the end of this novel, "The Runner" is attacked by a mob after he interrupts an official funeral by throwing the protagonist's medal at the caisson. The protagonist of this novel is betrayed by the soldier Polchek right before Pierre Bouc denies him three times. At the beginning of this novel both the German and French regiments miraculously refuse to attack, leading "The Marshall" to execute the main character for instigating peace. For 10 points, name this novel by William Faulkner that retells Christ's passion through the ordeals of a French corporal during World War One.;;(A) Fable
;;Equations with a solution in the reals and in the p-adics for each prime p have a rational solution by the Hasse principle, an application of this statement. The decomposition of the finitely generated modules of a Dedekind domain into the direct sum of submodules is managed by this statement. The Good-Thomas algorithm for the fast Fourier transform uses this statement on the output, in conjunction with a mapping called Ruritanian on the input, to reindex data. An extension of this statement to principal ideal domains gives an isomorphism between a quotient ring and a product of quotient rings. For 10 points, name this statement that guarantees an integer solution to a set of congruence relations if the moduli are pairwise relatively prime.;;Chinese remainder (theorem)
;;This composer wrote a Canto Serioso for horn and piano and dedicated one of his works for chorus and orchestra to the "Young Merchant's Society".  One of this man's works ends with a series of variations on his hymn "My Jesus, make my heart to love thee". That work, in which each part was written to reflect the personality of the original performer, is a wind quintet.  He used only nine instruments in the "Humoreske" movement of his final symphony, while a visit to the Acropolis inspired a work representing the sun rising over the Aegean, the Helios Overture.  He featured a wordless vocal solo for baritone and soprano in the "Andante pastorale" second movement of his Sinfonia Espansiva.  This composer of Sinfonia Semplice created a symphony that features a "duel" between two sets of timpani. For 10 points, name this Danish composer of a symphony nicknamed The Inextinguishable.;;(Carl) Nielsen
;;One emperor from this dynasty was married to Fu Hao, and its early portion is coextensive with the "Erligang Culture". One ruler of this dynasty infamously built an artificial tree with sausages hanging from its branches, which he put on an island in the middle of a swimming pool of wine. Its founder allegedly read a prophecy on a turtle shell and fought eleven wars. The previously-mentioned ruler was said to have married a fox demon and was blamed for this dynasty losing the Battle of Muye to its successor, since he allegedly lost the Mandate of Heaven. Founded by Emperor Tang, the artifacts associated with this dynasty include oracle bones and the first known Chinese writing. It may have overthrown the Xia Dynasty, and was definitely succeeded by the Zhou. For 10 points, name this first historically-attested Chinese dynasty.;;Shang (Dynasty)
;;In one of this director's movies the daughter of Victor Hugo claims she is married to Lieutenant Pinson to ruin his engagement. In another film the title character uses her seductive powers to engineer the deaths of the five men responsible for the murder of her love. In yet another film Alphonse has an affair with Julie Baker after his fiancee leaves him for a stunt man while filming the melodrama Meet Pamela. His major work climaxes with Catherine driving a car off a broken bridge to kill herself and one of the title characters. It followed his debut film about a teen protagonist who escapes from a work camp and runs toward the sea after being imprisoned for stealing a typewriter. For 10 points, name this director of The Story of Adele H., The Bride Wore Black, Day for Night, Jules and Jim, and 400 Blows.;;(Francois) Truffaut
;;One of this author's works begins with a series of "letters to the editor" decrying the exploits of a group of juvenile thieves.  In another work, the Nobel Laureate James Levensen hires Fausto Pena to research the writer Pedro Archanjo, who leads the titular university.  In another novel the businessman Mirko Stefano tries to get Ascanio elected mayor so he can extract titanium dioxide from a town, while the title character of that novel seduces her own nephew Ricardo. In addition to writing the aforementioned Captains of the Sands, Tent of Miracles and Tieta, the Goat Girl, this author created the character of Dionisia, who helps conjure the spirit of the dead gambler Vadinho, as well as Manuel of the Jaguars who struggles with Mudinho Falcao for political control of Ilheus. For 10 points, name this author, who wrote about Nacib the Arab's love for the titular girl in Gabriela, Clove, and Cinnamon.;;(Jorge) Amado
;;A number of chapters in this work promote the importance of "moderation" and advocate the benefits of "incorporation".  It concludes with a debate over the impact of "tacit faith" on the meaning of consent.  This treatise quotes Seneca on the importance of a people's spirit in determining whether states are immortal.  Another section considers Pomponius' definition of the term "postliminium" and notes that in the present day "ships are not reckoned among the things recoverable".  The third and final section features a chapter that considered the idea of "solemn" or "just" conflict and advocated the idea of pacta sund servanda: that treaties are to be respected in order to promote international stability.  For 10 points, identify this 1625 work, the masterpiece of Hugo Grotius.;;On the Law of War and Peace|On the Laws of War and Peace|The Law of War and Peace|De Jure Belli ac Pacis
;;According to legend, this leader dreamed that he saw the prophet Muhammed as a constellation after having a religious conversation with Abu Sufyan. He had the patriarch Sergius draft the Ecthesis, affirming his belief in monothelitism. This victor at the Third Battle of Issus came to power as a result of a coup against the emperor Phocas. He occupied royal residence at Dastgerd, and supposedly returned with the true cross from a campaign in Persia. This father of Constantine III was also victorious at the Battle of Nineveh over Chosroes II, though he'd later be defeated at the Battle of Yarmuk by Umar. For 10 points, identify this Byzantine emperor in power from 610 to 641 AD, who fought a protracted war with the Sassanid Empire.;;Heraclius
;;A type of magnetoresistive RAM uses a spin-polarized current to reorient the magnetization of a layer of a TMR element; that type is called spin this transfer. A stepper motor has different "pull-in" and "pull-out" values of this. In 1939 Richard Beth measured this exerted on a doubly-refracting plate by polarized light. The cogging type of this is minimized in motors and results from the interaction between rotor and stator magnets. Four strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration are called a "load cell" or a this "transducer," which is one component of a quality-control device that measures this quantity. Precession is called "gyroscopic" if induced by this quantity. For 10 points, name this cross product of displacement with force, equal to the time derivative of angular momentum, the rotational analogue of force.;;torque
;;A contemporaneous Croatian artist Giorgio Glovocic mentioned a third version of this work painted on ivory but now lost. In an essay on this painting art historian Steven Mansbach argued that the most prominent figure represents Philip II, coinciding with the interpretation of it as a depiction of suffering caused by Spain. It portrays a rolling green landscape in the back, a city scene on the left, and a harbor scene on the right, where slabs of red stone are being delivered.  On the bottom left are many slabs of grey stone amidst which several stonemasons kneel before the procession of King Nimrod. Their work in progress was painted to parallel the Coliseum and takes on a spiral shape and is the title structure. For 10 points, name this painting by Bruegel depicting a biblical structure that man tried to build to reach as high as heaven.;;(The) Tower of Babel
;;His son recently compiled a volume of his aphorisms, including, "obsolescence is the moment of superabundance" in The Book of Probes. His PhD thesis described the role of grammar, logic and rhetoric in the work of Thomas Nashe, while in later work with Wilfred Watson he examined the interrelationship of cliches and archetypes more broadly. In one of his works, he enumerated the ten thunders of Finnegans Wake to outline a cyclical history with touchstones like "clothing as weaponry". In The Global Village, he categorized technological effects into the "tetrad" of enhancement, obsolescence, retrieval, and reversal. In works like Laws of Media, he contrasted different forms of communication as "hot" and "cold" based on whether they target a single sense and as high or low based on how much viewer-participation is required. For 10 points, name this Canadian who wrote The Gutenberg Galaxy and conceived of how "the medium is the message".;;(Marshall) McLuhan
;;Along with William Vans Murray and William Richardson Davie, this man was one of the three commissioners who negotiated the Treaty of Mortefontaine. He was accused of fastening "chains of slavery" on children with a "birth-duty of allegiance" for his decision that Isaac Williams could not renounce citizenship without the consent of the community. John Taylor of Caroline was horrified at a secession proposal produced by this man and Rufus King. He wrote the Letters from a Landholder urging adoption of the Constitution, chaired the conference committee for the Bill of Rights, and was the chief author of the Judiciary Act of 1789. For 10 points, name this Connecticut Federalist and third Chief Justice of the United States.;;(Oliver) Ellsworth
;;This thinker stressed the incompatibility of the theater and the house of worship and theorized on the Apostolic origin of churches.  This man authored Against the Scorpions, an attack on Gnosticism, and his other writings include the Prescription against Heretics. This thinker openly espoused Traducianism, or the belief that new souls are created naturally by the reproductive process, not directly by God. This man preceeded St. Cyprian as the most notable theologian from Carthage. He coined the terms "New Testament", "Old Testament", and "trinity", but he eventually left the church to became a Montanist. For 10 points, name this early Christian theologian, the first to write in Latin.;;Tertullian|(Quintus) (Septimus) (Florens) Tertullianus
;;The speaker of this poem compares a particular entity to "hues and harmonies of evening" and "memory of music fled" before asserting "that for its grace [it] may be / Dear, and yet dearer for its mystery". In the fifth stanza the speaker remembers he "called on poisonous names with which our youth is fed" earlier in life "while yet a boy [he] sought for ghosts". This poem's final stanza begins "The day becomes more solemn and serene / When noon is past" before the speaker implores the title entity to lets its power "to my onward life supply / Its calm". The speaker of this poem addresses the titular ineffable quality in the opening lines, "The awful shadow of some unseen Power / Floats though unseen amongst us". For 10 points, name this poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley.;;Hymn to Intellectual Beauty
;;Peri-acylated gossylic versions of these compounds are potent inhibitors of lactate dehydrogenase, explaining their antimalarial activity. This compound may be used as the acylating agent in a variant of the Friedel-Crafts reaction that produces a ketimine intermediate. Under nickel catalysis aryl examples of these compounds will add across triple bonds, and nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to one of these substances in the first step of the Pinner reaction produces imides. A condensation of these compounds named for Thorpe forms enamines. . Elementary syntheses of these substances may occur via nucleophilic substitution by cyanide ions, as in the Kolbe synthesis, and they may be prepared by reacting thionyl chloride, or other dehydrating agents, with amides. For 10 points, name this functional group, which contains a carbon triple-bonded to nitrogen.;;nitriles
;;This man wrote two disquisitions to his contemporary John Riolan, who attempted to refute his views on several occasions, and this man was backed in letters by Paul Marquard Schlegel. He examined the reproductive organs of male and female deer in a piece entitled "Of the manner, according to Aristotle, in which a perfect and fruitful egg is produced". In that work, Essays on the Generation of Animals, he uses the development of a hen's egg to refute the prevailing notion of "preformation". He studied under Hieronymus Fabricius at the University of Padua. For 10 points, name this man who formulated a theory of circulation of blood through the body, as the court physician to King Charles I.;;(William) Harvey
;;A character in this work naively argues he wants a motorcycle because it will validate him as a messenger to rich people in hotels.  One character in this play is nicknamed "Paper Doll" for his singing, and is later kissed by the protagonist in an attempt to prove he is gay because of his other nickname "Blondie". The main character is angered to learn that some relatives have moved into Mrs. Dondero's apartment.  Later two officers take away a man when he cannot name what street he was born on in Philadelphia. The lawyer Alfieri acts as the narrator and also pays one character's bail allowing him to get married and avoid deportation. The protagonist is infuriated by his niece Catherine's decision to marry Rodolpho and at the end of this play he is stabbed by Marco for reporting Rodolpho and Marco as illegal immigrants. For 10 points, name this play about Eddie Carbone written by Arthur Miller.;;(A) View from the Bridge
;;Its T664P mutant is known as the "O-helix mutant," while the substitution of phenylalanine for valine at position 667 promotes chain termination by this protein.  A commonly used purification approach for this enzyme involves a one-hour incubation at 75 degrees followed by cation exchange chromatography.  This enzyme may be used in a non-cyclic process to prepare inserts into Topo-linked vectors, and an eponymous probe system relies upon the separation of fluors from quenchers by this enzyme's 5' to 3' exonucleolytic activity.  Unlike similar proteins, this enzyme leaves overhanging As, which is useful in the aforementioned TA cloning process but makes it a worse choice for blunt-end cloning than Pfu. For 10 points, name this PCR reagent, a high-fidelity polymerase derived from Thermus aquaticus.;;Taq (polymerase)
;;On the brow at the hill on the right of this painting was the real-life mansion home of Samuel Breck.  Art historian Martin Berger argues that this painting's subject allowed the artist to assert his masculinity and it was the first in a series of nearly 30 paintings on the same subject the artist would complete over the next four years.  Many of them had identifiable landmarks, such as those in this painting - the Girard Avenue Bridge and the Railroad Connection Bridge.  The artist depicts himself moving away in the background, and in the foreground is the titular subject who was a practicing lawyer and childhood friend of the artist.  Commemorating an event of October 5, 1870 specifically the Schuylkill [skoo-kill] River Navy Regatta, for 10 points, name this painting of the titular oarsman by Thomas Eakins.;;(Answer:) Max Schmitt in a Single Scull|The Champion Single Sculls
;;In one work by this author, an older couple named Anne and Bernard drag the middle aged writer Daniel and his attractive younger girlfriend into their domestic struggle.  In another work, set during a dream, a train journey forces a nameless traveler to face the evils of the world as represented by the archetypal Tramp, Thug, and Master.  Both of those plays, Weekend Quartet and Nocturnal Wanderer, illustrate what this author refers to as "theatricality," a reaction against the "revolutionary realism" that dominated his homeland's literary scene at the time.  This author of such short stories as "The Temple" and "Buying a Fishing Rod for My Father," also wrote a work based on the life of Huineng entitled Snow in August.  Still another work follows a narrator who seems to change identities as he/she journeys from Sichuan Province to the fabled Lingshan.  For 10 points, identify this author of Soul Mountain.;;Gao Xingjian
