;;In one story, this figure was accompanied by Maera, the daughter of Proteus. This figure killed Chione after she boasted of sleeping with another deity, and helped to foil Alpheus' lust-filled plans by turning Arethusa into a fountain. As a child this figure removed a patch of hair from the chest of a Cyclopes, and in another story was attended by a group of twenty ocean nymphs. In addition to defeating Gration in battle, this figure once turned into an animal and ran between the Aloadae giants in order to trick them into killing each other. Often identified with the Minoan deity Britomartis, it was one of this figure's followers who gave birth to Arcas and was subsequently turned into a bear. In order to protect her family's name, she also slew Coronis, as well as the twelve offspring of Amphion after his wife, Niobe, insulted her mother. For 10 points, identify this figure who transformed Actaeon into a deer, the daughter of Leto and the twin sister of Apollo.;;Artemis
;;This psychologist's students include the author of The Neuropsychology of Anxiety, Jeffrey Alan Gray, and he collaborated with Nias on Sex, Violence, and the Media. This psychologist created a "Twin Register" of the names of identical twins to help psychologists researching inherited traits. The Big-five model was developed as an alternative to one of this psychologist's theories, which originally sorted people into choleric, melancholic, sanguine, and phlegmatic types. He argued that psychoanalysis was unscientific and produced no positive effects in books like Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire and his essay "The effects of psychotherapy." Heavily criticized for his views on the relationship between genetics and intelligence, for 10 points, name this psychologist who created a three-factor model of human personality based on the axes of neuroticism, extroversion, and psychoticism.;;(Hans) (Jurgen) Eysenck
;;One character in this book continuously repeats "Nobody loves me. I need to be loved." At one point in this novel, the protagonist thinks of Cleopatra while making love. The protagonist is frightened when, during his travels, someone shoots a dog twice and the police round up a group of protesters, and in another town he encounters an Australian and a Welsh painter as well as the writer James Argyle. The protagonist later starts an affair with a woman whose husband is only identified as an army colonel, Nan. An earlier affair with the artist Josephine leads the protagonist to leave his wife and his job with the miners' union. Rowland Lilly advises the protagonist to travel to Italy rather than continue his career at the London Opera. For 10 points, name this novel which ends with the destruction of the title flute, by D.H. Lawrence.;;Aaron's Rod
;;Rachel DuPlessis argues that the rhythm of this poem subverts its own intellectual claim, even though the poet regarded the third section as hopeful. One group of people described in this poem have "bells on their ankles" and "pearls in their hair," while another part is intended to be read with "slow philosophic calm." The first part of this work relates how demons cut off the hands of a certain emperor's ghost in hell, and another section tells of a dance by "cake-walk princes." This work was inspired by the story of Ray Eldred as related by the author's pastor F.W. Burnham, and the speaker of this work sees the subject "cutting through... with a golden track." Parts of this poem were intended to be sung to the melody of "Hark, ten thousand harps and voices," and this poem ends with a drawn-out whisper of "Mumbo-Jumbo will hoo-doo you." Imitating chant with lines like "Boomlay, boomlay, BOOM," for 10 points, name this 'Study of the Negro Race' depicting the title river, a poem by Vachel Lindsay.;;(The) Congo
;;During rehearsals for this work, Anton Raaf attempted to remove the quartet "Andro romingo e solo." The central character laments that a storm stronger than the one outside is raging in his soul in "Fuor del mar," and in a royal garden the female lead, a recent expatriate, sings "Zeffiretti lusinghieri." Arbace urges his master to calm the populace, though he earlier announced that his master had died, and the announcement of an offstage voice causes everyone to rejoice except Elettra. One character delcares his love for Ilia in "Non ho colpa", and that character later slays a sea monster to save his country, but the title character is informed that he must sacrifice Idamante in order to appease Neptune. For 10 points, name this Mozart opera about a Cretan king.;;Idomeneo(,) (re) (di) (Creta)
;;A knee injury derailed this athlete's attempts to play in the 1986 FIBA gold medal match and sidelined him for his next season with the Arizona Wildcats, although he helped the 1988 squad reach the Final Four. Later traded along with Erick Barkley to the Portland Trail Blazers, he ultimately returned to the team that traded Chuck Person for him, and, despite previously playing only thirteen playoff minutes, he hit four three-pointers in thirteen minutes in Game 6 of the Conference Finals to eliminate the Mavericks en route to winning his final NBA championship in 2003. This athlete also made the game-winning shot in the last game of the 1997 Finals via a pass from a John Stockton-guarded Michael Jordan. His recent work includes slowing down Steve Nash by acquiring Shaquille O'Neal. For 10 points, name this most accurate three-point shooter in NBA history and current general manager of the Phoenix Suns.;;(Steve) Kerr
;;The specific conflict which was ended by this treaty erupted following the violation of the Peace of Vaucelles three years before this treaty's signing, which occasioned a celebratory ode by Pierre de Ronsard. Emmanuel Philibert was able to recover most of his Savoyard possessions through a clause in this treaty, and one party to this agreement yielded control of Corsica to Genoa. Prior to signing this treaty, one monarch who was party to it sent a memorandum to his sister Joanna claiming that his presence in Flanders was necessary to prevent a possible invasion of England. The French position in negotiating this treaty was weakened by the signature four years earlier of the Peace of Augsburg, and Ruy Gomez de Silva was named Prince of Eboli for his services in negotiating this treaty, which was signed following Spanish victories at San Quentin, Arras, and Gravelines. For 10 points, identify this treaty signed in 1559 by Henry II of France which ended the Habsburg-Valois War phase of the Italian Wars.;;(Treaty) (of) Cateau(-)Cambresis
;;In the distance of this work, a church with a blue steeple stands out against the cloudy sky. The center features a figure escorting his pony or horse towards the forest on the horizon. Groups of trees on either side extend off of the canvas and create a triangular frame for the main scene. In the foreground, one of the figures featured in this painting lies facedown looking towards the background, while three of the title figures extend their arms towards what appears to be smoke. The subject of Aruna D'Souza's study of "Biography and the Erotics of Paint," on the right of the canvas two of the titular figures seem to heading towards the patch of blue in the center. Completed sometime between 1898 and 1906, at the same time its creator was working on his depictions of Mt. Sainte Victoire, it is now located in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. For 10 points, identify this work that features thirteen female nudes luxuriating by a body of water, a work by Cezanne.;;(Cezanne's) (Large) Bathers
;;C.E.M. Joad argued that this work created an environment conducive to fascism. Its opening section contains a criticism of F.H. Bradley's interpretation of a statement by Wittgenstein and uses the example of a painting believed to be by Goya to illustrate its central problem. Its section on the "A Priori" rejects Mill's idea that the a priori originates from inductive generalizations, and this works's fifth chapter, partly concerned with probability, analyzes a statement about Queen Anne to advance a deflationary theory of one of its title concepts. The final section of this work argues that knowing the state of mind of the Emperor of Manchukuo is unnecessary to predict the weather and therefore dispenses with monism, while its famous sixth section contains an exposition of the emotivist theory of ethics. At the beginning of this work, the author expresses sympathy with the Viennese logical positivists, and it begins with a famous section dedicated to the "Elimination of Metaphysics." Most famous for promoting the principle of verifiability, for 10 points, identify this 1936 work by A.J. Ayer.;;Language(,) Truth(,) and Logic
;;In one of this author's short stories, a man scams a group of people out of an orange during a several-day-long traffic jam. He also wrote of a flight attendant who travels from Rome to Tehran and back three times each week and drowns off the remote island of Xiros while dreaming that he is there on vacation. Another of his stories is about a man who habitually visits the botanical garden in Paris until he switches minds with the creature he is observing there. This author of "The Axlotl" wrote of Roberto Michel, who photographs a disturbing seduction. In a novel by this author, Osip Gregorovius has an affair with a member of the Serpent Club, to the dismay of Horacio Oliveira. That book starts with a Table of Instructions, which allows readers to proceed from chapter one to fifty-six, or start on chapter seventy-three and skip around the entire book. For 10 points, name this author of "Blow-Up" and Hopscotch.;;(Julio) Cortazar