;;The "advantage" named for this relation describes the utility of lightly loaded columns in achieving good separation with relatively low retention volumes.  It can be used to find the slopes of individual reactions within Schreinemaker's bundles.  One assumption used to derive this equation is that the difference in volume between two phases can be approximated by the volume of an ideal gas, and this equation describes a Carnot cycle across a phase transition.  An analogue of the more empirical Antoine equation, this equation can be used to find the heat of vaporization.  Its theoretical justification is that the change in Gibbs free energy along the coexistence curve is zero.  For 10 points, name this doubly eponymous equation that relates the vapor pressure of a liquid to its temperature.;;(Clausius) Clapeyron (equation)
;;The character of Varrius first appears in Act IV, around the same time the Provost enters with the head of a dead pirate.  Earlier in the play, an exchange about what sort of apparel fits a thief takes place between the executioner, Abhorson, and the imprisoned clown, Pompey.  A subplot focuses on Frederick's sister, who is introduced listening to the song "Take, O take those lips away," and pines for a lover who abandoned her.  The heroine is introduced during a discussion with Francisca that is interrupted by Lucio who informs her that a new Lord now governs Vienna.  Based on George Whetstone's Promos and Cassandra, the main plot revolves around a woman asked to sacrifice her virginity to save her brother.  For 10 points, identify this Shakespeare play that that ends with the marriage of Mariana and Angelo, the return of the Duke, and Isabella securing the release of Claudio.;;Measure for Measure
;;In some descriptions, the right eye of this deity is replaced with a mass of thick, black hair or a blob of excrement representing the sins of man.  This deity punishes women who sew too frequently in the winter or who are dirty. Her realm is a limbo-like place where men's souls wait to travel to the Land of the Moon; it features ever-turning wheels of ice and is known as Adlivun. This deity can cause great famine by locking up all animals hunted for food, and this famine can only be stopped by traveling to this deity's home and combing her hair. This goddess's ravenous hunger as a child once caused her to eat her father's arm while he was sleeping, causing him to try to drown her.  During this attempt, he cut off her fingers, which fell into the sea to create the animals with which she is associated. For 10 points, name this Inuit goddess of whales, seals and other aquatic mammals.;;Sedna
;;One section of this work analyzes Cecil Rhodes' need to find new land and another cites Robert Musil in its discussion of "disciplinary governability".  An "Intermezzo" in this work describes an order that runs "counter" to the title entity, while the first section analyzes the Hans Kelsen's vision during the formation of the U.N.  One of this work's authors had previously written a book on Spinoza entitled The Savage Anomaly, and its release was followed by a volume called Multitude.  This work asserts that "a new form of sovereignty" is materializing now that "Soviet barriers to the capitalist world market" have finally been destroyed.  For 10 points, name this philosophical work, an attempt to modify and update the Marxist world-view to fit the current age, written by Antonio Hardt and Michael Negri.;;Empire
;;This work's introduction beseeches its addressee to "vaunt thy splendor" and describes a bachelor's hour of feasting and the "playing fields of Mars".  It includes a footnote that corrects the misrepresentations made in an earlier depiction of the same event by Mickiewicz.  The recurring images in this work include a willow that marks the house of a widow and her daughter, as well as "two lions" constantly at guard.  The main character who is described as "attacked" by "hideous thoughts" and dreams of seeing his beloved Parasha again, loses his home after a great flood levels the city.  Divided into three parts, it was inspired by the author's admiration for an object created by Etienne Maurice Falconet and centers on a man named Yevegeny, whose curse brings the statue of a Russian ruler to life.  For 10 points, identify this work subtitled "A Petersburg Tale," a poem by Alexander Pushkin.;;The Bronze Horseman|Medni Vsadnik
;;This mountain contains the Cornice Traverse and a section of pale metamorphosed limestone known as the Yellow Band, which lies above a series of black schist studied by Bill Wager. It also contains an anvil-shaped portion called the Geneva Spur. This peak was sighted and surveyed by John Noel over 20 years after an expedition by Francis Younghusband and Charles Bruce. It was originally referred to as Peak XV by Andrew Waugh, and it is surrounded by the Pumori glacier, which translates as "Unmarried Daughter," a name provided by George Mallory. Its height was established by the Great Trigonometric Survey, and its alternate names include Sagarmatha and Zhumulangma. Named in honor of a British surveyor general from 1830 to 1843, for 10 points, name this mountain scaled by Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary.;;(Mount) Everest
;;One opera by this composer features the character Nisibi singing a 'sleep aria' entitled "Komm, sanfter Schlaf!" and also features a chorus of Persians in the aria "Ein Doppler Kranz".  In addition to Miriways, this composer wrote a a pair of cantatas entitled The Ode of Thunder and The Times of the Day.  In addition to issuing a didactic collection of pieces under the title The Faithful Music Master, this composer created a series of thirty-six oratorios and serenades for an annual banquet of militia captains in Hamburg, as well as a piece featuring a G major Largo first movement in 3/2 time, now recognized as the earliest known concerto for viola.  A more well-known opera by this composer features the crafty Vespetta who attempts to marry her elderly employer in Pimpinone.  For 10 points, identify this composer best known for a set of fifteen pieces written to accompany a meal, Tafelmusik or Musique de Table.;;(Georg) (Phillip) Telemann
;;In one work by this writer the speaker inquires about the Chinese origins of "a wild spontaneous fruit," the nectarine.  In "Hero" the speaker declares that Cincinnatus, like Joseph, was "vexing to some".  In a separate piece by this author, a speaker notes that, "like the dove-/ neck animated by/ sun," "The Mind is an Enchanted Thing," while another poem by this author begins, "What is our innocence/ what is our guilt," and is titled 'What are Years?"  After winning its namesake award for the 1925 collection Observations, this poet of Nevertheless, became editor of the The Dial soon thereafter.  One of this writer's works cites Robert T. Hatt's Natural History to describe the "ear ridge" of a titular "armored animal," while another ironically opens "I, too, dislike it".  For 10 points, identify this author of "The Pangolin" and "Poetry".;;(Marianne) Moore
;;A book by John Appleby discusses events during the reign of this monarch, whose son was married to Constance of Toulouse. This man's elder brother, the Count of Champagne, declined to fight him upon his father's death but he did face resistance from Robert, the Earl of Gloucester. Named the Count of Mortain early in life, he was captured by William de Cahaignes at the Battle of Lincoln, and subsequently imprisoned at Bristol. Despite gaining the blessing of Pope Innocent II, he struggled to defeat a rival aided by Brien FitzCount. He agreed to the Treaty of Wallingford with that rival after the death of his son Eustace. For ten points, name this monarch who ruled England during the Anarchy, as the only member of his royal house, prior to the reign of Henry II.;;Stephen (I)|Stephen (of) (Blois)
;;Along with Anitra Karsten, this thinker formulated the idea of "mental satiation" and, along with his student Bluma Zeigarnik, he developed an effect to explain why waiters at his favorite restaurant were able to remember orders for a short time. His three-stage theory of organizational change includes "unfreezing, moving to a new level, and then refreezing". Another of his theories holds that needs obtain positive or negative valences, resulting in four types of conflicts: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, and double approach-avoidance. His most noted experiment found that autocratic and laissez-faire leadership styles are less efficient amongst schoolchildren than democratic leadership. For 10 points, name this author of A Dynamic Theory of Personality, a German-born founder of social psychology who enunciated the "field theory".;;(Kurt) Lewin
;;This text advocates knowledge of how vedana proceeds from two groups of six senses, and it follows a discourse about separating the body and mind from the true conjecture of the self delivered to a group of five followers that included Kaundinya. This entry in the Vinaya discusses passion and delusion and it was originally delivered to a group of agnihotra monks that practiced religious rites worshipping the title entity.  The third entry in a series of discourses which began with a discussion of the Middle Way and the Four Noble Truths, this text submits that recognition and intellectual detachment can disentangle one from the suffering caused by sense and feeling, which are personified by the titular elemental force.  For 10 points, identify this portion of the Tripitaka that titles one of the sections of The Waste Land and extols its addressees to recognize that "all is burning".;;Fire Sermon|Aditta Sutta
;;Less common ways of formulating this tensor-field quantity include one named after either Euler or Almansi which references the system's final configuration. The Green-Lagrangian tensor of this quantity is equal to one-half the difference of the Cauchy-Green deformation tensor and the identity, a formulation equal to one-half the difference of the product of the deformation gradient times its transpose and the identity. A yield surface maps out the values of this beyond which a material suffers plastic, rather than merely elastic, deformation. Young's modulus measures the stiffness of a material by computing the ratio of stress to this quantity. For 10 points, what is this dimensionless measure of the deformation of a body, given in uniaxial form by the change in length divided by the original length?;;(Answer:) strain
;;One frieze on this structure shows one female riding a swan, one on a dragon, and another sitting on a throne while bulls and plants surround the foot of her throne. Another frieze shows the imperial family in procession with three children, advocating for increased pregnancies in the upper classes. It now sits in a namesake museum designed by Richard Meier. On the eastern side is an image of a woman sitting atop a pile of weapons and another panel depicting the deity Tellus or Terra Mater. On the western side is a panel showing the wolf breast-feeding Romulus and Remus. Originally built on the Campo Marzio near the via Flaminia, it was commissioned by the senate to memorialize a victorious return from campaigns abroad. For 10 points, name this Roman monument built to honor the end of war brought about by Emperor Augustus.;;Ara Pacis Augustae|Altar of Augustan Peace
;;A family of solutions to this equation scale with time to the two-thirds times one over the quantity "one plus w" power where w is equal to one-third for models involving optically thick conditions. One can derive an equation of state for a fluid pressure which can then be plugged into the first derivative of this equation to obtain a namesake acceleration equation. This equation typically includes four terms proportional to powers of redshift which represent matter, radiation, curvature and the cosmological constant and those terms are set equal to the square of the Hubble parameter. For 10 points, name this important equation in cosmology which describes the homogenous and isotropic expansion of space and can be derived using a quadruply-eponymous metric that takes its name from Lemaitre, Robertson, Walker and this equation's namesake.;;Friedmann (Equation)
;;One opera published by this man begins with Sister Jeanne having night visions and ends with Jeanne's love for Grandier was the cause of her possession, that work is titled the Devils of Loudon. In addition to an opera based on and titled Paradise Lost, this man published a work with 27 sections with titles like "Et egressus" and "ludica me, Deus" and features an a capella section of the "Stabat Mater". A well known work by this man was expanded in 2005 by a movement titled Ciaconna.  That 17 movement work's first two movements are titled Introtius and Kyrie and features the traditional hymn Swiety Boze. This man wrote a work arranged for 52 strings and originally titled it 8' 37".  For 10 points, identify this conductor and composer of the St. Luke's Passion, Polish Requiem, and Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima.;;(Krzysztof) Penderecki
;;It is difficult to use the de Haas-van Alpen effect to determine Fermi surface parameters of compounds containing these substances, as the presence of upwards of 20 conduction electrons confounds analysis.  Consumption of these substances may be treated with a combination of penetate calcium disodium and siderophore analogues to minimize their bonding to endosteal bone surfaces and subsequent bone tumor formation. These substances are often isolated by reducing their tri- or tetra-fluorides at high temperatures in the presence of lithium or calcium.  A Mott transition within this group explains a switch from high-symmetry to low-symmetry crystal structures and from relatively localized to itinerant 5f electrons. For 10 points, name this series of elements that includes thorium and uranium and is found below the lanthanide series on the periodic table.;;actinides|actinoids
;;He turned to printmaking late in his career, producing more than 260 lithographs and etchings including the Elephant Skull and Sheep portfolios. His first major work had been the Hornton stone Mother and Child in the style of Masaccio finished about 15 years before the first of his "helmet sculptures" and 4 years before his first public commission, North Wind. A series of his post-war creations can be found in the U.S. including his Family Group and King and Queen, but it was another series of works, inspired by his viewing of a Mexican Chac Mool figure with which he was identified. Those works led to him, along with countrywoman Barbara Hepworth, becoming a leading proponent of Organic Abstractionism.  For 10 points, name this British sculpture known for his series of Recumbent and Reclining Figures.;;(Henry) Moore
;;According to Michael Johnson, the event associated with this man was actually instantiated by James Hamilton Jr., who sought to politically discredit his rival Thomas Bennett. This man's death was followed by the passage of a Seamen's Act that was declared unconstitutional. His emergence as a leader was predicted by a newspaper man, Edwin Holland, who described the Church, where he preached about the coming of a New Israelite Kingdom and served as "class leader," as a nest of "Jacobins". Earlier he secured his freedom with a winning East Bay Lottery ticket. He sought out blacksmiths to hammer out swords in secret and was aided by such figures as Peter Poyas, as well as a man who gave each of his followers a charm to protect them from musket balls.  That man, Gullah Jack, would also be executed for participating in a plot that was planned by this man for Bastille Day in 1822.  For 10 points, identify this man who conspired to lead namesake slave revolt in Charleston.;;(Denmark) Vesey
;;One character in this work reminisces about visiting the Meuse-Argonne cemetery while discussing handwriting with Mr. Fayette.  The third section features a young couple dancing to a record before they collapse in each other's arms, while the fourth concludes with a revelation that Clayton once worked for the Bergman's on Columbus Circle and is the brother of a member of the Chorus.  In the first Act a mother laments that her child Betty has never seen a grapefruit; later Edna threatens to leave her husband for Bud Hass if he doesn't stand up to "the company".  As it opens, the cigar smoking Harry Fatt notes that Roosevelt is now in office, in an attempt to discourage the agitated crowd on stage, they, in turn, call for the arrival of a title figure with the last name Costello.  For 10 points, identify this work about Joe Mitchell, Agate, and their fellow cab drivers going on strike, a play by Clifford Odets.;;Waiting for Lefty
;;This leader seized upon previous legislation passed by the Christian Democrats to expropriate any estates over eighty hectares in size and later established local rationing boards that went by the acronym JAP.  His policies were opposed by such groups as Order and Freedom and Fatherland and Liberty, but enabled by the laissez-faire ethos of the "Schneider Doctrine," which allowed his victory over Paper Manufacturer Jorge Alessandri to stand.  Disturbances during this man's time in office include the El Teniente Copper strike and the rebellion of a tank regiment near the capital.  His eventual successor replaced the loyal Carlos Prats as a member of this man's cabinet in August of 1973, one month before he would lead a coup against this man.  For 10 points, identify this leader of the Popular Unity Party, a Socialist president of Chile who was deposed by Augusto Pinochet.;;(Salvador) Allende
;;This author's work for the stage includes a drama based on the lives of the Strickland family, At My Heart's Core, and a play about a Welshman who correctly predicts political futures, A Jig for the Gypsy.  This author's non-fiction includes the volumes The Well Tempered Critic and the posthumous The Merry Heart.  This author created Mrs. Bridgetower, who leaves her inheritance to the budding opera singer Monica Gall, in A Mixture of Frailties, while in another work he tells the story of Urquhart McVarish who crosses paths with art historian, Francis Cornish; that novel, Rebel Angels, was the first in a series inspired by his time teaching at Massey College.  Perhaps best known for his novels about Dunstan Ramsay, whose story is introduced in Fifth Business and told in two more volumes of the Deptford Trilogy, for 10 points, identify this Canadian author of The Manticore and The Lyre of Orpheus.;;(Robertson) Davies
;;They fully exploited such indigenous sources of food and energy as the Huarango Tree, but were ultimately conquered by the Wari.  They produced a distinctive polychrome pottery and their settlements, which were located in the Chincha and Acari regions, were centered around underground irrigation systems called puquios.  First studied by Max Uhle at a place now called Ocucaje, their civilization practiced human sacrifice as evidenced by a series of extant preserved heads on ropes, as well as the altars found at the Great pyramid at their capital, Cahuachi.  Their greatest creations still exist and most can now be found in the Ingenio Valley.  For 10 points, identify these ancient people of Peru that preceded the Inca and are known for their namesake "lines" that are visible from the air.;;Nazca|Nasca
;;One of them features a series of verses rising in vehemence and is commonly named for "the People," while another is a somber piece in E minor known as the "Funeral March".  They also include a piece in E major named "Berceuse" and a work in G major titled "May Breezes," that should not be confused with a work in A major that celebrates "Spring".  The last two sets of these short works were the composer's Opuses 85 and 102, respectively, while the second of them, Opus 30, was dedicated to the composer's sister, Fanny.   Ultimately comprising 8 books, the more oft played pieces include the Duetto and the three Venetian Boat Songs. For 10 points, name this series of 48 works for the piano that do not feature lyrics, and were composed by Felix Mendelssohn.;;Songs Without Words|Lieder Ohne Worte
;;This deity was said to have created the god of cattle Lahar and the grain goddess Ashnan in an attempt to bring order to the world, but they became drunk too often, and he had to replace them with mortals. This deity also created the pickaxe, but he later used his weapon known as the amaru to destroy humanity. He was sentenced to live in the underworld Kur after committing rape, and his wife followed him there, but she gained permission to birth their daughter Nanna in sunlight. He reportedly made Utnapishtim immortal in attempt to spite another god. For 10 points, name this Sumerian god of earth and storm.;;Enlil|Eilil
;;Divided into three primary parts, this work is composed as a series of interconnected vignettes with such titles as "To Climb the Prickly Pear Tree" and "The Old Man with a Yellow Mustache".  The many characters in this work  include the poet Bernardo Supratous who imitates e.e. cummings and such foreigners as Prince Vampa, an Italian cook who pretends to be nobleman, as well as Soapy Ainsworth, an American heir to a laundry chain fortune.  It begins with the story of Gladys Garcia, a prostitute who wakes up and reminisces about her life.  All of these characters are met at some point by Ixca Cienfuegos, who symbolizes the presence of the old gods.  Its author's first novel, its title comes from Reyes' Vision de Anahuac which extolled the transparency of the view from the high plateaus.  For 10 points, identify this sprawling work tracing the history of Mexico City, a novel by Carlos Fuentes.;;Where the Air is Clear|La Region Mas Transparente
;;Though known for his canvases he did create numerous lithographs, including Letter From Overseas and Wreck of the 97.  For his oils he built detailed maquettes, or clay models, but he only did so after abandoning the Synchromist style of his former schoolmate Stanton Macdonald-Wright.  Controversy surrounded the red nail polish and stark nudity of the titular woman in his Susannah and the Elders and the leering old farmer in his Persephone. It was for his cycles of paintings that he was celebrated, such as his war series Year in Peril or his group of panels The Arts of Life in America.  More popular were his group of Indiana Murals and his Social History of Missouri.  For 10 points, name this American Regionalist painter, a one-time teacher of Jackson Pollock and namesake and great nephew of a 19th-century Missouri senator nicknamed "Old Bullion".;;(Thomas) (Hart) Benton
;;Part 10 asserts that Epicurus' "old questions are yet unanswered," while Part 7 posits a planet wholly inhabited by spiders.  In addition to citing Herbert of Cherbury's argument for the universal consent of mankind, another section references an article by Fontenelle to make the argument that "a skillful algebraist" would conclude that it is "necessity" rather than chance that explains why the products of 9 are composed of either 9 or a lesser product of 9.  J.G. Hamann notably translated this work, which is composed of 12 parts and articulated the ideas of Samuel Clarke into Gernan for Kant.  Published in 1779 and based in part on Cicero's The Nature of the Gods, it presents a series of discussions centered on Demea's and Philo's arguments against Cleanthes' deployment of "the argument from design".  For 10 points, identify this exploration of the existence of God, a work by David Hume.;;Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
;;Recently it has been proposed that they may be the source of high-energy cosmic ray positrons observed by the Pamela, ATIC, and Fermi-LAT experiments, which would require nearby ones like B0656+14 or Geminga. The first extrasolar planets to be discovered, in 1992, were found orbiting one in the Virgo constellation. They typically have magnetic fields of order a trillion gauss. A very young one, produced during the SN 1054 supernova, had an initial rotational energy of around 10 to the 50 ergs and lies at the center of the Crab Nebula. The first observation of one was made at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory in 1967, by Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish. For 10 points, what are these rapidly rotating neutron stars that emit regular bursts of radiation?;;pulsar
;;A statue in this city called the "giant corkscrew" designed by Victor Contreras sits in its central plaza, which also contains a statue of  its coat of arms showing two lions climbing an oak tree. However, the largest statue in this city located in the Atemajac Valley is a depiction of Minerva which guards a highway roundabout. Home to the Degollado Theatre and a monument known as the Rotunda of Illustrious Men, residents of this city are colloquially referred to as "tapatios," as reflected in the name of its central plaza. Referred to as the "Pearl of the West," this city is the birthplace of Dr. Atl and is the capital of the state of Jalisco. Situated inland and east of Puerto Vallarta, for 10 points, name this second largest city in Mexico.;;Guadalajara
;;In one polity the first ruler of this name was the successor of Peter I and died at the Battle of Fraga and in one country the first ruler of this name was the son of Henry of Burgundy and the second ruler of this name was excommunicated by Honorius III. In that second country the final ruler of this name saw his nation lose its last colony in Sri Lanka, defeated his rivals at Ameixal [ah-may-SHALL], and wed his sister to Charles II of England. In that same country the fourth and fifth were known as the "The Brave" and "The African," with the latter ending a serious rebellion at Alfarrobeira.  In another country the final ruler of this name attempted to regain his throne but was expelled by General Mola. For 10 points, give this common name which identifies six kings of Portugal as well as thirteen kings of Castile or Spain, the last of whom abdicated in 1941.;;Alfonso|Afonso
;;In one of this author's short stories, a man staying in a palace built by Emperor Mahmud Shah II is intoxicated by its illusions before being snapped back to reality by Meher Ali. In another of this author's short stories, Nandalal abandons his maid Ratan after teaching her how to write. Besides writing "The Hungry Stones" and "The Postmaster," this author wrote a short story in which Amal leaves for England after realizing that Bhupati's wife Charu is in love with him, as well as a story in which Chidam's wife Chandara accepts the blame for Dukhiram's murder of Radha. This author of "The Broken Nest" and "Punishment" collected his short stories in Galpaguchchha. This author's poem "Amar Sonar Bangla" was chosen as the national anthem of Bangladesh. For 10 points, name this Bengali author of a collection translated into English as "Song Offerings," Gitanjali.;;(Rabindranath) Tagore
;;While on a trip to the beach, this fictional character sees a seal that she mistakes for a mermaid, and during a later excursion she witnesses seven sailors pulled from a wrecked ship. The first time this character enters her husband's home, she notices a stuffed crocodile and shark hanging in the hall. The work in which she appears opens by describing her idyllic childhood with  Herta, Berta, and Hulda.  This character fears that her home is haunted by a ghost she calls the Chinaman, and discusses this situation with a hunchbacked chemist named Gieshubler.  She has an awkward meeting with her daughter Annie, years after her carelessly hidden letters reveal a relationship with a dashing Major. That affair is what caused her husband, the Prussian politician Innstetten, to immediately divorce her. For 10 points, name this tragic lover of Crampas, the title character of a novel by Theodor Fontane.;;Effi Briest
;;In one election, this politician contradicted his opponent's Sheffield Rally by standing on an actual soapbox and shouting through a megaphone in Luton. He appointed the Nolan Committee to investigate the Cash-for-Questions affair, which involved Harrod's owner Mohamed Al-Fayed bribing members of his party. He defeated Neil Kinnock in general election before signing the Downing Street Declaration with Albert Reynolds. This man withdrew the pound from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism after its value fell on Black Wednesday. He was opposed by the Maastricht Rebels, members of his own party who opposed that treaty. He also governed during the First Gulf War before being defeated by the New Labour party. For 10 points, name this successor of Margaret Thatcher, a conservative Prime Minister of the UK for much of the 1990s.;;(Sir) (John) Major
;;This work's prologue analyzes Boethius' claim, in the Topics, that accident and substance were the two "primary kinds of things," to make a general point about the prevalence of "opinion".  It included a prefix that sought to demonstrate the authenticity of its sources by noting that all were approved by Pope Gelasius' decree.  It criticized poetical, figurative language as "obscure and vague," though it made special exception for the Scriptures by noting that if anything in them strikes a reader as absurd that it must be the fault of the scribe. This work centers on a series of 158 propositions and offers citations from other works by Church fathers and theologians that either support or contradict a certain position in order to suggest that, even, ecclesiastical, truth is up for debate.  For 10 points, identify this religious treatise, with a Latin title that translates as Yes and No, a work by Peter Abelard.;;Sic et Non
;;This poem's central action occurs as "Malignant Fate sat by, and smil'd". This poem's final line quotes a note read by the Prince of Morocco in The Merchant of Venice, while its first stanza describes a "lofty vase" where "China's gayest art had dyed the azure flowers that blow". Two figures in this poem are described as having armor of a "Tyrian hue" that is "richest purple to the view". The narrator notes that neither "cruel Tom nor Susan heard" the title character's pleas to "every watery God". This poem was dedicated to Horace Walpole and concludes that "Not all that tempts your wandering eyes, And heedless hearts, is lawful prize; Nor all, that glisters, gold". For 10 points, name this Thomas Gray poem that describes the drowning of the feline Selima.;;Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat (Drowned) (in) (a) (Tub) (of) (Goldfishes)
;;This economist developed a theory suggesting that bond investors have a preference for a maturity length that can only be overturned if there is a risk premium, called "preferred habitat theory". Along with Duesenberry he names a consumption function that postulates that current consumption is determined not just by current income, but also by its previous highest peak.  He designed a large scale model of the US economy for the Federal Reserve, the MPS.  He also partially names a theorem that demonstrated that under certain assumptions, the value of a firm is not affected by whether it is financed by equity or debt.  With Robert Brumberg, he postulated that young and old households have a higher propensity to consume while middle aged households have a higher propensity to save, the "Life Cycle Hypothesis of Saving".  For 10 points, name this 1985 Nobel winner, who formulated a capital structure theorem with Merton Miller.;;(Franco) Modigliani
;;The Hughes-Drever experiment ruled out a second light tensor field in general relativity by noting that if not proportional to the metric, it would induce this. A spectrophotometric method named for this property evaluates the polarization of fluorescent probes to generate a binding curve; in this method, the G-factor relates differently oriented light sources. The magnetocrystalline form of this property represents the energy needed to deflect the magnetic moment of a single crystal based on the spin-orbit coupling that occurs within the crystal lattice. An object that possesses this property can undergo birefringence due to orientation-dependent differences in its index of refraction. For 10 points, name this characteristic of substances like graphite with direction-dependent properties.;;anisotropy
;;Part four of this work asserts that a society based on production is "only productive, not creative".  In the section "The Deicides" it criticizes Hegel for having rationalized to the point of being irrational.  This work also chastised Marx for his argument that history has a definitive end and lamented the rise of bureaucrats and doctrinaires in a chapter entitled "State Terrorism and Irrational Terror".  This work ultimately rejects the "adolescent furies" represented by such thinkers as De Sade and proposes a moderate approach to opposing suppression.  Opening with the aphorism "Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is," this work warned against the titular individual's potential to descend into nihilism.  Published nine years after its author's The Myth of Sisyphus, for 10 points, identify this philosophical work subtitled "An Essay on Man in Revolt," a book by Albert Camus.;;The Rebel
;;In one story by this author, a beautiful, sought-after woman baffles a small town by marrying a one-legged man.  In another story, a boy soprano goes to see a fortune teller and is forced to grow up, while in another work the servant Bruce informs Clarisse that Alcee is attending the title event, where he meets the ravishing Calixta. This author of "Juanita", and "A Vocation and a Voice" wrote a novel in which a widowed planter convinces David Hosmer to try to remarry his ex-wife Fanny.   This author also wrote about a woman who chooses to move to the "pigeon house" and is comforted by Doctor Mandelet about her love for Robert Lebrun before drowning herself. For 10 points, name this author of At Fault and "A Ball at Acadie," who wrote about Edna Pontellier in The Awakening.;;(Kate) Chopin