;;The Moussa Ali stratovolcano is the highest point of this nation, whose Lake Abhe Bad is fed by the Awash and can be found in the Dikhil district. The only national park of this nation, Day Forest National Park, can be found in this country's largest vegetated area, the Goda Mountains. Those mountains are northwest of its Gulf of Tadjoura, where one can also find Obock. Lake Assal is its lowest point, while Loyada is near its southern border with Somalia, and Eritrea borders it to its north. Bordered to its west mostly by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, for 10 points, name this nation in the Horn of Africa, predominantly bordered by Ethiopia to its west.;;Djibouti
;;It argues that belief in the trinity suggests polytheism and that "a limitless mind cannot proceed from physical limitation." Its preface asserts that the time has come for "new thoughts." It quotes the Song of Solomon in its 18th and final chapter, "Fruitage," which presents a series of testimonials supporting its author's ideas. Its composition was discussed in the author's autobiography Retrospection and Introspection which detailed an intense three year study of the bible while its author was bedridden. This work's second section interprets parts of Revelation and Genesis, provides an explanatory glossary, and is often added to form the full title of this tome. Arguing that the "Truth of God" could be used to not only combat sin, but, also, disease, for 10 points, identify this 1875 work, "with Key to the Scriptures," the textbook of a religion founded by its author, Mary Baker Eddy.;;Science and Health (with) (Key) (to) (the) (Scriptures)
;;The narrator of one poem in this collection "minds the house of dust / Where [his] sojourn shall be long," while, in another poem, he hears his bones say, "Another night, another day." The narrator notes that Dick "lies long in the churchyard" and Ned "lies long in jail" when he returns to Ludlow in one part, while another part details the trouble of the wood on Wenlock Edge. The lines "though the laurel grows / It withers quicker than the rose" and "Loveliest of leaves, the cherry now" can be found in this collection, as can the lines "Give your crowns and pounds and guineas / But not your heart away." For 10 points, name this poetry collection, which includes "Terence, this is stupid stuff," "When I was one and twenty," and "To an Athlete Dying Young" and was written by A. E. Housman.;;(A) Shropshire Lad
;;Complexity class BPP problems are solved by these methods in polynomial time. Antithetic variates and control variates are common variance reduction techniques for its estimates, while low-discrepancy sequences are used in their "quasi" form. Lazzarini's choice of stopping time and needle lengths when attempting one named for Buffon gave an excessively accurate estimate of pi in just 3,408 tosses. The Gibbs sampler and the more general Metropolis-Hastings algorithm for calculating high-dimensional integrals, and random walk simulation of binomial options pricing models, are examples that make use of Markov chains. For 10 points, name these methods that can be converted into Las Vegas methods by continuing simulation until a sufficiently correct result is produced, named after a city in Monaco.;;Monte Carlo (methods)
;;Hans von Bulow called this work a "law unto itself," and the composer of this work claimed that he put the piece together from a couple of entr'actes. The recapitulation of the first movement begins with this work's only marking of 3 p's. In the opening of this work, the violins play only in descending thirds and ascending sixths, though the woodwinds imitate those figures as chords, while the piccolo and triangle only play in the allegro giocoso third movement. The aforementioned chains of falling thirds allude to the composer's song "O Death," while the fourth movement of this work is a set of thirty-two variations on the cantata Nach dir, Herr, verlanget mich, originally thought to be composed by J.S. Bach. For 10 points, identify this work by the composer of the Academic Festival Overture which followed three others of the same genre.;;Brahms' Fourth Symphony (in) (E) (minor)
;;This man names a modification of the Pschorr synthesis and the Sandmeier reaction that is used to synthesize biaryls, and with Hoesch this man names a flavonoid synthesis method that uses an iminium ion. With Skita, this chemist names a method of synthesizing pyridines using a malonic ester derivative. A procedure named for him reacts hydrocyanic acid with an aromatic compound. He is also the first namesake of a reaction that uses carbon monoxide at high pressure, which must be used to synthesize aromatic aldehydes because formyl chloride is unstable. For 10 points, name this German organic chemist, who names a modification of the Friedel-Crafts reaction that uses copper iodide to synthesize benzaldehyde with Koch.;;(Ludwig) Gattermann
;;An early excerpt of this writer's most famous prose work was published in the periodical New Thalia, and he suggested that "where there is danger, a rescuing element grows as well" in his poem "Patmos." Many of this writer's works, such as "Memnon's Lament for Diotima," are dedicated to Susette Gontard, while the transition from ancient Greece to Christianity is the subject of another of his poems, "Bread and Wine." His most famous play exists in three different versions, in one of which Manes, the titular philosopher's teacher, admonishes him for his decision to leap into Mt. Etna. His hymns "Germania," "The Rhine," and "The Ister" are the subject of three Heidegger lectures on this writer. For 10 points, identify this German Romantic author of the drama The Death of Empedocles and the unfinished novel Hyperion: Or, The Hermit in Greece.;;(Friedrich) Holderlin
;;Its first component was the Declaration of Principles, which promised, among other things, the formation of a Committee for Economic Cooperation that was to include the Electricity Developent Program. The APF formed as a coalition of those opposed to this treaty, and a key mediator in the negotiation of this treaty was the man who was later criticized for declaring the West "stingy" in response to the 2004 tsunami, Jan Egeland. Almost immediately after the signing of these documents, the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre soured relations between the parties. Including a change to the charter of one party to remove clauses about the "destruction" of the other, the completion of its first phase was signified by a celebrated handshake on the White House lawn. For 10 points, name this 1993 series of agreements between Yitzhak Rabin and Yassir Arafat on Palestinian autonomy.;;Oslo Accords
;;The conservation law for this quantity depends on whether the context is special or general relativity, as in the former situation the divergence is 0, and by Noether's theorem, the translation symmetries imply this conserved current. While it is generally symmetric, this is not true if the spin tensor is nonzero. In general relativity, where the conservation law is more complicated, there is a relation between it and another quantity which is a nonlinear function of the metric and which satisfies the Bianchi identity. It has an electromagnetic portion which can be expressed as a function of the electromagnetic field tensor. It is a relativistic generalization of a quantity from mechanics that is graphically represented as Mohr's circle, expresses the internal force per area of surface on which the force acts, and whose eigenvalues are called principle stresses. For 10 points, name this quantity which appears in the Einstein field equations as proportional to the Einstein tensor, is defined as the flux of generalized momenta through spacetime, and which causes and determines the way spacetime curves.;;stress(-)energy (tensor)
;;He wrote that "the turnstile at Greenwich / chimed with laughter / my subway token" in one poem and describes the title substance "on the courthouse lawn" while he smokes it in "Grass." In one collection by this poet, he contrasts one poem in which "a departing occupier" leaves a "heart green acre" with another that begins "Seen from above, the sky / is deep." Those works, "A Downward Look" and "An Upward Look," appear in his collection A Scattering of Salts. A child waits for the delivery of a jigsaw puzzle in this man's semi-autobiographical Lost in Translation. Psyche screams, "Look alive! Much to do!" in his most famous work, an epic poem that uses W.H. Auden as a spirit guide and has sections like "Scripts for the Pageant" and "The Book of Ephraim." For 10 points, name this American poet of The Changing Light at Sandover.;;(James) (Ingram) Merrill
;;A solar panel array operated by Accionia in this province produces nine and a half megawatts of power and sells each panel to an individual investor for sixty-four thousand dollars, and it is the world's largest solar generator. Provinces which border this one include a southwestern neighbor with capital at Logrono, La Rioja. Its northwest border is with the province that contains San Sebastian and Bilbao, Pais Vasco. Its longest border, on both the east and south, is with a large province home to Zaragoza, Aragon. Yamaguchi Park and the headquarters of the governing body for pelota are located in the capital of this province, which also hosts the festival of San Fermin each July. That capital was recently flooded by the Arga, a tributary of the Ebro. While locals refer to this state as Foru Erkidegoa, it is known by another name in Spanish, and it is home to the home of bull-running, Pamplona. For 10 points, identify this heavily Basque province of northern Spain, whose north borders the Pyrenees and France, and which was once an independent kingdom under such rulers as Sancho and the future French king Henry IV.;;Navarre
;;On the day Nazi troops moved into this country, an afternoon newspaper printed all of its articles double-spaced in order to alert citizens to "read between the lines." Teenagers in this country formed their own partisan movement called the Churchill Gang, while other efforts were coordinated by the Freedom Council. The vast majority of Jews in this country were saved from an impending Nazi action by ambulance drivers who looked for Jewish names in phone books and used their vehicles to hide whomever they found. The Lutheran Church recognizes Kaj Munk, a pastor in this country who was killed after delivering an anti-Nazi sermon, as a martyr, and its other World War II figures included the collaborationist prime minister Erik Scavenius.After a German officer threatened to shoot anyone removing the swastika flag from this country's government headquarters, the king of this country volunteered to climb the flagpole himself. For 10 points, name this country where a false urban legend states that king, Christian X, wore a yellow star himself.;;Denmark
;;The introduction to this man's collected poems praises him for expressing hatred while being "clean" and "neither mean nor spiteful." That introduction laments "no white man can do more than express his humiliated sympathy" and was written by the philosopher John Dewey. This poet of "George William Gordon to the Oppressed Natives" wrote a sonnet on race riots which proclaims "like men we'll face the murderous, cowardly pack" and says that the title action will not be performed "like hogs," entitled "If We Must Die." Ray and Latnah are among the ocean-loving denizens of The Ditch who welcome Lincoln Agrippa Daily to Marseilles in one novel by this author. In another of his novels, the prostitute Felice refuses payment and Congo Rose enjoys being slapped, leading Jake Brown to choose life with the former. This author of Banjo also wrote about the goat rapist Harold Newton Day and the Christian convert Hopping Dick Delgado, both of whom are passed over in favor of the laborer Juban by Tabitha Plant. For 10 points, name this author of Home to Harlem and Banana Bottom, a Jamaica-born Harlem Renaissance author.;;(Claude) McKay
;;This psychologist argued that dividing all women into categories of ones who can satisfy loneliness and ones who can satisfy sexual desire results from collisions between men's need for intimacy and their lust. His student Helen Swick Perry described his phobia of the color blue and his mysterious two-year disappearance from college in her biography of this psychologist, Psychiatrist of America. This psychologist defined a person's ability to minimize anxiety and maximize self-esteem as the "self-system." He distinguished prototaxic, parataxic, and syntaxic modes of experience in his 1953 book The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry. For 10 points, name this American psychoanalyst who collected his studies of schizophrenic patients in Schizophrenia and the Human Process.;;(Harry) (Stack) Sullivan
;;The second person of this name admitted missionaries to his kingdom but purportedly refused to convert because he enjoyed polygamy and rum too much. A wife of one person of this name worked for women's rights by persuading him to eat publicly in mixed company and served as prime minister to another person of this name. The third person of this name was inspired by William Richards to issue the Edict of Toleration and Declaration of Rights, which introduced a legislature and supreme court to his country. This name, meaning "The Very Lonely One," was first held by the man who ended human sacrifice, issued the "law of the splintered paddle" against plunder, and won the Battle of the Leaping Mullet to complete his defeat of Kiwalao. For 10 points, give this common name of four rulers, the first of whom conquered Oahu and Maui to unite Hawaii.;;Kamehameha
;;This agreement set up a committee to resolve a lingering boundary question that had earlier led Lyman Cutlar to destroy some property of Charles Griffin in the Pig War. That question, the San Juan Boundary Dispute, was referred by this treaty to arbitration by Kaiser Wilhelm II. One portion of this treaty addressed fishing north of the thirty-ninth parallel, while another part resulted in a payment of fifteen million dollars. Negotiated for the U.S. by Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, this agreement also created a court in Geneva to review the activities of Raphael Semmes, in which the U.S. charged Britain with aiding the Confederate cause. For 10 points, name this 1871 treaty which addressed the Alabama Claims.;;(Treaty) (of) Washington
;;This man opposed the economics-first program advocated by an earlier leader who wrote Stadium and Light. This man's followers secured the passage of certain acts that ended the noble exemption from taxation and the practice of extracting "robot" labor that are known variously as the March Laws or April Laws. A bust of this person can be found in United States Capitol with the subtitle "Freedom Fighter," and he claimed to have learned English by studying Shakespeare in jail. This editor of the Pesti Hirlap proclaimed independence in Debrecen, but Viscount Canning had to negotiate this man's exile at Shumen in Ottoman-controlled Bulgaria following the defeat of the Revolutions of 1848. For 10 points, name this man who sought autonomy from the Hapsburgs, the national hero of Hungary.;;(Lajos) Kossuth
;;Brass and winds are played in short bursts of eighth notes over flashes of string to mimic laughter during its "Grotesque Dance of Dorcon." In addition to featuring fifteen distinct percussion instruments, a wordless chorus can be heard throughout this work. The second section begins with the exhausting "warrior's dance" and ends with a divinely aided rescue from a pirate camp. A series of parallel fourths in the horns and a triplet pattern in the solo flute represent three statues coming to life in a sacred grotto during its opening. Its epilogue, featuring a group of women playing tambourines in a manic 5/4 rhythm and dressed as bacchantes, is preceded by the reunited title characters dancing a duet in honor of Syrinx and Pan. Commissioned by Diaghilev, its composer would later adapt this work as his Suites No. 1 and No. 2 for orchestra. For 10 points, identify this 1912 ballet based on a drama by Longus, a work by Maurice Ravel.;;Daphnis et Chloe|Daphnis and Chloe
;;In this author's only play, two aliens arrive on Earth and give humanity three days to raise the global happiness quotient, threatening to exterminate the human race if their demands are not met, but are soon revealed to be powerless and simply thrown in jail. In addition to writing that play, Twilight Bar, this author coined the term "cocacolonization" in his final novel The Call Girls and wrote a critical appraisal of Eastern religions in The Lotus and the Robot. He contrasted two types of political problem-solving approaches, those who change themselves and those who change the environment, in The Yogi and the Commisar, and he speculated that the emotional and rational portions of the brain do not cooperate in his treatise The Ghost in the Machine. In a novel by this author, Number 402 converses with the protagonist through tapping on the wall. In that work, Rubashov is executed for offenses he did not commit in order to prove his loyalty to the Communist cause. For 10 points, identify this Hungarian-born author of Darkness at Noon.;;(Arthur) Koestler
;;The title character of one of this man's operas sings the "Shadow Song" while chasing her pet goat, and he wrote an aria for soprano in which the insane Catherine is accompanied by Peter the Great on flute, "La, la, la, air cheri." This composer of Dinorah saw his early opera Jephtha flop, and Gaetano Rossi wrote the libretto to one of his works in which Armando rescues the sultan from Osmino and which includes a castrato role, Il crociato in Egitto. This composer of Margaret of Anjou also collaborated with Rossi on an opera in which the title characters both love Teobaldo, Romilda and Costanza. In one of this man's operas, an explosion kills the titular character, John de Leyden, and he wrote another in which Bertram offers the title character a magic bough and takes him to frolic with dead nuns, Robert le Diable. For 10 points, identify this composer of Les Huguenots and L'Africaine.;;(Giacomo) Meyerbeer
;;This man may have used medical case studies by Antonio Benivieni as a source for a scene in one of his plays in which a character shot in the chest by an arrow promptly begins to prophesy. In one long poem by this author, the narrator states that he "consecrated [his] life" to the Palace of Ruth, and he calls religion both "a monster like" and "the only grace of dames and men" in his Eugenia. A soothsayer describes sacrificing a "milk-white ox" in this man's Caesar and Pompey, and in another of his plays, a man disguised as a soldier claims that he killed Cynthia's husband. The title character's lover kills Pyrrhot and l'Anou in one of his two plays involving Bussy d'Ambois. For 10 points, name this British co-author of Eastward Ho! who inspired a man to feel "like some watcher of the skies" with his translations of The Odyssey and The Iliad, as memorialized by John Keats.;;(George) Chapman