;;This man's attempt to break the blockade of Long Island Sound was turned back on the "Inglorious First of June". Later, he was sent as a prisoner to Bermuda after running aground on a sandbar. His most successful action involved the redeployment of the captured ketch Mastico at Edward Preble's direction. This man who seized the frigate Macedonian and brought it to Newport served as a second in the "triple duel" of Richard Somers. He died of a gunshot wound in his own duel at Bladensburg with James Barron, the captain of the Chesapeake whose case he had decided while serving on a court-martial. He led a raid to burn the captured USS Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli. For 10 points, name this U.S. naval officer, who gave the toast "our country, right or wrong".;;(Stephen) Decatur
;;One series of works by this composer features such titles as "Versatility" and "The New Classicism," those Satires were written four years before this composer's Folksongs for Chorus.  A series of trills on one of the title instruments ends this composer's Fantasy for Violin and Piano. This man used a series of ascending fourths and descending minor seconds to symbolize the severity of the title figure in his Ode to Napoleon, while his final works, including A Survivor from Warsaw and Kol Nidre, reflected his Jewish heritage.  This man, who composed a huge cantata for 140 players based on poems by Jens Peter Jacobsen, the Gurrelieder, discussed his ideas in such volumes as Theory of Harmony and used "Sprechstimme" in his song cycle about a clown.  For 10 points, identify this creator of the 12 tone technique, the composer of Transfigured Night and Pierrot Lunaire.;;(Arnold) Schoenberg
;;According to one legend, a statue of this figure makes a sound like a broken harp string when it is struck by the first rays of the sun. He had a brother named Emathion who was killed by Heracles. After his death, this figure's ashes from his funeral pyre were transformed into two flocks of birds which fought each other. He attacked Nestor when that king's chariot was stopped by the arrows of Paris, and ended up killing his son Antilochus. After killing Antilochus, this man managed to wound Achilles in the arm before being killed by him. His death is often given as the reason for the dew, as it caused by the ceaseless tears of his mother. This son of Eos and Tithonus conquered Egypt en route to bringing a huge army to reinforce Troy. For 10 points, name this king of Ethiopia who fought against the Greeks during the Trojan War.;;Memnon
;;The "Third Episode" of this work is written as a series of exchanges between a young girl and an advice columnist for Feminine World magazine.  Its minor characters include the adulterous Dr. Nastini as well as Captain Gnorostiaga, whose police report detailing a servant's murder of her boyfriend "Pancho" in her mistress' bed takes up much of the "Twelfth Episode".  The "First Episode" opens with a quote from the lyricist Homero Manzi and introduces the protagonist's lost love Nene via a letter. Like its author's previous novel, its narrative makes frequent references to the American cinema to illustrate events in Buenos Aires Province, this time with a focus on the tubercular Juan Carlos.  First published in Spanish with a title that translates as Little Painted Mouths, for 10 points, identify this novel,partially named for Argentina's national dance, a work by Manuel Puig.;;Heartbreak Tango|Boquitas Pintadas
;;One member of this dynasty had a son named Grifo who rebelled against the infant Tassilo III. Another suppressed the rebellion of the Stellinga and regulated ecclesiastical services with the Admonitio Generalis. One ruler of this line commissioned the Swan Sequence and another commissioned the Historia Langobardorum from Paul the Deacon. Another king standardized succession rules with his Ordinatio imperii. This line created and maintained buffer zones known as the Neustrian and Spanish Marches, and two kings of this dynasty strengthened their alliance with the Oath of Strasbourg after defeating their brother at the battle of Fontenoy. Its lands were divided between Charles the Bald, Lothair I, and Louis the German with the Treaty of Verdun. For 10 points, name these successors of the Merovingians whose rulers include Charlemagne.;;Carolingians
;;This legislation was the target of the Morse-Everett Amendment, which proposed to delay its effects for a period of six months. The passage of this law was foreshadowed by the court case In Re Tiburcio Parrott and supported in an influential speech by governor John Bigler. Also supported by Dennis Kearney and his Workingman's Party, this legislation was extended by the Scott Act, before finally being repealed by the Magnuson Act. Despite being loudly opposed by senator George Frisbie Hoar, it resulted in numerous incidents at Angel Island after it was renewed by the Geary Act in 1892. For 10 points, identify this act which aimed to prevent immigration of so-called "coolies", a group of people from the namesake nation, to the U.S.;;Chinese Exclusion (Act) (of) (1882)
;;Both Phillipe de Champaigne and Pieter Claesz were known for doing still lifes focused on this particular object. A detail of one on Mt. Golgotha was done by Fra Angelico and a teenage boy with an orange-feathered cap is seen in Frans Hals' portrait of a "Youth" with one. Francisco Zurbaran depicted St Francis looking at one of these objects, while another one of these was depicted "with calico roses". A recent sculpture of one of these was titled For the Love of God, and a "Pyramid" of them forms the scene and title of a Paul Cezanne painting. One appears at the bottom of a painting depicting Georges de Selve and Jean de Dentville. For 10 points, name this object which was covered with diamonds by Damien Hirst, a distorted example of which appears in Holbein's The Ambassadors.;;skulls
;;This event was attributed to laziness and extravagant fashions by a contemporary article of Mordecai Manuel Noah, in the National Advocate. It was partly sparked when Ralph Osborn authorized the seizure of assets at Chillicothe. A book on this event by Murray Rothbard attributed it to dislocations arising from newly founded domestic industries following revived foreign trade. Senator Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky responded to it by proposing prorated foreclosures for public land debtors, which the Alabama legislature supported, citing "great diminution of the circulating medium". The efficacy of the recently founded Bank of the United States was criticized for having contributed to this problem. For 10 points, name this calamity from the Era of Good Feelings, the first serious economic crisis in American history.;;(the) Panic of 1819
;;One character in this work tells a story of a black man's death, wishing he had been there with a machine gun to help. At a dinner party hosted by the protagonist, guests express sentiments like "America for the Americans" and "The place of the woman is in the home".  In this play, an animate corpse named Shrdlu expresses contrition for his crimes and complies with a request for the loan of a head. This play ends with the protagonist being forced out of the Elysian Fields by Lieutenant Charles because his soul is deemed a waste, after which he follows the girl Hope off the stage. Earlier, that protagonist failed to express his love for his co-worker Daisy Diana Dorothea Devore, who read him sales figures; after that, he killed his boss due to a threat of replacement. For 10 points, identify this Expressionist play about the expendable clerk Mister Zero, a work by Elmer Rice.;;(The) Adding Machine
;;The Dionysiaca describes this person's destruction of Sokos with an avenging blade of justice. Some accounts of this figure's origin claim migration from Sais. One important contribution by this ruler was the founding of twelve cities including Brauron, Kytheros, and Sphettos. This ruler's most important charge was committed to the care of one of his daughters, Pandrosos, although some sources claim he also entrusted his remaining daughters, Aglaurus and Herse. In addition to serving as warden for Erichthonius, this man judged a dispute in which one participant struck a rock, creating a fount of seawater, and the other created a tree. That dispute ended with this man giving a sacrifice to the creator of olives, Athena. The usual origin of this king has him born of the earth, rather than a woman, which explains his most distinctive feature, namely, that he has a snake's tail instead of legs. For 10 points, name this mythological founder of Athens.;;Cecrops
;;A story about this figure's death says he was overcome with fever at Ather and asked for cold water, and when a native told his men that a cold spring was at a town called Jerusalem, he knew he was prophesied to die there. That story appears in a work about his deeds by the monk Geoffrey Malaterra. This man's older half-brother Drogo gave him a castle at Scribla, while his younger brother Humphrey joined him in battle against Pope Leo IX at the Battle of Civitate. Soon after that, he reconciled with the Papacy and was invested as duke at the Council of Melfi. More famously, he won the Battle of Dyrrachium in 1081 over the force of Alexius Comnenus, and took an epithet meaning "the clever". For 10 points, name this son of Tancred de Hauteville, a knight from Normandy who became duke of Apulia.;;(Robert) Guiscard
;;The finale to one opera by this man derives tunes from music to Gehe's Heinrich IV. In that opera two slaves recount their childhood in the duet "On the Banks of the Sweet Garonne" and mermaids frolic in the finale, "Oh, 'tis pleasant". He also included such objects as an enchanted golden cup containing infinite wine and a magical horn in that opera, whose title character saves the day by having Ruon and Reiza returned to the court of Charlemagne. In another opera by him the title character has two solos in the first act, including "Through the forests and meadows". That title character loves the cousin of Anchen and by opera's end is forgiven by Prince Ottokar. His notable parts in that opera include the music of the Wolf's Glen scene and the "Hunter's Chorus". For 10 points, name this composer of an opera about the king of fairies, Oberon, and an opera about the marksman Max, Der Freischutz.;;(Carl) (Maria) (von) Weber
;;To account for the possibility of the invisible-hand, the author of this work appeals to genetic drift, Schelling's tipping model, the Austrian theory of trade cycles, as well as thirteen other possible causes. One section includes an analysis of Hart's principle of fairness, while another contains an analysis of envy and exploitation. This work posits three natural rights: justice in acquisition, transfer, and rectification, to account for justified entitlements. This work then argues that end-result and pattern principles do not satisfy these requirements of justice. Also containing the "experience machine" thought experiment, this work features chapters on "Prohibition, Compensation and Risk" and tries to derive the moral justification for a minimal government via state-of-nature theory. Featuring a famous thought experiment on Wilt Chamberlain, this is, for 10 points, what philosophical work by Robert Nozick?;;Anarchy, State, and Utopia
;;Part four opens with a visit to the Shanghai in search of a nude dancer named Teresa.  Later in this work, which features a scene wherein a character tries to lose a game of checkers played with whiskey bottles, a dog named Max is mistakenly poisoned at the European Trader's Association Dinner held at the Hotel Nacional.  That episode, leads to an interrogation of the protagonist by his daughter Milly's admirer, the ruthless Captain Segura.  By the end of the novel, Dr. Hasselbacher has been killed and the confusion surrounding a curious series of schematics.  Subtitled "An Entertainment," this work features a series of interludes set in London where Hawthorne and the Chief discuss the latest "filings" by the title character.  For 10 points, identify this work that centers on vacuum salesman James Wormold's work as a spy on the island of Cuba, a novel by Graham Greene.;;Our Man in Havana
;;During this man's early travels, he was accompanied by Alfred Marche and the doctor Noel Ballay, whom he entrusted with establishing a transport route. His third expedition resulted in founding a post at Cape Lopez after he fully charted the basin of the Ogowe River onboard the ship Venus. After pacifying the Fang peoples, he arranged a rendezvous with the elderly king Iloo. As a result of that meeting, he concluded the so-called Makoko Treaty, which he reportedly delivered in a crystal box to the Bateke peoples after securing the treaty's ratification by his friendship with Jules Ferry. For 10 points, name this late 19th century French explorer who was a more diplomatic counterpart to Henry Stanley, and whose name survives today in the capital of the Republic of the Congo.;;(Pierre) (Savorgnan) (de) Brazza
;;In 2005 Alu and Engheta proposed using gold loops to construct a sort of invisibility cloak based on these. The polariton type of these are attractive candidate carriers for proposed photonic circuits. The typical energy scale for these is tens of electronvolts as can be found by measuring the energy lost by electrons fired through thin films. Their characteristic frequencies define the transmission bandwidth of metals. A variety of these localized to surfaces was predicted in 1957 by Rufus Ritchie; the sensitivity of that type to variations in the dielectric constant is the basis of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. For 10 points, name these quasiparticles, quanta of collective vibrations of the electron gas in metals.;;plasmons
;;The first serious attempt to survey this locale, part of a Norwegian scientific expedition, was unable to penetrate the overgrowth of Joey's Garden and took advantage of the view from "Ridge Where the Goat Jump Off," which lies a mile southwest of Noisy Beach. The north end of its Patches Plain is dominated by the 150-year-old Potato Patches. A 1961 volcanic eruption here created the Pigbite between Big Beach and Big Point. The Dutch ship t'Nachtglas discovered and named the nearby Inaccessible Island in 1652; locals prefer to visit Nightingale Island for penguin eggs. Its inhabitants share only 8 surnames including Lavarello, Swain, and Green, and are prone to asthma and glaucoma. They mostly live in its capital, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas. For 10 points, name this island in the south Atlantic, the most remote inhabited place in the world.;;Tristan da Cunha
;;The third section of this work is a Romanza that features a melody initially presented by clarinets and is marked "not fast".  Its reflective second theme is introduced by oboe and clarinet, while the second section, a scherzo, which features cellos, violas, and bassoons, incorporates a traditional "wine song" and was originally to have borne a title referring to the sun rising over a certain river.  This work, which ends with a brisk march depicting a country festival, was written during the composer's tenure as a conductor in Dusseldorf.  Its fourth and penultimate movement features a stately contrapuntal melody that was supposedly inspired by the composer's attendance at a ceremony marking the elevation of an archbishop at the Cologne Cathedral.  For 10 points, identify this work written in E flat major, a symphony by Robert Schumann.;;Rhenish (Symphony)|Symphony No. 3 (in) (E) (Flat) (Major)
;;Jean Sauvaget has attempted to trace the origin of it, using as evidence early Egyptian sources calling them "mujawwaf". Archeologists' have found the earliest representation of it on an Umayyad coin found in Syria, while Creswell controversially places the earliest one at a site at Khassaki built by Al Mansur. The first one was built by al-Walid, while the Fath-al-Bari describes its original meaning as "a place of kings". The one in the Mezquita of Cordoba is non-standard-Abd ar-Rahman was said to have built it imagining himself still in Damascus.  Originally described as a special room in the Quran, it marks the location of the Qibla. For 10 points, identify this portion of a mosque, literally meaning "niche," that indicates the direction of Mecca and thus which way prayers should face.;;mihrab
;;The city square named for this movement now contains a red spiral sculpture called "The Wind".  Leaders of this movement include the editor of the revolutionary magazine La Jeunesse, and the author of "Storm in a Teacup" who began to write in the vernacular baihua style. One major grievance of this movement, a result of the Twenty-One Demands, was resolved at the Washington Naval Conference. This movement also saw the intelligentsia of their country embrace the philosophy of pragmatism and begin to doubt the historical accuracy of the Records of the Grand Historian, ideas promulgated by the "national scholar" Hu Shi.  Politically, its major goal was the restoration of the Shandong province from Japan after World War I. For 10 points, name this student-led cultural movement that led to the birth of both the Nationalist and Communist parties in China, and began on a certain date in 1919.;;May 4th (Movement)