;;During World War II, resistance movements in this country included the Legality Party. Abdyl Ypi was unable to attend the Congress of Lushnje, which reformed this country, because he was assassinated by the puppet government which ruled from Durres. This modern state declared its independence in the Vlore Proclamation, shortly after which it was ruled for six months by the German prince Wilhelm zu Wied. Riven by conflict between the traditionalist bajraktars and the liberalizing forces led by Fan Noli, it was later oppressed by a secret police called the Sigurimi. Since 1990, events in this country have included the fall of Ramiz Alia's dictatorship and the bankrupting of most of its population during a 1997 wave of pyramid schemes. Invaded by Italy during World War II, this country was once ruled by King Zog. For 10 points, name this state which became an isolated outpost of the Communist world under its longtime ruler Enver Hoxha.;;Albania
;;At one point, it depicts four couples engaged in a quadrille. It ends in a forested area, after the contents of several pouches have been dumped on the ground. The title event is set in motion after a false telegraph communication is sent, telling another party not to make a stop for water at Red Lodge. Featuring Gilbert Anderson in various roles including as the tenderfoot dancer and as a wounded victim, this work's ending was referenced by Martin Scorsese at the end of Goodfellas, when Joe Pesci's character shoots a gun directly into the camera. Composed of 14 scenes, it is roughly ten minutes long and was not filmed in the American West. For 10 points, identify this 1903 work, primarily shot in Edison, New Jersey, along the Lackawanna Railroad, the first narrative film in history, directed by Edwin S. Porter.;;The Great Train Robbery
;;One work of this author describes the affairs of Aaron Greidinger and Aaron's true love, who hasn't grown since childhood due to a disease. He also wrote about a title possession of Calman Jacoby. In addition to Shosha and The Manor, this author wrote about the Messianic cult of Sabbatai Zevi, led by Gedalia and the girl Rechele. This man's brother wrote The Family Carnovsky and Steel and Iron. Another work by this man sees the acrobat and juggler Yasha Mazur have an affair with Magda Zbarski. Besides Satan in Goray and The Magician of Lublin, this author of the collection A Friend of Kafka is better known for a novel detailing the decline of Meshulam's family following his third marriage, and a story about the title husband of Elka who is made fun of by characters such as Rietze the Candle-dipper. For 10 points, identify this Jewish-American author of The Family Moskat and Gimpel the Fool.;;(Isaac) (Bashevis) Singer
;;Dodelson and Liguori showed in a 2006 paper that the vector field introduced in Bekenstein's relativistic version of this theory could play a role in generating the instability that produces large-scale cosmic structures. Mathematically, it results from a modification of Poisson's equation, and evidence against this theory came in 2006 when the Bullet Cluster was observed to exhibit gravitational lensing that evidently doesn't result from baryonic matter. It proposes that a function of unknown form denoted "mu of a over a-zero," which approaches unity if the ratio is much greater than one, alters the law of physics traditionally used to calculate force. Proposed by Mordehai Milgrom to solve the problem of galactic rotation, for 10 points, identify this theory that is an alternative to Dark Matter.;;MOdified Newtonian Dynamics
;;At one point in this work, its author contrasts the laws of efficient causes with those of final causes and ultimately concludes that they must be in harmony. Its discussion of the means by which God obtains the greatest variety possible is followed by a reference to the work of Jerome Rorarius. Its final section discusses the role of pure love and the construction of a perfect government under God the architect. Composed of 90 sections, it has numerous parts devoted to the attainment of sensitivity by animals and humans, so that their spermatic animalcules may progress to the rank of reason. First published in 1714, Christian Wolff's doctrines would draw upon this work's discussion of entelechies or simple substances, as well as its author's previous treatise, The Theodicy. For 10 points, identify this essay that argued for the existence of namesake units of nature, a work by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.;;Monadology
;;Key reconnaissance for this battle was done by Lieutenant Colonel Sir Redvers Buller. Prior to this battle, Evelyn Wood's forces were renamed the Flying Column. Garnet Wolseley was supposed to replace the leader of the British in this battle, and it was started to delay that turnover. Shortly before this battle, the son of Napoleon III, Louis, was killed by the eventual losers, angering Lieutenant General Lord Chelmsford. The winners in this thirty-minute battle approached its site through the White Mfonzi valley, and they pursued the ruler of the losing side after destroying his royal Kraals, partially out of revenge for losses suffered at Isandlwana. For 10 points, name this 1879 battle that resulted in the capture and exile to England of Cetshwayo, the decisive battle of the Anglo-Zulu War.;;(Battle) (of) Ulundi
;;Its artist interviewed some of the principals in preparation for this painting, which features a cloudy, dark sky on the upper right side of the canvas. On the left a man in a Green coat and a sash made out of beads bends towards the central group. Another figure's embroidered hat lies in front of him as he clenches his fists, while another man clutches a large flag. Completed two years after its artist's more conventional depiction of Agrippina Landing at Brundisium, the artist defended his decision to depict "the modern garb of war."This, however, did not exclude its artist from taking historical license, for neither the wounded Robert Monckton nor the pensive and crouching American Indian were there when the titular event occurred. For 10 points, identify this 1770 painting that depicted a certain British commander being killed at the Battle of Quebec, a work by Benjamin West.;;The Death of General Wolfe
;;In addition to his early Cantiques spirituelles, this author created a character who decides to go to bed in his judge's robes one evening, and later he is put to sleep by the impassioned arguments another character makes defending Citron, a dog that had eaten a chicken. That character, Dandin, tries to climb out a window to go to court in this author's only comedy, which closes with the marriage of Leandre and Isabelle. In another play by this author, Roxane attempts to marry the title character in order to dethrone Amurat. This author of some biblically inspired works about Esther and Athalia wrote the plays The Litigants and Bajazet. He also wrote about a character who is urged to murder another by Hermione, who then betrays him, explaining that she'd been distraught that Pyrrhus had wanted to marry the title character. Another of his plays is about a character whose love for Aricie leads him to declare that he will leave Troezen, only for his stepmother to fall in love with him. For 10 points, identify this author of Andromache and a play based on Euripedes's Hippolytus, Phedre.;;(Jean) Racine
;;During this man's time as the head of the Board of Economic Warfare, he came into conflict with Commerce Secretary Jesse Jones over the planting of cryptostegia in Haiti. A scandal involving this man was the discovery of his "Dear Guru" letters to Nicholas Roerich. This man described World War II as "a fight between a slave world and a free world" in his speech, "The Century of the Common Man." This man's father was Secretary of Agriculture under Harding and Coolidge, a post this man also held. In 1948 this editor of The New Republic coupled with Glen Taylor and was cross-endorsed by the Communist Party, but finished behind Strom Thurmond as well as the major candidates as the Progressive Party's Presidential candidate. He thus lost to a man who had replaced him in 1944, Harry Truman. For 10 points, name this man who served as the second vice-president under Franklin Roosevelt.;;(Answer(:)) (Henry) (Agard) Wallace
;;Three times in this work, the music suddenly stops. Its second movement introduces a gentle oboe solo, while it opens with an orchestral depiction of an urban landscape which is interrupted by a clarinet solo and the beginning of a group of sections that its creator identified as "decoy games." Its composer was inspired to begin this work while reading Menyhert Lengel's namesake tale, in which a young girl is forced to wave at passersby from a window. In this musical adaptation, it is the girl's seductive dancing that results in the quick robbery of an old rake and a young man, which occurs before three loud trombone crashes symbolize the entrance of a more formidable, foreign character. Written on the heels of its composer's The Wooden Prince, cymbals mark the three consecutive unsuccessful attempts on the titular figure's life. For 10 points, identify this one act ballet named for a supernatural man from China, a work by Antonin Dvorak.;;The Miraculous Mandarin
;;The protagonist of this novel receives some funding from a comical suitor, the Laird of Dumbiedikes, and watches the death of two characters near Haribee Brow. One of those characters, who earlier had captured her, is hanged, and the other is her daughter, Madge Wildfire. The grandfather of the the protagonist's betrothed had once assisted the ancestor of the Duke of Argyll, allowing Reuben to give her a letter. One historically inspired character in this novel fired into a crowd at the hanging of Andrew Wilson, and that character is killed by a mob led by the protagonist's future brother-in-law dressed as a woman. Early on, the protagonist's sister is unable to show that she did not kill her illegitimate child, landing her in the title location, Tolbooth Prison, with John Porteous. For 10 points, identify this novel about the journey to London in search of a pardon undertaken by Jeanie Deans, a work by Sir Walter Scott.;;(The) Heart of Midlothian
;;According to NMR relaxation experiments, its Hamiltonian consistently dominates the ZFS Hamiltonian, and it may on rare occasions be observed along with a diamagnetic shift. David Akers established that its occurrence in dyonium explains away what appeared to be a magnetic monopole. Its molecular form occurs in diatomic molecules at sunspot-like temperatures and results in antisymmetric Stokes profiles, while its incomplete form occurs when the eigenvalues of a certain matrix cross each other instead of spreading linearly. Only occurring when the orbital and spin contributions to angular momentum cannot be considered coupled because the spin-orbit interaction is dwarfed by the magnitude of the external magnetic field, for 10 points, identify this strong-field variant of the Zeeman effect.;;Paschen(-)Back (effect)
;;This region was initially inhabited by the Arikara people. One legend relates that Henri LeBeau dreamed of a stream and grapevines while falling asleep in this region and upon waking dedicated his life to making jewelry. The Conn family led an extensive exploration in this region around Sylvan Lake, located near the Needles. Cities in this region include the home of one of the world's largest motorcycle rallies, as well as the home of Ellsworth Air Force Base. Containing the world's second longest cave system, Jewel Cave, its highest point is Harney Peak, and, in addition to Rapid City, it contains the location of the deaths of Calamity Jane and Wild Bill Hickok, Deadwood. For 10 points, identify this region of western South Dakota, a mountain range which is notable for Sturgis, Custer State Park, the Crazy Horse monument, and Mount Rushmore.;;Black Hills
;;One of his sons was born from a lotus and represented the morning sun. Another of his sons, who was worshipped in Upper Egypt as an incarnation of Apedemak, was also known as the "Lord of the Massacre" and was represented as a man with a knife and the head of a lion. At some point, this deity absorbed the characteristics of the green skinned, ram headed, god of the risen land and silt, Tatenen. Also syncretized with the funerary god, Sokar, his consort is usually identified as Sekhmet, and his offspring appropriately includes the great architect Imhotep. Usually depicted as a mummified man grasping a scepter composed of the ankh, the was, and the djed, he was often accompanied by the great bull Apis and was primarily worshipped in the city of Memphis. For 10 points, identify this Egyptian creator god.;;Ptah
;;The giant waringin tree is sacred to inhabitants of this province. Klungklung was the seat of its native rulers until 1908. This province's highest point is the volcanic mountain Agung, which contains the mother temple of Pura Besakih. This province's major towns include Singaraja and the provincial capital of Denpasar. The temple Panataram Sasih of Pedjeng houses a bronze drum known as the moon of this region. In Hindu myth, a demon king of this name is sent to rule the underworld after he is stepped on by the avatar Vamana. This province was also the site of investigations that used "thick description" into a form of deep play centering on cockfighting. For 10 points, name this island located within the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia and east of Java, the site of terrorist bombings in 2002.;;Bali
;;According to the Stokes-Einstein relation, the Brownian diffusion of a particle under the influence of a chemical potential gradient is directly proportional to both temperature and this other value. The Kelvin scale is derived by multiplying the fundamental temperature by this value, and in the Eyring equation, it is divided by Planck's constant. The average kinetic energy of a gas is equal to 3/2 times temperature times this value. It multiplies the natural log of the microcanonical partition function to yield the entropy in an equation inscribed on its namesake's tombstone. For 10 points, name this constant that equals the gas constant divided by Avogadro's constant, often symbolized k.;;Boltzmann's (constant)
;;He defended the utility of art and criticized the standard method of teaching the classics in his Education, Intellectual, Moral, and Physical. He debated Frederic Harrison in a series of articles later collected as The Nature and Reality of Religion and, in another work, argued that the uniformity of law depended on what he termed "the persistence of force." He argued that basic rights are natural in the sense that they give value to "customs" in a chapter called "The Great Political Superstition." That chapter was found in The Man Versus the State which was written after his First Principles laid out the basic foundations of his philosophical project including his "Development hypothesis." This man argued for universal suffrage in his first major work subtitled "The Conditions essential to Happiness specified, and the First of them Developed." That work was one of the first to apply the theories of Lamarck to society. For 10 points, identify this author of 1851's Social Statics, a British philosopher best known for coining the expression "survival of the fittest.".;;(Herbert) Spencer
;;One character in this novel uses the callous Irishman Banister to do his bidding, while another issues "a thousand sighs" before beheading a pregnant woman. The protagonist swears revenge against Byam after he is betrayed, despite Colonel Martin's attempts to convince him to let it go. Characters like the Widow Lacklit and the Wheldon sisters were added to an adaptation by Thomas Southerne. This novel's first part takes place in Coromantien, where the protagonist's grandfather tries to steal his wife. The protagonist is nicknamed "Caesar" by the kindly Trefry, but the novel ends tragically when his ears, nose, and arms are cut off after he kills his wife Imoinda, seeks bloody revenge, and is betrayed by Governor of Surinam. For 10 points, name this novel about a "royal slave," a work of Aphra Behn.;;Oroonoko(:)|(the) (Royal) (Slave(,)) (A) (True) (History)
;;This author denounced V. S. Naipaul for identifying with wealthy, modernized countries, and contrasted him with Narayan's interest in the people of Malgudi in his essay "Today, a Balance of Stories." He described a boy ashamed of writing about the harmattan in an essay about the function of the author, "The Novelist as Teacher." This author wrote that "art for art's sake is just another piece of deodorized dog-shit" and argued that Armah's novel The Beautyful Ones are Not Yet Born ignores the sickness of Ghana for the sickness of the modern world in "Africa and Her Writers." This founding editor of the literary magazine Okike wrote a novel in which Odo prostitutes his daughter Edna for money paid by Nanga, who maneuvers to win an election over Odili Samalu. The protagonist of another of his novels wins a scholarship from the UPU before returning to Lagos and taking bribes to pay for the abortion of his girlfriend Clara. For 10 points, name this author of A Man of the People, who wrote about Obi Okonkwo in No Longer at Ease, the sequel to his novel Things Fall Apart.;;(Chinua) Achebe
;;The "Amesbury Archer" is a possible king of these people, and the bronze swords found in the bogs near this group's population centers may be a basis for Arthurian myth. This group was the first in Britain to abandon communal burial mounds in favor of individual graves, and they also brought barley and other cereals to the island. Their namesake objects were often decorated with horizontal rows of fine-toothed stamps, and this group had extensive context with the Battle-Axe culture. For 10 points, name this neolithic group though to have had a hand in adding to a site started by the preceding megalith-builders, Stonehenge.;;(The) (Bell) Beaker (people/folk/culture(,)) (etc)
;;This work features an atheist doctor who procures numerous books, including Amadis of Gaul, in an attempt to liberate the mind of a future curator of the Vatican Library. At one point in this novel, a family celebrates the Feast of Saint Ambrose, which is presided over by the de facto head of the household Dominga de Adviento. Later chapters include the escape of the insane Martina Laborde, and the recitation of Garcilaso de la Vega's sonnets in a cell. It is prefaced by a quote from Aquinas's "On the Integrity of Resurrected Bodies," and a note by the author that details his inspection of a 200 year old tomb in Cartagena that revealed a corpse with still growing hair. It opens with the twelve year old daughter of the Marquis de Casalduero, a mulatto girl raised by slaves, being bitten by a rabid dog and subsequently sent to the Convent of Santa Clara. It ends with her dying after the secret passage, which once allowed her betrothed to visit, is closed. For 10 points, identify this novel about the relationship between a young girl thought to be possessed, Sierva Maria, and the priest, Cayetano de Laura, who is sent to help, but falls for her, a work by Gabriel Garcia Marquez.;;Of Love and Other Demons|Del Amor y Otros Demonios