;;A Rhodes Scholar from Connecticut, he earned the nickname "lucky" during his years in New Haven and Zurich.  This man, who studied with Freud and wrote "A Psychology for Psychiatrists," smuggles a dead body out of a Paris hotel room in order to help out the star of the film Daddy's Girl.  His friendships with the McKisco's and their ilk dry up, however, after he resigns from the Gregorovius clinic and is forced to move to rural New York.  Eventually, the ex-soldier Tommy Barban becomes stepfather to this character's children, Lanier and Topsy.  In fact, by the final chapter of the novel in which he appears, the drinking has taken its toll and, both, the young actress, Rosemary Hoyt, as well as his former patient and wife, Nicole, have left him.  For 10 points, identify this once charming character whose dissolution is traced by F. Scott Fitzgerald in Tender is the Night.;;(Richard) (Dick) Diver
;;Observations at this site recently ruled out neutrino oscillation as an explanation for the LSND result; those data were acquired by an experimental group including Steve Brice and Richard Van de Water. The MINOS experiment is intended to study neutrino oscillations by sending a beam from its NUMI line to the Soudan mine 450 miles away; ARGONeut and MicroBoone are prototypes for a large neutrino detector to be installed at the DUSEL facility at the Homestake mine to work in conjunction with beams from this facility. Bison were introduced to this facility in 1969, with the current herd count at 45. Its Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall overlooks the ring which houses the DZero and CDF experiments, which jointly discovered the top quark in 1995. For 10 points, name this U.S. national laboratory that is home to the Tevatron and that is located in Batavia, Illinois.;;Fermilab
;;A speaker in one of this author's works predicts that "You shall be true to them who are false to you".  In addition to "The Indifferent," this author penned a work that compares the bravery of passion to that of the nine worthies in "The Undertaking".  This author responded to Marlowe's Passionate Shepherd to His Love with "The Bait," and celebrated "full nakedness" in an Elegy subtitled "To His Mistress Going to Bed".  He wrote a set of five Satires, as well as two poems on the death of his patron, Robert Drury's daughter: the Anniversaries, one of which includes the oft anthologized "An Anatomy of the World".  A 1633 collection by this man, the Songs and Sonnets, included a work that compared a pair of souls to "stiff twin compasses".  For 10 points, name this author of the line "Death, be not proud," a Metaphysical poet whose works include the Holy Sonnets and "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning".;;(John) Donne
;;It is an example of linear response theory, analogous to Fourier's law of heat transport, and thus there is a Kubo formula relating the proportionality constant in it to a two-point correlation function of electric currents. Diodes are prominent examples of materials that do not satisfy it, because they permit a flow of current in only one direction. This law can be derived from the Lorentz force with the assumption that there is a drag on charge carriers that is proportional to their velocity. Kirchoff formulated a continuum version of it equating current density to electric field times conductivity of a material. Its most familiar form states that the current through a conductor is proportional to the voltage across it and inversely proportional to resistance. For 10 points, name this law that shares its name with the SI unit of electrical impedance.;;Ohm's (law)
;;One character in this work is knocked out by a barrage of apples thrown by the protagonist.  Its protagonist pretends to be "the Destroyer" while sitting among a ring of statues and, while there, listens to a metaphysical theory laid out by the priest Ork. Near the beginning of this novel, the main character is wounded by a bull after passing through a pool of fire-snakes and becoming stuck in a tree. At its end, its protagonist tells a crowd of animals that he's "had an accident" and adds "So may you all". The nature of the songs sung by a blind harpist called "the Shaper" is explained to its protagonist by the omniscient, philosophizing Dragon; that protagonist spends most of this novel launching attacks against Hart. For 10 points, identify this novel whose titular protagonist has his arm ripped off by an unnamed Geat hero, a retelling of Beowulf written by John Gardner.;;Grendel
;;Only one page survives of a work by this man subtitled "A Pedagogic Overture" and written to accompany a planned ballet co-written by Percy Wyndham Lewis. This composer of Dr. Syntax scored the film The First of the Few, from which he extracted his Spitfire Prelude and Fugue. His second and last opera was billed as an "Extravaganza in One Act" and was composed to a libretto written by Paul Dehn based on a Chekhov play. This composer of the coronation marches, Orb and Sceptre and Crown Imperial wrote the operas The Bear and Troilus and Cressida.  He gained early fame for his orchestral setting of Edith Sitwell's Facade poems, but is best-known for setting texts from Psalms, Revelation, and Daniel to music.  For 10 points, identify this twentieth-century British composer of the oratorio Belshazzar's Feast.;;(William) (Turner) Walton
;;The protagonist of this story is disgusted when he learns that people from a bigger town call a "long bench" a "straight bench", and also refuses to say the words "ringworm", "bright", or "light". Its protagonist harasses a nun from the Convent of Quiet Self-Improvement after losing a fight to Whiskers Wang; later, he shouts "Sleep with me!" at the maid Amah Wu, causing him to be kicked out of the Chao household. At the end of this story, its title character is too preoccupied drawing a perfect circle to realize he's being executed. Its title character also hates on the "Imitation Foreign Devil" and attempts to join the Xinhai revolution. For 10 points, identify this story about an idler from Weichuang who rationalizes defeats as "spiritual victories", a work of Lu Xun.;;(The) True Story of Ah Q
;;FLG 29.1 is an immortalized line of precursors of this type of cell.  These cells lie in a hollow cavity called the Howship's lacuna and have a characteristic homogenous cytoplasm with a foamy appearance. They express the cysteine protease cathepsin K, which catabolizes elastin, collagen, and gelatin. They are regulated by parathyroid hormone, which activates them, and calcitonin and OPG, which repress them. They are also stimulated by interleukin-6, a protein that is overexpressed in osteoporosis. Their ruffled border contains a proton pump that plays a key role in these cells' dissolution of hydroxyapatite. For 10 points, what is this type of cell that is responsible for releasing calcium from bones into the blood, a process known as bone resorption?;;osteoclasts
;;It argues that much confusion originated with the idea that some supersensible property exists and ends with a chapter celebrating the importance of "personal affection" entitled "The Ideal".   This work, which stressed the importance of historical context in predicting what results would follow certain types of action, dismissed Herbert Spencer's ideas by declaring that his Darwinian outlook degenerated into "hedonism".  In another section it posited that an evaluative term cannot be entirely defined by the way it is applied, a demonstration known as its author's "open question argument".  This work argued that previous thinkers, like J.S. Mill, committed the "naturalistic fallacy" and it posited intuition as the solution to identifying what is bad and what is good.  Published in 1903, it built on the ideas of its author's mentor Henry Sidgwick, for 10 points, identify this work by G.E. Moore.;;Principia Ethica
;;This event marked the end of the political career of the founder of Studley Gardens Royal Park, John Aislabie. A jesting parliamentary resolution in the wake of it called for a certain group to be "tied up in a sack of snakes and tipped into the Thames". A parliamentary act preceding it created the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation. This event coincided with a scandal in France and centered on an entity that was given exclusive rights to supply Spanish colonies with slaves in the Asiento of the Treaty of Utrecht. The shares of that company were used as equity for buying Britain's national debt. For 10 points, name this event surrounding a Robert Harley-founded joint-stock company, speculation in which drove an 1720 economic bubble.;;(the) South Sea (Bubble)
;;One of this man's books opens with a discussion of Price Waterhouse vs. Hopkins and outlines the ways that identity features in norms and utility.  That work, Identity Economics, was co-written with Rachel Kranton.  He also argued that a "marriage shock" contributed to increased rates of crime and drug use in the United States in his, "Men Without Children".  In his 2007 presidential address to the AEA, published as "The Missing Motivation in Macroeconomics," he suggested that assuming decision-makers have "natural norms" would eliminate five "neutralities," a theme he also expounded on in a book co-written with Robert Shiller. In his most famous work, he argued that concerns over quality uncertainty would result in prices that result in "the bad driving out the good" and cause market failure. For 10 points, identify this economist, who illustrated asymmetric information through used cars in his 1970 paper "The Market for Lemons".;;(George) Akerlof accept Identity Economics (before) (that) (work)
;;One of them discusses Antonia's efforts at making the narrator comfortable and is entitled "The Household," another recounts the story of a Church's reconstruction by "A Mason".  Still another opens with the consideration of a priest's sealed burial chamber within the great pyramid of Giza which contained a book of all knowledge that enabled a monarch to disperse the many invaders who threatened his city by destroying their effigies on a chessboard in the tower. That story, "Legend of the Arabian Astrologer," as well as the rest of the collection, was written during its authors' time serving in a diplomatic position on behalf of the US government. Several other works are concerned with the exploits of Boabdil and it takes its name from a citadel in Granada.  For 10 points, name this volume of sketches, a work by Washington Irving.;;Tales of the Alhambra|Legends of the Alhambra|The Alhambra
;;Adolph Deschamps wrote a book titled after this agreement that Count Golz said, "puts us permanently on the path of trickery, force, and violation of law". A dispatch published in the Independence Belge from the British Prime Minister at the time refers to this agreement as having been trodden under foot. This agreement was negotiated after one of the parties had defeated Christian of Glucksburg in a war that saw battles at Lundby and Heligoland, and it divided two neighboring polities, which were soon admitted into the Zollverein. The Seven Weeks War was fought in part due to breach in this agreement that was negotiated by Otto von Bismarck, and affected the makeup of a prominent German customs union.  For 10 points, name this August 1865 agreement that resolved the dispute over the governance of Schleswig-Holstein, a convention named for a resort town in Austria.;;(Convention) (of) Gastein
;;In an 1862 essay, Richard Pohl observed five motifs in this musical work, which he designated as conveying "Passion", "Pride", "Longing", "Triumph", and "Love" respectively. A melody played on oboe and clarinet expresses the "painful joys" of the central figure in the first movement, while the image of a woman picking petals from a flower is evoked by violins and clarinets in the second movement. A male chorus was eventually added to its third movement, the "Chorus Mysticus", singing that "everything transitory is but a semblance" in praise of that which "draws us ever onward" called the "Eternal Feminine". The second of the three "character sketches" that comprise the work centers on the figure of Gretchen, while the third centers on the demon Mephistopheles. For 10 points, identify this work by Franz Liszt.;;Faust Symphony
;;This country is home to the world's largest walnut forest, Arslanbob, part of a tourist center with small and large waterfalls. The Toktogul Reservoir is located in its province of Jala-Abad in this nation, while its Batken province lies to the west of Osh provice, which contains this nation's exclave of Barak. This country's flag depicts a sun with forty yellow rays on red background, and its highest point occurs on the eastern border at Jengish Chokusu. This country is also home to Lake Issyk-Kul, the world's second largest mountain lake, on its largest river, the Naryn River. It was the site of the 2005 Tulip Rebellion which forced President Askar Akayev out of office. For 10 points, name this landlocked nation located east of Uzbekistan and north of Tajikstan, with capital at Bishkek.;;Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz Republic
;;At the end of the first printing of this play, the author included an epigram of Martial's, "Haec fuerint nobis praemis si placui," and thanked the actor Richard Perkins for his "well-approved industry". It features a ghost urging a brother to avenge a fallen woman, as well as a dirge sung by a grieving mother, "Call for the robin redbreast, and the wren".  The action is set in motion when the central character recounts a dream about a "goodly yew tree" whose branch falls on and kills two people trying to uproot it. This leads to a plot whose outcome is displayed by a Conjuror in the shows that make up Act II, scene ii: Camillo's death is staged as a vaulting accident, while the Duchess, Isabella, kisses a poisoned portrait of her husband.  Flamineo carries out these murders in the service of the Duke of Bracciano and his adulterous lover, Vittoria. For 10 points, identify this revenge tragedy by John Webster.;;(The) White Devil
;;One of this author's poetry collections contains such verses as "After the Storm" and "Eve," while another  is divided into sections like the "Illness Cycle" and the "Could I ever forget Cycle".  Those volumes, entitled When It Clears Up and Themes and Variations, respectively, were published 36 years apart and span a career that began by imitating Rilke.  This man's short stories include "The Apelles Mark" and a tale about the kidnapping of young boy named Tosha, who is rescued, but later executed by the Red Guards, called "Aerial Ways".  This author's longer lyrics include a panoramic ode to the revolution and an autobiographical portrait of the leader of the Sevastopol mutiny.  In addition to 1905 and Lt. Schmidt, this author published a work that centers on a young woman who rejects both her husband Pascha and the vindictive Komarovsky to be with a man she once worked with as a nurse.  For 10 points, identify this Russian author, who created the lovers Lara and Yurii, in his Doctor Zhivago.;;(Boris) Pasternak
;;One of his compositions for six vocalists is based on a single B-flat ninth chord and requires the singers to emphasize overtones up to the 24th partial . He included a serialized part for a mime making prayer gestures in his Inori, and Plus-Minus was the first of his "process compositions". His work with indeterminacy includes Zyklus, a spirally-bound score that can begin on any page, and Refrain, which features circular notation. Another piece is scored for three orchestras with three conductors, and is called Gruppen. Each part of his most ambitious work opens with a "Greeting" and ends with a "Farewell". The "Farewell" for Thursday was played, at its premiere, from the rooftops of the square outside La Scala. For 10 points, identify this composer of several Klavierstucke, the seven-part operatic cycle Licht, and the Helicopter Quartet.;;(Karlheinz) Stockhausen
;;One treaty of this name confirmed the Peace of Nikosburg and was signed by Ferdinand II with Gabriel Bethlen. The second treaty of this name saw Vladislaus of Hungary renounce claims on lower Austria and stipulate that Maximilian I would succeed him if he left no heir.  The most famous treaty of this name saw the surrender of Venetia and Dalmatia to Italy, and the cession of Augsburg to Bavaria was forced upon its signatory Count Gyulai. Francis II replaced Francis I of Austria, and the earlier Treaty of Luneville was confirmed by this agreement which paved the way for the Confederation of the Rhine. For ten points, name this treaty which withdrew Austria from the Third Coalition after defeats at Ulm and Austerlitz, and which effectively ended the Holy Roman Empire upon its signing in 1805.;;(Treaty)|(Peace) (of) Pressburg