;;The king universally considered the greatest of this state was responsible for defeating the Gajapatis of Orissa and adding the Raichur Doab to this empire's territory. That king was given a glowing review by the Portuguese travel writer Domingo Paes, who wrote about this state. This state was ruled by the Saluva and Tuluva dynasties after its initial founding by the house of Sangama, including its first kings Bukka and Harihara. This polity's namesake capital was destroyed after its leader Rama Raya was killed by a four-sultan alliance during the Battle of Talikota. That began its final decline, during which it was ruled by Tirumala from the city of Penukonda. Ethnic Kannadas and Tamils were second-class citizens in this state, which was ruled by Telugus, and incorporated the preceeding Hoysala empire into its Hindu bulwark against the Muslim sultanates of the north. For 10 points, name this empire which ruled from modern-day Andhra Pradesh in the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries.;;Vijayanagar
;;One of the men in this work holds a list in his left hand and sits beside another gentleman who is standing in front of a broadsheet that bears the artist's signature and the date of its composition. Painted during the artist's time at Uylenburgh's workshop, it depicts an event that took place on January 31 of the same year that another figure in this work was punished for committing armed robbery. Its namesake was well known in his time for publishing a work describing the then unknown symptoms of Beri-Beri. That subject is surrounded by a group of black-clad onlookers, wears a large floppy hat, and holds a pair of forceps over the flayed arm of a man stretched out on a table. For 10 points, identify this 1632 work commissioned by the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, a work by Rembrandt.;;The Anatomy Lesson (of) (Doctor) (Nicolaes) (Tulp)
;;In order to make this deity descend from the heavens, two deities had a contest to determine who could see the furthest. In the end, it was Kadru who won the contest, but it was Suparni and her children, especially Jagati, who returned with this entity. This deity's many incarnations include a bird, a celestial bull, and even an embryo. According to one story this deity was married to the Nakshatras, the twenty-seven daughters of Daksha, and his punishment for favoring one of them over another explains the waxing and waning of the moon. The subject of an entire book of the Rig Veda, summoning this deity's most famous form involved the use of a stone mill to pound long plant stalks to extract the juice, which was subsequently mixed with milk and consumed by such figures as Agni and Indra. For 10 points, identify this mythological entity, a god of poetry and the moon, whose essence was consumed as a namesake drink of the gods.;;Soma
;;The range of problems capable of being addressed using this theory was expanded by Lighthill's and Langer's methods. The Lindstedt-Poincare method yields approximate solutions to nonlinear differential equations using this theory. Møller and Plesset applied it to obtain the correlation error produced by Hartree-Fock theory. Prandtl applied this theory to solve boundary layer problems dealing with the flow of low velocity fluids over solid objects. Like Rayleigh-Ritz and WKB, it can be used to approximate eigenenergies. For 10 points, name this theory that, when applied to quantum mechanical systems, starts from solutions to the Schrodinger's equation and approximates the effect of small additional forces on the eigenenergies and wavefunction.;;perturbation (theory)
;;One character wonders how long people in a covered wagon have been waiting after he spots them while on a ferry ride. The whiskey-drinking Ralph slams his head against a house after calling his brother at two in the morning in this work. The protagonist recounts his parents singing "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" and other episodes from his childhood in three sections from this novel, which is written entirely in italics. One section observes that a certain creature "has got more god in him" than the priest Jackson will ever see while musing on a butterfly. This novel opens with a prologue describing a balmy evening of its Tennessee setting, entitled "Knoxville: Summer, 1915." Walter Starr invites the protagonist to listen to his gramophone and Mary tries to explain to Catherine and Rufus that their father is never coming back in this work. For 10 points, name this novel in which a car accident kills Jay Follet, a work of James Agee.;;(A) Death in the Family
;;Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy was appointed as papal legate and spiritual leader immediately following this event. Guibert de Nogent provided one of two extant eye-witness accounts of this event, while most accounts are based on the Gesta Francorum. Decrees passed during it were recorded in the Liber Lamberti and include a reaffirmation of the "Truce of God." Due to an adulterous relationship with Bertrade de Montfort, Countess of Anjou, Philip I was excommunicated at this church council, which was preceded by the council of Placentia. A few months after it, forces began to rally around the monk Gottschalk, Walter the Pennnyless, and Count Raymond of Toulouse. Initiated due to the pleas of ambassadors sent by Alexios I Komnenos, for 10 points, name this Church council in which Peter the Hermit was in attendance and Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade.;;(Council) (of) Clermont
;;This man's probing of the medicinal value of the health resort at Bath led him to write the fascinating "An Essay on the External Use of Water." A character modeled after this man appears at the grand portico of the Pantheon and proclaims that "Tis nothing but a huge cock-pit," and is reported to have used the Venus of Medicis "worse than a common strumpet," in Sterne's A Sentimental Journey. Sterne's work was a response to this man's Travels Through France and Italy. He borrowed from Juvenal for his verse satires Advice and Reproof. A haberdasher gets a lesson about ancient Japan from an omniscient particle in his The History and Adventures of an Atom. For 10 points, name this author of picaresque novels concerning the adventures of individuals such as Sir Launcelot Greaves, Ferdinand, Count Fathom, Peregrine Pickle, Humphrey Clinker, and Roderick Random.;;(Tobias) Smollett
;;This scientist's namesake rule for nucleation from a vapor states that nucleation of the metastable phase is preferred to the direct transformation to the stable phase near the transition temperature and at high supersaturation. The Kelvin equation gives the increased solubility of a substance bounded by a curved interface that produces his eponymous ripening in foams and solid dispersions. With de Izaguirre, this scientist developed a composite isotherm for the adsorption of components of a solution. The square of the degree of dissociation time the electrolyte concentration equals a constant according to his dilution law, which only holds for weak electrolytes. A process developed by this scientist, which replaced the Birdeland-Eyde process, employs a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst to oxidize ammonia to a tri-atomic gas that is subsequently passed through water. For 10 points, name this Latvian-born German scientist, who developed a namesake process for the synthesis of nitric acid.;;(Wilhelm) Ostwald
;;Robert Bly wrote a poem about visiting this person's grave with Robert Francis, a subject also treated by the poet Leo Connellan. Sandra Gilbet wrote poems both about this person's "bread" and about her "Black Cake Walk." Peter Meinke wrote a poem about this person "In Hell." A poem addressed "To" this figure notes "You who desired so much--in vain to ask-- / Yet fed you hunger like an endless task" and "Achieved that stillness ultimately best" and was written by Hart Crane. Billy Collins wrote a poem entitled "Taking off [This Person]'s Clothes," which ends by noting that "reason is a plank," "hope has feathers," and "life is a loaded gun." For 10 points, identify this poet, whose own works include "I taste a liquor never brewed," "Because I could not stop for death," and "I heard a fly buzz when I died.".;;(Emily) Dickinson
;;This nation is home to the Arkenu impact craters which were thought to have formed via double impact during the Jurassic Period. In an effort to tap into large underground water reserves, this country began in the mid-1990s the construction of the world's largest irrigation system, known as the Great Manmade River project. The arch of Septimius Severus is located in its Roman ruins of Leptis Magna, while the Jabal Akhdar or "Green Mountain" rises to the east of this nation's second-largest city, Benghazi. It disputes the Aouzou Strip with its southern neighbor, and its northwestern Jafara region is thought to be the homeland of the Berber people. Bordered by Chad and Niger to the south and Egypt to the east, for 10 points, identify this north African country, the home of Tripoli.;;Libya
;;Recently, this filmmaker has leant his name to a franchise that saw a 2005 installment about Jon Bon Jovi's pursuit of the Berziers Cross, which was earlier defended from Valek by Jack Crow, played by James Woods. The failure of his Vampires was punctuated only by a special effects award for a massive sand-dyeing effort. He claimed he attempted to adapt Waiting for Godot "in space" for his Dark Star, and he created the memorable Napoleon Wilson, who withstands a siege with the aid of a character played by Austin Stoker. Another of his films features the central antagonist declaring that "you are really pissing me off to no end" before the hero catches a knife and throws it back at him, leading to Kim Cattrall's rescue by Jack Burton from the clutches of James Hong's Lo Pan. That film, Big Trouble in Little China, featured the star of an earlier outing for this director that saw Isaac Hayes shot by the President after his rescue by Snake Plissken, played by Kurt Russell. For 10 points, identify this director who filmed Jamie Lee Curtis's pursuit by murderer Michael Meyers in Halloween and helmed Assault on Precinct 13 and Escape from New York.;;(John) Carpenter