;;This author's stories include a one centered on a dying woman who beseeches the narrator to dig her grave with a "large pearl oyster shell," as well as a tale about a father trying to abandon his child in a forest.  Both of those works were published in the collection Ten Nights' Dreams. An unemployed man goes to visit a hospitalized man to blackmail him in the novel Light and Darkness. In another work, a student befriends a Sensei, who reveals a love triangle that featured his best friend K and his landlady.  Another novel contains the characters "Porcupine" and "Redshirt" and the protagonist's times as a teacher in Matsuyama.  His major work features a nameless narrator who leaves behind the alley life and is adopted by the family of a man with digestive difficulties, whom he dubs Mr. Sneeze. For 10 points, identify this Japanese author of the aforementioned works Kokoro, Botchan, and I Am a Cat?;;(Natsume) Soseki
;;A forthcoming essay by this philosopher discusses the nature of the self and is based on a lecture he gave entitled, "The First Person". Other important unpublished works by him include a work on the theory of R.G. Collingwood as well as an algebraic proof of Godel's incompleteness theorem. His 1982 work on Philosophical  Investigations provided the most comprehensive account of Wittgenstein's account of rules and private language.  His best-known work uses the example of the possibility of heating or cooling a meter stick to demonstrate that the statement that one meter is equal to the length of a meter stick is false in some possible worlds. That work argues for the existence of necessary a posteriori and contingent a priori truths and introduces the concept of the rigid designator. For 10 points, identify this analytic philosopher and author of Naming and Necessity.;;(Saul) Kripke
;;One of this dynasty's most important figures was its great naval commander Sarkhel Angre.  This polity won the War of 27 Years after the death of its founder. Its childless ruler Pratapsinh was succeeded by his widow Tarabai, who won a key military victory at the Narmada River. Based in Satara, this empire obtained its apex under Baji Rao I, before splintering into a pentarchy including the Bhonsles in Nagpur and the Peshwas in Pune. This empire is the namesake of three wars with Britain, and was eventually absorbed by the East India Company.  For 10 points, identify this empire founded by Shivaji which rose to great heights after the subjugation of the Mughals.;;Marathan (Confederacy)
;;This novel features a character that eats 10,400 peaches in order to donate the stones to the military, as well as a man who relates the story of Sir Hercules and his wife, a dwarf couple who commit suicide after they learn that their normal-height son plans to make them dance drunkenly for his friends.  In another scene, it is revealed that the towers were constructed so that their builder, Sir Fernando Lapith, might defecate nearer to God.  This novel's protagonist receives advice from Mr. Barbecue-Smith on how to write by tapping into his subconscious and later realizes that his love for Anne is the object of ridicule when he discovers caricatures drawn by the nearly deaf Jenny.  All of these characters have been invited to visit the home of Henry Wimbush in, for 10 points, what novel centering on Denis Stone's visit to the titular estate, a work by Aldous Huxley.;;Crome Yellow
;;A problem named for this man is equivalent to finding the number of free distributive lattices with n generators, but it is more commonly stated as determining the number of monotonic increasing Boolean functions of n variables. His number-theoretic psi function involves taking the product over all distinct prime factors p of n of (1 + 1/p), then multiplying by n. A type of integral domain named for him is an integrally closed Noetherian domain for which every nonzero prime ideal is also a maximal ideal. Another concept associated with this mathematician is a partition of the rationals into two nonempty subsets S1 and S2 such that all members of S1 are less than those of S2, and S1 has no greatest element. For 10 points, identify this mathematician who thus constructed the reals from the rationals with his namesake "cuts".;;(Richard) Dedekind
;;Recent evidence collected here has suggested that the lime-rich marl clay prompted residents to locate this site in the middle of an immense marshland. More recent work by Martin and Russell has overturned the earlier claim by Perkins that it was the earliest center of cattle domestication, and Halbaek has cited the discovery of hackberries at all levels here as evidence of alcohol production. Its commercial importance was related to Hasan Dag, a nearby volcano and the source of obsidian. Plastered auroch skulls and other objects decorated by horns are taken as evidence of an important bull cult here, though since the discovery of an obese female statue with two leopards by Melaart, this site has been associated with goddess worship. With a name meaning "fork mound" in Turkish, for 10 points, name this Neolithic archaeological site in the Konya Plain in Asia Minor.;;Catal Huyuk
;;David Kennedy wrote a book about this woman's career that skeptically treated her story of experiencing a vision following the death of Sadie Sachs. This woman's visit to Spain with Lorenzo Portet resulted in a series of anti-clerical articles she wrote for the magazine of the New York Modern School. She used the alias "Bertha Watson" when she fled to Britain in October 1914 after being indicted for publication of The Woman Rebel. She married James H. Slee after her first husband, William, was jailed for thirty days for distributing a pamphlet that violated the Comstock Laws. For 10 points, name this author of "What Every Girl Should Know" and Family Limitation, an early advocate of birth control.;;(Margaret) Sanger
;;According to an old German tradition, single women who want to marry should sleep naked on the eve of this man's feast day.  This man's remains were brought to the cathedral of Amalfi by Peter of Capua after Constantinople was taken by the French.  In The Golden Legend, Voragine tells of this man's meeting with an old lecher and his subsequent fast for the Lord to forgive Nicholas' sins.  According to some accounts, he was said to have traveled to the land of the anthropophagi, though Origen describes Scythia as his mission field.  In the Bible it was this man who asked how five loaves of bread and two fish would feed so many.  This disciple of John the Baptist was martyred at Patras on an X shaped cross.  For 10 points, identify this apostle, the first disciple of Christ and the patron saint of Scotland.;;(Saint) Andrew
;;This thinker's work is the subject of a study by Harry Oosterhuis entitled Stepchildren of Nature. His 1875 textbook on forensic psychiatry analyzed crime as an act of will. In one work, he describes Hammond's research on Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and their idea of the "mujerado," pairing it with Herodotus' story about the "insanity of the Scythians". This author of An Experimental Study in the Domain of Hypnotism distinguished between fallacies in "exactness of the reproduction of ideas" and in content of ideas in his Textbook of Insanity. He differentiates between "anaesthesia," or lack of appetite, "hyperaesthsia," or too much appetite, and "paraesthesia," or misdirected appetite, in his most well-known work, which argues that procreation is the only logical purpose of desire. For 10 points, name this author of Psychopathia Sexualis, a German who studied sex in the 19th century.;;(Richard) (von) Kraft-Ebbing
;;During this period, the Rheic Oceans disappeared, while the Hercynian and Appalachian Mountains formed as Laurussia and Godwanaland collided together. It saw the diversification of skates, rays, and other members of Elasmobranchii. Arthropleura and Meganeura, the largest documented invertebrate and flying insect, respectively, overcame traditional limitations on gigantism as atmospheric oxygen levels reached 35%. The Gzhelian Age at the end of this period featured a diversification of reptiles as sea levels receded, and tetrapods gained greater access to inland areas due to the development of the amniote egg. The development of lignin and the evolution, from cordaites, of conifers during this period contributed to its namesake fossils. For 10 points, name this geological period that follows the Devonian, whose name derives from the many coal beds that were laid down during it.;;Carboniferous (period)
;;A character in this play claims that he is descended from Demeter and Triptolemus just before being dragged out of the Pnyx, and some ambassadors deliberately misinterpret insults as promises of gold; those insults come from a character referred to as the "Great King's Eye".  Three leather straps are "elected" as commissioners and the protagonist is offered three symbolic wineskins by Amphitheus.  The informer Nicarchus is traded to a Theban, while two girls are disguised as pigs and sold after the protagonist opens a market.  The protagonist avoids being stoned by the chorus by threatening a basket of coals with a knife and later dresses in the rags of Telephus which he borrows from Euripides.  The end of this play mirrors the protagonist's drunken revels with Lamachus's war preparations.  For 10 points, name this Aristophanes play in which Dikaiopolis signs a personal peace with the Spartans despite the wishes of the title people.;;(The) Acharnians
;;A novel version of this class of material was recently observed in a thin film of titanium nitride. The observed effect may be a particle-vortex dual of the BCS phenomenon, and was dubbed a "super-" this. Another variety exhibits the quantum spin Hall effect, when charges move only on the boundary of a material that is considered a "topological" one. A more well-known class of these materials has strong electron-electron interactions, and is named for Neville Mott. The most easily understood ones have a band gap, so that electrons cannot enter excited states. For 10 points, what is this class of materials that do not conduct electricity?;;insulators
;;This poet compared TV antennas to "crucifixions without Christ" in "Girl Beatnik," and he wrote that the title figure "like a seasoned lion / buys bread in the shop" and asks for it to be wrapped like a book in "Epistle to Neruda".  This man describes a woman who gives "herself entire to the rain" while berry picking in a poem which claims "as we get older we get honester" and relates the poet's trip to his boyhood home.  In another poem, he refers to a certain figure as "mute and dread" and claims he "still lurks in the mausoleum".   This author of "The Heirs of Stalin" and "Zima Junction" wrote that "we are denied the leaves, we are denied the sky" in a poem in which he compares himself to Dreyfus and to Anne Frank.  For 10 points, name this Russian poet who wrote that "no monument stands over" the title ravine in a poem which inspired a Shostakovich symphony, "Babi Yar".;;(Yevgeny) Yevtushenko
;;His first symphony ends with a passacaglia and despite its odd title is actually composed of four movements.  One of this man's works, which was originally called The Serpent Heart, features a Parodos that introduces the characters and includes a notable "Dance of Vengeance".  Another of this man's pieces opens with a flute solo before other themes, including one for brasses, begin; it is the second of two Essays for Orchestra.  He was inspired by Prometheus Unbound in creating his Music for a Scene from Shelley and looked to Sheridan to compose the Overture to the School for Scandal.  Another work by this composer of the Capricorn Concerto originated as the slow movement of a Quartet in B minor and was first performed by Toscanini in 1938.  For 10 points, identify this composer of Vanessa and the Adagio for Strings.;;(Samuel) Barber
;;In 2005, this man gave a short speech in which he said "Peter Newman: go fuck yourself" as Newman painted an unflattering picture of him in a biography. His time in power saw him sell 23 of his nation's 63 "crown corporations" and pay out 300 million dollars in reparations to Japanese interred during WWII. He replaced the Manufacturer's Tax with the Goods and Services Tax and passed an agreement that opponents like Ed Broadbent claimed would turn Canada into the 51st state, the Free Trade Agreement. He engaged in failed negotiations with Robert Bourassa over the Meech Lake Accord, which would have given a constitutional veto to Quebec, after he came to power by succeeding John Turner. For 10 points, name this Canadian prime minister who was followed by Kim Campbell after serving from 1984 to 1993.;;(Brian) Mulroney
;;This writer, who experimented with open verse in "Comparatives," also worked in more traditional forms, in such pieces as "Before an Old Painting of the Crucifixion," and outlined his aesthetic theory in the essay "The Man Made of Words".  Another work by this man, which consists of twenty four pieces arranged into three divisions entitled "The Setting Out," "The Going On," and "The Closing In," begins with the short poem "Headwaters" and tells of a journey to a titular summit.  This author, whose time at Stanford with his teacher and friend, Yvor Winters, is recounted in the autobiographical The Names, juxtaposes a young woman's Billy the Kid fantasies with traditional bear stories in Ancient Child, while "The Delight Song of Tsoai-talee" draw on the oral traditions of his Kiowa heritage.  For 10 points, identify this author of The Way to Rainy Mountain and House Made of Dawn.;;(N.) (Scott) Momaday
;;This dimensionless quantity is raised to the two-thirds power in one equation for the Chilton-Colburn j-factor, and in a case where this quantity is high, one relation concerning relative boundary layer thicknesses are given by the relation 0.975 times this quantity raised to the one-third power.  The mass transfer variety of this dimensionless quantity is known as the Schmidt number, and replaces a factor in its formulation with the mass transfer coefficient D.  The Rayleigh number is given as the product of this quantity and the Grashof factor, while the Peclet number is the product of this term and the Reynolds number.  For 10 points, name this dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of the kinematic viscosity of a fluid to its thermal diffusivity.;;Prandtl (number)
;;A thought experiment presented by this philosopher examines two coffee tasters named Chase and Sanborn.  He is asserted that "there are no skyhooks, only cranes" and that a certain concept is a "universal acid". One work by this thinker contains chapters on Conway's "Game of Life" and argues that having independence from one's environment is the hallmark of free will.  Another work by this man rejects the possibilities of a "Central Meaner" or of a "Cartesian Theater," and proposes the Multiple Drafts Model of consciousness.  This coiner of the term "intuition pump" notably rejects the possibility of zombies, and he applied Brentano's theories to machines in developing his Intentional System.  For 10 points, name this author of "Quining Qualia" and Consciousness Explained, who argued that life's complexity is explained by natural selection in Darwin's Dangerous Idea.;;(Daniel) Dennett
;;One ruler of this name first gained distinction in the rebel army of Bardanes Turcus, and signed a thirty year peace with Omortag. A ruler of this name seized power after allying with Artavasdos and leading a revolt of the Anatolikon, while another rose to power after deserting his predecessor at the Battle of Versinikia. The former one released a Greek-language modification of Justinian's law code known as the Ecloga.  The latter was part of a trio of generals with Thomas the Slav and the man who later assassinated him, Michael the Stammerer. The most noted emperor of this name appointed the Patriarch Anastasius to oversee a policy that would be continued under his son Constantine V. For 10 points, give this name held by Byzantine emperors known as "the Khazar" and "the Armenian," as well as by the founder of the Isaurian dynasty who started iconoclasm.;;Leo
;;This figure consoled a friend by calling him one of the Three Ungrasping Chieftains before inviting that friend to visit his domain. He became transfixed by an object attached to four endless chains hanging from the sky; the spell of that golden bowl was broken only after his companion captured the wife of Llwyd son of Cil Coed in the form of a mouse.  Some enchanted horses and dogs were used to cheat this figure out of some swine, after which he was killed in single combat by Gwydion. He was discovered on the night that a mare colted and was raised by Teyrnon Twryf Liant. This figure married Cigfa and traveled as a companion of Manawydan. He is the only figure to appear in all four branches of the Mabinogion, and six women tasked with watching him on the day of his birth fell asleep on the job and used puppy blood and bones to concoct a story that his mother ate him.  For 10 points, name this Welsh hero, the son of Pwyll and Rhiannon.;;Pryderi
;;One of his early works was a case study of the war bond loan appeal made by Kate Smith. His theories of deviance are summed up in a chart that plots Cultural goals against Institutionalised means, with rebellion defined as new goals and new means. One of his better known theories was built upon by Robert Agnew and regards the relationship between social structures and crime. He discussed the process by which the developers of a process or idea are forgotten, obliteration by incorporation, and in his  most famous work contrasts "middle range" theories with grand theories. He also discussed positive feedback loops based on expectations, which this thinker called the self-fulfilling prophecy. For 10 points name this sociologist who also coined the term "role mode," developed Strain Theory, and wrote Social Theory and Social Structure.;;(Robert) (King) Merton
;;Allusions to classical imagery, including "the dewless asphodel of Elysisum" and "Polypheme's white tooth," abound in this work which is written mainly in the first person.  At one point, the speaker asserts "I will not soil thy purple with my dust" and notes that "no poison" will be exhaled on "your Venice glass". In one of them, the speaker recalls giving away locks of hair, while in another the speaker compares a suitor's entreaties to a "cuckoo song".  With the line, "My future will not copy fair my past," the last of them quotes from "Past and Future," another of its creator's works first published in 1844.   The first one begins, "I thought once how Theocritus had sung," and this collection's title originated with its author's "From Catarina to Camoens".  For 10 points, identify this sequence of poems that included the lines "How do I love thee? Let me count the ways," a work by Elizabeth Barrett Browning.;;Sonnets from the Portugese
;;21 This nation celebrates Baron Bliss Day in honor of a man who donated his fortune to this country. Its Orange Walk district is home to large Mennonite populations, while its Stann Creek area is home to the town of Dangriga, which was founded by Garifuna refugees. The Hummingbird Highway connects its town of Punta Gorda to the capital. The prehistoric ruins of Altun Ha and Caracol are located in this country, which is the namesake of the world's second largest barrier reef. That reef sits off of the coast of this nation's largest island, Ambergris Caye, the site of the hit TV-show Temptation Island. For 10 points, name this nation once known as British Honduras which has its capital at Belmopan.;;Belize
;;A character in this novel compares life to the wheel at Luna Park, dividing people into static and dynamic types, and also claims the purpose of architecture is to remove all humanity from a building.  King's Thursday is rebuilt as a modernist monstrosity by that man, Otto Silenus. Another character in this novel, identified as Arnold Bennett when seen in a Rolls Royce, claims to be a ship magnate who shot a Portuguese count, or a retired gentleman thief.  The conman Sir Solomon Philbrick appears in this work, which sees the protagonist arrested for unknowingly trafficking prostitutes to South America on the day of his wedding to Margot Beste-Chetwynde.  For 10 points, identify this novel about a man sent down for indecent behavior at Scone College, who then ends up at Llanabba Castle as a schoolmaster and is named Paul Pennyfeather, a work by Evelyn Waugh.;;Decline and Fall
;;The alternate recycling type of this technique has been applied to the study of gold nanocrystals.  The methods of Whitaker and Andrews are used for determining molecular weight with this technique, which frequently involves the use of dextran blue as a void volume marker.  Desalting apparati like G-twenty-fives, use the same matrix as this technique, and it is useful for studying ligand-binding because ligand-bound protein elutes earlier than unbound protein. This type of column chromatography tends to dilute samples because it does not involve adsorption or gradient elution, and it is often used to distinguish protein monomers from oligomeric complexes.  For 10 points, name this type of chromatography in which porous sepharose beads are used to separate proteins by mass.;;size exclusion (chromatography)|molecular sieve (chromatography)|gel filtration (chromatography)|gel exclusion (chromatography)|gel permeation (chromatography)|SEC|MSC|GFC|GEC|GPC|(word) (forms) (of) (any) (of) (the) (above)
;;One character in this novel is a waiter with bad breath named "Loving Cup" Bertha, who has sex with Mimi in the Dew Drop Club. In this novel, the Stage Coach country club features the torch singer Helene Holman, who is defended by a one-armed character, the oldest man present.  Another character in this work, Froggy Ogden, is defended by a lawyer who has his teeth dislodged by a man who commits suicide by starting the car motor in a closed garage.  Al Grecco serves as the handyman for Ed Charney and resolves to kill him, mirroring the conflict between Harry Reilly and the oft-drunk husband of Caroline. Taking its title from an ancient tale about Death's jostling of a Baghdad merchant's apprentice, who flees to the title city, for 10 points, name this novel centering on Julian English by John O'Hara.;;Appointment in Samarra
;;One conflict in this U.S. state erupted when the "Hunkidori" conspiracy and the Hamburg Massacre enraged the so-called "Redeemers," who sought to oust Daniel Chamberlain from the governorship. Governor Ben Tillman set up a state-controlled system of liquor sales in this state and one of its representatives, James Hammond, began the "gag" rule on anti-slavery legislation. Wade Hampton used the support of redshirts to win the 1876 election in this state. It was the site of the Orangeburg massacre in 1968, while colonial settlers of this state engaged in the Yamasee War against a coalition of Catawba and other Indians. For 10 points, identify this site of the Battle of Cowpens and the Battle of Camden, which was the subject of a certain Exposition and Protest by John C . Calhoun.;;South Carolina
;;This thinker posited that self-consciousness about deliberating whether or not to do something evidences the existence of moral liberty.  His first publication argued against the ability to measure virtue and was titled "An Essay on Quantity".  This philosopher's core beliefs were initially popularized in the Essay on Truth, a simplified take on his ideas by James Beattie.  One of his final works, which included such chapters as "The Sense of Duty," contrasted "speculative power" with "active power".  This student of George Turnbull, rejected the empiricist reliance on ideas as the basis of knowledge, instead he argued that sensations of an object's primary qualities offer up natural signs to the mind, which are interpreted like words.  For 10 points, identify this philosopher whose works include Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man and Enquiry Into the Mind on the Principles of Common Sense.;;(Thomas) Reid
;;Computing the partition function in the three-dimensional case with a randomly chosen interaction was shown to be NP-hard by a 1982 result of Barahona. The free energy of a two-dimensional square lattice one at low temperature is related to another one at high temperature through Kramers-Wannier duality. Bruria Kaufman used spinor analysis to compute the free energy in the one-dimensional case in 1949, simplifying her advisor's argument. It is defined on a discrete collection of spins, which can be plus or minus one, and gives a simple example of a ferromagnetic phase transition breaking a Z2 symmetry. Invented by William Lenz and given to its namesake to solve, for 10 points, what is this mathematical model of interacting spins, solved exactly in the two-dimensional case by Lars Onsager?;;Ising (model)
;;This poem notes that "defenceless realms receive [the] sway" of the "bold Bavarian, in a luckless hour". Its speaker asks what exiled Hyde, while one figure mentioned in this poem is a "soul of fire" who besieges "Moscow's walls till Gothic standards fly". That "Swedish Charles" is referenced in this poem alongside Xerxes and the "last sighs of Cardinal Wolsey". This poem, which describes the "toil, envy, and want" of a scholar's life, opens with the speaker expressing his desire to "watch the busy scenes" of lives from "China to Peru". It was written in imitation of Juvenal's Tenth Satire and published after its author's piece "London".  For 10 points, name this Samuel Johnson work exploring the pitfalls of people's aspirations to greatness.;;(The) Vanity of Human Wishes
;;One unorthodox proposed method for dealing with it involves massive foreign currency purchases. Eggertson and Woodford argue that for open-market operations to be effective in this situation requires changing future expectations of policy. Consequently, one approach for dealing with it has been written about by Lars Svenson and involves an explicit central bank commitment to a future price level, also known as nominal GDP targeting. Another method for dealing with this problem is when the Treasury agrees to broaden its asset purchases, termed "quantitative easing". Paul Krugman has written about Japan's experience in this state, and has argued that the recent economic crisis is an instance of it. Occurring when consumers' preference for cash is greater than the supply of money, FTP, identify this macroeconomist state in which low or zero interest rates fail to stimulate consumer spending.;;liquidity trap
;;One aria in this opera contains two lines from the crowd that help to situate events when a certain figure "unfurled his seven flags". Emotional peaks in that aria come with such lines as "quel grido e quella morte!," referencing the "desperate cry" that resounded for a thousand years. In the following act of this opera another female character sings "Tu che di gel sei cinta" amidst unhappier circumstances than her earlier "Signore, ascolta!" to which the man she loves unrequitedly sings back by telling her "don't cry". At its premier, Toscanini refused to continue on to the ending added by the composer's pupil, Franco Alfano, ending the performance shortly after the scene of Liu's death. For 10 points, name this work in which three riddles are successfully answered by Calaf, who also sings the aria "Nessun Dorma," the final opera of Giacomo Puccini.;;Turandot
;;The use of these over finite fields for a type of public-key cryptography was proposed by Koblitz and Miller. Adding a point at infinity allows one to define a group operation that maps two points on it to a third point on it such that all three points are collinear. It discriminant, proportional to 4 A cubed plus 27 B squared when its equation is y squared equals x cubed plus A x plus B, is zero when it is singular. Topologically, it is equivalent to a torus. A conjecture relating them to modular forms was proven in part by Andrew Wiles as part of his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. For 10 points, what is this type of algebraic curve, of which the similarly-named conic section that looks like a squashed circle is not an example?;;elliptic curve
;;Victor Serge claimed that this man murdered thousands of White Guard prisoners of war as head of the revolutionary committee of Crimea. After leaving his most famous position, he failed to rouse the central German miners to revolution in the so-called "March Action", and was eventually shot in a gulag in 1938. Although he was imprisoned by the government after a demonstration led by him killed four policemen, he was released after the publication of the Vix Note. Nominally, he was foreign minister under prime minister Sandor Garbai as part of the coalition that overthrew Count Karolyi, but he  clearly held the true power considering his friendships with both Zinoviev and Lenin. Overthrown by the Romanians and replaced by Admiral Miklos Horthy, for 10 points, name this pawn of the Sovet Union who briefly ruled a Communist regime in Hungary in 1919.;;(Bela) Kun
;;In one section of this novel a man is given a magic net after bringing back a bell from a blacksmith.  This work's narrative occasionally pauses for such section titles as "There Remain Greater Tasks Ahead".  In addition to meeting "Drum, Song, and Dance," its hero encounters a "complete gentleman" who it turns out has leased his body parts from traders and is actually just a skeleton living in the ground.  It also features episodes with a wish granting egg, as well as a bush that comes to life.  Its opening section describes the narrator changing into a canoe to allow his wife to cross a river.  Written in pidgin English prose and often published alongside another of its author's works, My Life in the Bush of Ghosts, its plot was adapted from Yoruba folktales, and it recounts the title figure's journey to find his recently deceased tapster in "Deads' Town".  For 10 points, identify this novel by Amos Tutuola.;;The Palm Wine Drinkard|The Palm Wine Drunkard
;;One ruler of this nation dismissed the cabinet of his Prime Minister Zahle in an incident known as the Easter Crisis, but he was met with a lack of public support and pledged no longer to interfere in political decisions. A peasant uprising in this country known as the Count's War was initiated by a group under Skipper Clement. This country, which originally established a colony at Tranquebar, was the site of a underground movement during World War II known as its namesake "Freedom Council," consisting of groups like its Unity Party. Also the birthplace of the wife of King James I of England, this country sold its rights to St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas to the United States in 1917. Governed by the Folketing, for 10 points, name this nation which hosted the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801.;;Denmark
;;The final portion of this work's middle section, which suggests the influence of Debussy's Homage to Rameau, ends with an instruction that it be played "without expression".  That section is paced by the soft repetition of irregularly grouped B flats that is meant to evoke the tolling of a bell as the sun sets over the carcass of a lynched man.  This composition opens with a movement that features a shimmering C sharp major figuration contrasted with a soft melody symbolizing the appearance of a deadly water nymph.  Its final section, a scherzo, that features hand crossings and repeated-note figures broken out into octaves, portrays a mean-spirited dwarf, and was composed to be more demanding than Balakirev's Islamey.  Divided into three sections, "Le Gibet," "Ondine," and "Scarbo," for 10 points, identify this 1908 work inspired by Aloysius Bertrand's poems, a work for piano by Maurice Ravel.;;Gaspard de la nuit
;;One of her daughters caused Orchamus to bury Leucothoe alive; that daughter, Clytia, was the lover of Helius. This goddess is referred to as a "nurse" during the Callisto and Arcas story, where she uses her powers to make their constellations never dip below the horizon and forever circle the sky. In the "Deception of Zeus" section of Book XIV of the Iliad, Hera states that she will visit this goddess and her husband, but instead she makes love to Zeus in a golden cloud. In a rare depiction of this goddess, she bears a golden rudder on her shoulder and wings sprout from her forehead. This godmother of Hera is the mother of the pursuer of Arethusa as well as the mother of Metis and Merope. Credited with birthing all of the important rivers of Greek mythology, for 10 points, name this Titaness, the wife of Oceanus.;;Tethys
;;Pentostam, Repodral, and other drugs containing this compound preceded modern treatments like Praziquantel in the treatment of helminth infections. The trivalent chloride of this element can catalyze the reaction of aromatic amines with meso epoxides to yield beta-amino alcohols.  This element's amphoteric trioxide is found in valentinite and senarmontite. This element produces a false positive result in the Marsh assays since, like arsenic, it reacts with zinc and acid to produce a black precipitate. George Olah pioneered the combination of this element's pentafluoride with hydrogen fluoride to yield the strongest known superacid. It is commonly used to enhance the hardness of lead, and this Group Five element's sulfide is the ore stibnite. For ten points, name this metalloid, atomic number 51, with symbol Sb.;;antimony