;;Young and Kim have reported observations of Klein tunneling in heterojunctions of this, made possible by a unique band structure that simulates a relativistic wave equation with a greatly increased fine structure constant. Based on the presence of Dirac fermions, the anomalous quantum hall effect was predicted to occur in this before being observed by groups at Columbia and Manchester. Landau and Peierls argued that it could not exist, as divergent thermal fluctuations would cause it to melt at any temperature. Many groups struggled to produce it by epitaxial growth or intercalation of its quotidian parent compound, but the breakthrough in fabrication depended on 3M Scotch Tape. For 10 points, identify this material first isolated by Geim and Novoselov in 2004 and often touted as the next silicon, a two-dimensional single layer of hexagonally-arrayed carbon atoms.;;Graphene
;;One section of this work analyzes a defense provided before the High Court of Vendome by Gracchus Babeuf, while another examines pornography and the rise of "Aesopian Language." It opens by comparing certain forces to the shadow of nuclear war, and includes a section quoting Barthes' Writing Degree Zero and referring to Brecht's "distancing effect," while examining the phrase "HAPPY CONSCIOUSNESS" rendered in all caps. It advocates a process in which "the Pleasure Principle absorbs the Reality Principle," called "repressive desublimation," in the section "The Chance of the Alternatives." This work claims that a "dazzling array of lifestyles" masquerades as free choice, causing false needs, and in turn the titular construct. This work issues a rallying cry for a "Great Refusal" to the technological and cultural developments this work argues have enslaved modern society. For 10 points, identify this work, published a decade after Eros and Civilization, which posits that consumerism has led to the creation of a limited figure, written by Herbert Marcuse.;;One(-)Dimensional Man(:) (Studies) (in) (the) (Ideology) (of) (Advanced) (Industrial) (Society)
;;Its creation was inspired by its namesake's trip to Japan with John La Farge, although most art historians believe that its creator was influenced by the works of Claus Sluter and the contemporary exhibition of an Antonin Mercie sculpture. Its central figure's hand is brought up to the face, though the hand barely touches the cheek. The rest of the seated body is obscured by a coarse cloth that forms a shroud over the figure's head. Built to honor a woman who went by the nickname "Clover" and who was born with the last name Hooper, this work is faced by a bench which is cast in bronze and is seated on a stone in Washington D.C.'s Rock Creek Cemetery. Finished in 1891, for 10 points, identify this monument created by Augustus St. Gaudens which bears the last name of the man who commissioned it, the author of Mont St. Michel and Chartres.;;Adams (Memorial)
;;When a group of his fellow students took refuge from a failed revolution in Austria, this man declared that he would only wear black. The British government admitted to opening this man's mail after the execution of the Bandiera brothers. This man used the slogan "Thought and Action" and met opposition when he planned to use Charles Albert to lead an army against Radetzky in 1848. In 1865, he refused an appointment to the Turin Parliament because he would not take an oath of allegiance to the monarchy. Sentenced to death in absentia due to his part in an army coup and invasion in Savoy, this man was elected Triumvir of Rome after the assasination of Pellegrino Rossi. He said that "neither Pope nor king," but rather "God and the people" would lead to victory the movement he founded. For 10 points, name this leader of Young Italy, a democratic figure of the Risorgimento.;;(Answer(:)) (Giussepe) Mazzini
;;This thinker analyzed the difference between dyads and triads in "Quantitative Aspects of the Group." This social scientist labeled ignoring the interdependency of power relations as the "fallacy of separateness" andclaimed that play symbolized the highest possible aesthetic interactions of people in his essay "The Sociology of Sociability." One of this social scientist's works argues that big cities tend to have adverse effects on the intellectual capacities and sanity of individuals. He identified social types fixed by the reactions of others such as "the mediator," "the poor," and "the stranger," and wrote a book analyzing the way in which the ability to buy and sell goods affects social standing. For 10 points, name this German sociologist of The Metropolis and Mental Life and The Philosophy of Money.;;(Georg) Simmel
;;In Marcus Stone's depiction of this figure, the neck of a lute can be seen on the side of the canvas, while in Arthur Hughes', this personage sits on the trunk of a tree.A prominent symbolist depicted this figure with red hair and eyes closed in a painting subtitled The Predestined Child, while in another work by that same artist this figure wears a blue cape. Like the aforementioned Odilon Redon, Eugene Delacroix also offered a series of depictions, including one where this character kneels with bare arms while desperately grasping at a cloak. Dante Gabriel Rossetti's painting of this figure depicts a moment after the "first madness," while another artist used a sketch of Elizabeth Siddal lying on her back, to create the most famous depiction of this doomed fictional character.For 10 points, what Shakespearian character did John Everett Millais famously depict wearing a white dress and covered in flowers as she floated to her death?.;;Ophelia
;;The p-adics are useful examples of these in number theory, and a theorem of Weierstrass and Hilbert shows that any attempt to generalize this concept to triplets of numbers is equivalent to the complex numbers. These are called Pythagorean if they contain the square root of one plus the square of any element, and perfect if all finite extensions are separable. The main theorem of Galois theory relates certain subsets of Galois extensions of these to the subgroups of the Galois group. The characteristic of one of these is the number of times you must add one to itself to get zero and must always be a prime, and a finite one of these must have order equal to a power of some prime. For 10 points, name this algebraic structure, examples of which include the reals and rationals but not the integers, defined as a set with two binary operators in which addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division are all well-defined and the distributive law is satisfied.;;field
;;One of his first executive offices was as Chief Minister of the Internal Self-Government Administration, in which role he negotiated with Richard Turnbull. During his rule, over nine million people were transported by trucks into a new system of villages. This man led a one-party state through his Chama Cha Mapinduzi, or Party of the Revolution, and instituted the "parastatal" boards to control trade in each major good. In 1978, this founder of the Organization of African Unity sent his country's army to depose Idi Amin. His Arusha Declaration introduced a policy of agricultural collectivization known as "familyhood," or "ujaama." For 10 points, name this man who, from independence to 1985, was the president first of Tanganyika and then Tanzania.;;(Julius) (Kambarage) Nyerere
;;In one poem in this collection, a father does not understand why his son wishes to be on the shore of Kilve rather than at Liswyn farm. Another poem in this collection begins "Her eyes are wild, her head is bare / The sun has burnt her coal-black hair." The moon follows the speaker to the cottage of his lover in one of this book's poems, while a further poem describes a girl "who seemed a thing that could not feel." In addition to a subsection containing "A Slumber did my Spirit Seal" and "Strange Fits of Passion I have Known," the Lucy poems, this collection includes verses addressed directly to Dorothy and one in which a Wedding Guest is told "water, water, everywhere / nor any drop to drink." For 10 points, identify this collection containing "Lines Written Above Tintern Abbey" and "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," a volume of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.;;Lyrical Ballads
;;This person is the second namesake of a condition that, when combined with the Schrodinger equation in a periodic potential, results in Bloch's theorem. That condition states that the wavefunction must be unchanged by translation by a lattice translation vector. This thinker determined that the ratio between mean and roughness velocities in a boundary layer flow is equal to about 0.41. In addition to the aforementioned constant and boundary condition also named for Born, this scientist discovered a quasi-periodic shedding pattern caused by locally turbulent separated flow past blunt bodies. This physicist's aforementioned namesake streets of vortices are shed by fast flows past cylinders. For 10 points, name this physicist whose namesake line marks the edge of the Earth's atmosphere, a Hungarian-American.;;(Theodore) (von) Karman
;;In one section the author compares a belief in corporeality with idolatry, while another discusses God's multiple intelligences. Its last chapter focuses on wisdom and the perfectibility of man, and it notes that the fourth and final kind of perfection can only be achieved through faith. Interspersed throughout the text are references to the mystical Merkabha section of the book of Ezekiel. Its introductory sections include "Directions for the study of this work" and "On Method," the latter of which addresses the inconsistencies commonly found in the Mishnah. Written in the form of a letter to the author's student, it attempted to allay Joseph ben Judah's religious confusion. For 10 points, identify this 1190 treatise written in Arabic, an attempt to reconcile Aristotle with Judaism, by Maimonides.;;Guide for the Perplexed|Moreh Nevuchim