;;One of his first works ends with the destruction of an attacking army by a school of scorpions in the surrealistic setting of "Farfelu".  Another work follows the adventures of the Seven Sins and was dedicated to Max Jacob.  A prodigious biographer, he depicted the effects of his final illness in the volume Lazarus, while another work begins with a section called "Chartres Camp" and depicts an Alsatian, Vincent Berger, coming to grips with the legacy of war.  That work, The Walnut Trees of Altenburg was preceded by a work about Kassner an intellectual who escapes a concentration camp in Days of Wrath.  In another work, this author tracks a group of varied characters, including the medical student Katow and the Chinese figher Ch'en, during a Communist uprising in Shanghai that is later crushed by Nationalist forces.  For 10 points, identify this author of The Royal Way and Man's Fate.;;(Andre) Malraux
;;This U.S. state is home to the town of Winner, allegedly named because it was chosen as the site of a railroad right-of-way. Its state flower is the pasqueflower, and some of its religiously-affiliated schools include Mount Marty College. This state contains the Moreau River, which flows into the man-made reservoir called Lake Oahe, which is dammed at Mobridge. This state's sights include the National Music Museum in its southeastern town of Vermillion, as well as its highest point at Harney Peak. It's also home to the Corn Palace and Wall Drug, as well as both Jewel Cave and Wind Cave National Park. For 10 points, name this U.S. state whose cities include Aberdeen, Rapid City, and Pierre.;;South Dakota
;;The losing force at this confrontation had plundered Lucania just before and was temporarily heartened after they fell for a ruse plotted by this battle's winner, who had switched armor with a hapless bodyguard. This battle took place halfway between Pandosia and its namesake location at the River Siris, from which the losing force retreated after war elephants left it vulnerable to a Thessalian cavalry charge. In the aftermath of this battle fought to protect the city of Tarentum, the winning commander was turned back at Anagni after realizing that Barbula's legions might decimate his army. It occurred prior to the Battle of Asculum, where this battle's winning commander remarked "One more such victory and we shall be undone". For 10 points, name this earliest engagement between the Romans and Pyrrhus.;;(Battle) (of) Heraclea
;;The opening section of this document refers to the "Stratutum de Tellagio non Concedendo" as precedent. It was partly prompted by the promotion of chaplain Roger Maynwaring, which was strenuously objected to by John Selden. It was also a direct response to Chief Justice Hyde in Darnell's Case, and acted as a rebuttal of that case's arguments Its drafters purposely avoided referring to tunnage and poundage, which had recently been withheld in protest to the foreign policy of the Duke of Buckingham. This document drafted by Edward Coke asserts the inability of the monarch to impose martial law in peacetime, as well as freedom from arbitrary imprisonment. For 10 points, name this 1628 document which was grudgingly accepted by Charles I.;;Petition of Right
;;Its first part ends with a discussion of whether a priest could really be a pickpocket, after which the narrator advices "fair mystic nymphs" to "pluck" their roses, apparently an allusion to the urination of Madame de Rambouliet.  Its second part involves several chapters centering on a passport, all of which are set at Versailles.  The narrator meets a poor monk of the order of St. Francis in Calais after introducing himself with the famous line "They order, said I, this matter better in France".  It was published in the year of its author's death, 1768, and is based on a trip the author took to France and Italy.  For 10 points, name this fictional work narrated by Yorick, a travel narrative by Laurence Sterne.;;(A) Sentimental Journey (Through) (France) (and) (Italy)
;;The role of this pathway in Clara cell regeneration was established by Roel Nusse, One non-canonical example of this pathway activates the enzymes CamKII and PKC enzymes through PDE6, while another interacts with the JNK and PCP pathways; both of these pathways play a role in convergent extension and planar cell polarity. This pathway is named for a related family of growth factors that, canonically, bind to LRP and a cysteine-rich segment of Frizzled in developing cells. This binding activates Disheveled, which inhibits GSK-3 and leads to a build up of beta-catenin. That protein activates target genes responsible for developing dorsal structures. Like Hedgehog and Notch, this pathway is active during development. For 10 points, name this signaling pathway that is vital in establishing the dorsal-ventral axis.;;Wnt (signaling) (pathway)
;;Its seventh chapter includes a discussion of quinary, decimal, and vigesimal notations of the world, while another section of that chapter argues that "hand-numerals" show that verbal reckoning derived from "gesture-counting".  It discusses the relation of "sound-words" and "sense-words" toward the end of a chapter on "emotional and intuitive language," while earlier chapters consider the "prejudice against saving a drowning man" and spirit-rapping as instances of what the author calls "survivals".  The second volume of this work features a lengthy discussion of animism, and considers "religion in" the title concept.  For 10 points, name this lengthy tome published in 1871, a work consisting of "researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, language, art, and custom" by the English anthropologist Edward Tylor.;;Primitive Culture
;;The protagonist of this work becomes fatigued after being forced to leave Mrs. Lorch and move to the students' club to which Miss Adler introduces her, though that is her only way to get close to Bowers's studio.  The protagonist also spends time with the Nathanmeyer family during that section of the novel, "Stupid Faces," which ends with her being invited to spend the summer with Henry Biltmer in a canyon full of Cliff-Dweller ruins.  The novel's first section describes such "friends of childhood" as Dr. Archie and Ray Kennedy, who help the protagonist escape the town of Moonstone and fulfill her artistic destiny.  For 10 points, name this novel about a singer named Thea Kronberg written by Willa Cather.;;(The) Song of the Lark
;;A depiction of this figure by Bartolommeo Bandinelli is housed in the Bargello and is referred to as the Cleopatra one. In the same building is Giambologna's bronze of this figure, which was inspired by another sculpture of him in the same room. That sculpture shows this figure with a faun sitting on a rock beneath his right hand and is one of the major works of Jacopo Sansovino.  A huge depiction of him from the 2nd century AD which shows him with a panther was once housed in the Villa Ludovisi.  Another depiction of this figure in the Bargello shows him holding a kylix in his right hand and a tiger skin in his left; that sculpture, which notably features a broken penis, was created in 1497 by Michelangelo.  A better known sculpture shows this deity cradled in the left arm of another god.  For 10 points, name this god who was depicted with Hermes as an infant in a sculpture by Praxiteles.;;Bacchus|Dionysus
;;This nation was invaded after an incident in which a consul was hit in the head with a fly whisk, because he enraged this nation's leader in discussing an overdue wheat consignment. In the 1990s, hundreds of people were killed in this nation in massacres at Rais and Bentalha, both carried out by the GIA, possibly to punish rural communities who'd voted for the FIS. Earlier in the 20th century, the Secret Army Organization led by Raoul Salan tried to prevent the end of colonial rule, launched on a day known as Toussaint Rouge. Shortly after the resulting independence, this country's first president Ahmed Ben Bella was overthrown by Houari Boumedienne. For 10 points, name this Northern African nation which won independence from France in the 1960s.;;Algeria
;;In one story by this author, the narrator and his wife follow their Uncle Augusto's suggestion and move to a region where Captain Brauni's inventions and the Corporation's "molasses system" do nothing to kill the title insects.  In another of his stories, Amerigo Ormea goes to the Hospital for Incurables to monitor an election.  In addition to "The Argentine Ant" and "The Watcher," he wrote about "The Aquatic Uncle" and "The Distance of the Moon" in a 1965 story collection, while one of his novels begins on June 15, 1767, when Cosimo Piovasco di Rondo sits with his family for the last time.  For 10 points, name this author of the novel The Baron in the Trees and the stories collected in Cosmicomics, who also wrote If on a Winter's Night a Traveler.;;(Italo) Calvino
;;Detailed measurements of this phenomenon have been made by Barber and Putterman by measuring Mie [MEE] scattering.  Most scientists have rejected Julian Schwinger's explanation of this in terms of emission of zero-point energy.  The first experimental observation of this process was made in 1934 by Frenzel and Schultes, and interest in this effect was renewed by a discovery of a special form of it in 1990 by Felipe Gaitan. The Taleyarkhan group claims to have generated nuclear fusion via this process.  Although the mechanism for it is still controversial, most believe that the observed radiation is due to bremsstrahlung that is produced by an in-falling shockwave caused by the collapse of an object that may be produced by cavitation.  For 10 points, identify this process in which sound waves are passed through a liquid, causing bubbles to collapse and emit short bursts of light.;;sonoluminescence
;;A set of 36 "adnotationes" to this work was compiled by Prosper Marchand; the first of those observes that if the third root letter of a word in a certain language is called "quiescent," then it is usually omitted.  This work claimed to be published in Hamburg by "Heinrich Kuhnraht," actually an early 17th century German mystic.  Its preface observes that Alexander the Great learned to fear fortune at the Gates of Susa, but later ceased using soothsayers after he defeated Darius; this is taken to show that fear is "the root from which superstition is born".  It argues that "authority in sacred matters belongs wholly to sovereign powers" and celebrates the fact that "in a free state, everyone is allowed to think what they wish".  For 10 points, name this work published in 1670 which offers a historical analysis of the Bible, a work by Baruch Spinoza.;;Theological-Political Treatise|Tractatus theologico-politicus
;;One superacid shaped like an icosahedron features a skeleton almost entirely composed of this element. The selectrides are a group of reducing agents featuring this element bonded to three sec-butyl groups, and Tthe nitrogen atom in proline binds to this element in the Corey-Bakshi-Shibata catalyst. Aryl- and vinyl- acids containing this element react with aryl- and vinyl-halides on catalytic palladium in the Suzuki reaction. Anti-Markovnikov addition is a feature of the best-known reaction featuring this element, in which an alkene is converted into an alcohol. That reaction features a namesake hydration followed by an oxidation and is catalyzed by a reactive compound consisting of this element bonded to three hydrogen atoms.  For 10 points, name this fifth element.;;boron
;;This is the name of a historian from Syracuse who wrote the Colonizing of Italy and a history of Sicily that was one of the sources used by Thucydides.  This name was shared by a number of monarchs of Commagene, the first of whom was one of Pompey's allies in his war with Caesar.  Another ruler of this name defeated the Galatians in the so-called "Elephant Battle" and warred against Ptolemy II Philadelphus, whose daughter Berenice married the second ruler of this name. The best-known ruler of this name fought a war with the Romans after taking in Hannibal at his court, and had a son nicknamed "Epiphanes" who reconquered Armenia but was rebelled against by Mattathias and the Maccabees.  For 10 points, give this name shared by the son of Seleucus who took over his empire.;;Antiochus
;;In its final chapter, a bank director compares the operation of his business to a poem; that chapter also sees the protagonist glance at a morning newspaper left for him by Sawyer, which includes headlines about an impending war between France and Germany.  Earlier, several characters discuss the greatness of Berrian's novels, particularly his masterpiece Penthesilia, which the narrator stays up all night reading.  Another chapter discusses how good it feels to retire at the age of 45.  In the opening chapter, the narrator describes how, at the age of 30, he came to be engaged to Edith Bartlett, though they could not get married until his house was finished.  It features the wise Doctor Leete and the befuddled Julian West, who wakes up to find himself 113 years in the future.  For 10 points, name this novel which describes life in the year 2000, a Utopian romance by Edward Bellamy.;;Looking Backward, (2000-1887)
;;A common empirical formula for the temperature-dependence of its magnitude gives its value as equal to its zero-temperature value minus alpha times T2, divided by the quantity T plus beta, and this is known as Varshni's formula.  Depending on the material, it can be either "direct" or "indirect".  For the "indirect" case, conservation of momentum requires a phonon to be emitted during recombination, and during recombination, a particle travels from the top of it to the bottom of it. It can be crudely modeled in the Kronig-Penney model, and for undoped materials, the Fermi level is directly in the middle of this region.  For 10 points, identify this characteristic of semiconductors, a region of forbidden energies separating the valence and conduction electrons.;;(energy) band gap
;;A "spurious" one of these features an "apostrophe to Satan" after a chapter on the "malignity and folly" of that evil figure, and was written by Ignatius of Antioch.  Its final chapter features a specific exhortation to two women, Evodia and Syntyche, who are asked to "be of the same mind," while its third chapter includes a warning to "Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision".  The author of this text also warns its recipients about Judaizing teachers, and mentions Epaphroditus, who brought this text to its title group.  Coming between writings addressed to the Ephesians and Colossians, for 10 points, name this Pauline epistle written to the members of a Macedonian church.;;(Epistle) (to) (the) Philippians
;;In the essay "Boundary Crossings," an expert on this work named Catherine Swatek discusses the avant-garde production of it mounted in the 1990s by Peter Sellars.  One of the most popular episodes from this work sees the protagonist's father presiding over spring planting rituals in his home district.  Characters in this work include a maid known as Spring Fragrance and a man named Du Bao, who is considered the antithesis of Liu Mengmei, the young scholar who is loved by the protagonist prior to her death and resurrection.  For 10 points, name this play written in the 1590s by Tang Xianzu, a Kun opera which is perhaps the most popular dramatic work written in the Ming Dynasty.;;(The) Peony Pavilion|Mudan ting
;;The colorfully named Crescent nebula and Thor's Helmet nebula both surround these types of objects, while one of these in Sagittarius is surrounded by a pinwheel nebula.  Edward Pickering discovered a namesake series of spectral lines in these objects that were later attributed to helium.  They exhibit broad emission bands, and they may be divided into three categories: carbon-rich, nitrogen-rich, and the rare oxygen-rich variety.  A popular model for long-duration GRB's involves the collapse of these objects, a so-called "collapsar," and these objects are believed to evolve immediately from luminous blue variables, while the best-known example of them is Gamma Velorum.  For 10 points, name these massive stars possessing strong stellar winds, which eject their mass at a rate of 10-5 solar masses per year, and are named after their two discoverers.;;Wolf-Rayet (stars)
;;One of this author's books includes a poem which asks "Whither away, brisk egg?" and describes "Tortoise Family Connections".  That book of "unrhyming poems" opens with a prose poem noting that "fruits are all of them female," and includes poems describing "birds, beasts, and flowers".  Another of his poetry books depicts a protagonist who throws in his lot with a woman who is already married, though they eventually "transcend into some condition of blessedness".  In addition to Look! We Have Come Through!, he wrote the volume Pansies and a poem which implores the reader to "build your ship of death".  This British author's novels include one about an amateur flautist, Aaron's Rod, as well as a novel about Gertrude Coppard and her son, Paul Morel.  For 10 points, name this author of Kangaroo and Sons and Lovers.;;(David) (Herbert) Lawrence