;;Gerald Guinness accused this of being an "unlikable poem" which uses the word "batten" when it should use "cause" and engages in phrases such as "colonel of carrion" for "reasons rather of sound than sense." This poem describes "brutish necessity" wiping its hands "upon the napkin of a dirty cause." A worm in this poem urges no waste of compassion on "separate dead." Its speaker claims that "statistics justify and scholars seize" policies that lead to a child being hacked in bed. Addressing similar themes as the author's "Ruins of a Great House," the speaker of this poem contrasts "a white dust of ibises" with men who "Dance to the tightened carcass of a drum."This poem's central conflict is compared to "The gorilla wrestling with the superman," and the speaker wonders how to choose between the title place and "the English tongue I love." The speaker wonders how he can "face such slaughter and be cool" before questioning "How can I turn from" the title place "and live?" For 10 points, name this poem about a continent by Derek Walcott.;;(A) Far Cry from Africa
;;In one work of this title, an old man is called "Old turtle!" after referring to pickpockets as "three-handed" people, and that old man babbles about chess to Glasses. Other characters in that work include a mother who doesn't want her red dates and sesame seeds to go to waste, one who really wants to taste yogurt, Hothead, and a director who offers Carpenter some "Big Front Door" cigarettes. In another work of this name, a scene from Romeo and Juliet is performed by Gerald Lyman and Elma Duckworth, and Cherie agrees to go to Montana with Bo Decker. The waitress Grace and the other characters are snowed in at that work's title location, a diner near Kansas City. For 10 points, give the shared title of these plays, works of Gao Xingjian and William Inge.;;Bus Stop
;;The setup for this experiment was improved by using platinum wire wound on a pyrex glass support to reduce the amount of metal, and that version was performed by Goucher and Davis. An apparatus named for its performers requires a precise temperature-pressure environment to avoid changing the mean-free path of electrons. The sudden drops in voltages at multiples of 4.9 volts allowed its performers to come to its conclusion. Its setup used a tube containing an anode, a cathode, and a counter electrode whose potential relative to the other electrodes was negative, and the inelastic collisions between the accelerated electrons and the electrons in the mercury vapor was observed in this experiment. For 10 points, identify this experiment which demonstrated the idea of energy quantization and was performed by two German physicists.;;Franck(-)Hertz (experiment)
;;In one work, this artist depicted a huge nude with a flayed left arm contorted in pain, while in another of his works, a hooded woman buries her face in her hands. In addition to War and The Sob, he painted a work that sees a group of figures with distorted faces hold up a bleeding, bound black man and another work in which a red-cloaked figure sits on a pile of debris as its head emerges from a disembodied gray head. Those works by this man are Cain in the United States and Echo of a Scream. He also painted a work in which several bodies burn as large groups of people trudge across the wall of the Parque de Lama and a series depicting the overthrow of Diaz. For 10 points, identify this artist of The March of Humanity and From Porfiriato to the Revolution, who led a renaissance in Mexican mural-painting with Diego Rivera and Jose Orozco.;;(David) (Alfaro) Siqueiros
;;The U.S.'s abrogation of the treaty signed prior to this conflict was held constitutional because of Congress's "plenary power" in the case Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock. One party in this conflict had earlier been defeated at the battles of Beecher Island and was known as the "Dog Soldiers." One combatant in this war, Billy Dixon, is one of six civilians to earn the Medal of Honor, and sniped a man at 1500 yards in "the shot of the century" during a battle in this conflict instigated by Quanah Parker and Coyote Dung, the second battle of Adobe Wells. This war was spurred by the abrogation of the Medicine Lodge Treaty, and ended when Red Warbonnet was routed by Ranald Mackenzie at Palo Duro Canyon. For 10 points, name this 1874 war to remove the Arapahoe, Cheyenne, Comanche, and Kiowa from the southern plains, named for the border waterway between Texas and Oklahoma.;;(The) Red River (War)
;;An approximation of it named for Russell uses the TDS value to determine one of its parameters via the Langelier approximation, while one constant that appears in it has units of moles per kilogram to the one half power, according the Bates-Guggenheim convention. Along with Guggenheim, Scatchard and Bronsted improved upon this model by developing the SIT theory, and that model has a better fit than a modification of it named for Davies. This relationship assumes the existence of only long-range interactions, and it was extended to account for Brownian motion by Lars Onsager. It assumes that the solvent is structure-less and that the solution is dilute, and the theory behind it implies that the electrostatic potential falls off exponentially when r is greater than the atomic radius due to screening by counter ions. For 10 points, identify this equation which is used to calculate the activity coefficients, and is named for a German and a Dutch scientist.;;Debye(-)Huckel (equation/theory)
;;The second volume of them features a discussion of the "latinity" of Central and South America, as well as a consideration of St. Benedict's influence on feudalism. Another analyzes the story of an animal who tears off his own testicles in order to save his life. That piece, "The Fable of the Beaver," is contained in the same section as its discussion of "Agitation and Propaganda," where their author focuses on the rise of dictatorships through the party system. Including other pieces like "An Introduction to the Study of Grammar" and "Americanism and Fordism," they are broadly divided into three major sections including "The Philosophy of Praxis." Their composition over the course of six years was precipitated by the passage of a series of "Exceptional Laws." Notable for a piece that uses Marx to explicate Machiavelli and another that discusses the development of "cultural hegemony," for 10 points, identify this collection of short essays, named for the disciplinary setting in which they were written, the masterpiece of Antonio Gramsci.;;Prison Notebooks
;;One of the central figures of this event had earlier gotten pregnant after a fling with a black American named Jim, after which she attempted to give herself an abortion with a darning needle. Another figure involved in this event allegedly held another hostage with an axe, and this event went public after Lucky Gordon's rival Johnny Edgecombe blew off a doorhandle with a revolver. One participant in this event evaded arrest by ramming his Jaguar into a convoy of press vehicles, and had previously earned a living as an osteopath and a portrait painter. In addition to Stephen Ward, this event involved Eugene Ivanov, a Soviet naval attache who allegedly probed the central figure for information on American missiles in West Germany. For 10 points, name this event centering on Christine Keeler that caused the downfall for a namesake Secretary of State for War, a scandal that rocked Harold Macmillan's government.;;(the) Profumo (Affair)
;;This work's description of mutability, "a shadow of a cloud on the stream," is contrasted with the steadfastness of the stone, which also becomes a heart in a subsequent stanza. In another section, the narrator recalls the sweetness and sensitive nature of a poet, and even agrees to sing the praises of a man he once thought of as a "vainglorious lout." It alludes to Gertrude's suffering with the lines "That is heavens part," while at the beginning the speaker recalls exchanging "polite meaningless words" with such figures as Countess Markiewicz and a man briefly married to its author's muse, Maud Gonne. Ending with the assertion that "A terrible beauty is born," its previous lines refer to the executions of such leaders as James Connolly and Patrick Pearse. Named for the holiday and the year on which a certain event took place, for 10 points, identify this poem commemorating a failed Irish uprising, a work by William Butler Yeats.;;Easter 1916
;;Aided by such men as Halitherses, this figure once took in a stranger from Pylos named Theoclymenus, who told him about a "bird of omen" he'd seen. Some stories claim that this figure married and fathered Perseptolis with a woman who'd once bathed him, Polycaste, while others claim that he married his possible half-sister Cassiphone or the princess Nausicaa. He learned of a prophecy of Proteus from Menelaus, whom he visited after leaving the court of Nestor, and he undertook those travels on the advice of Athena, who was disguised as Mentor. Palamedes once placed him in front of a plow to foil his father's attempts at avoiding a certain conflict by pretending to be mad. He would ultimately be reunited with his father in Eumaeus' hut. He would later help that father by clearing the palace halls of weapons in order to ambush a bunch of suitors. For 10 points, identify this prince of Ithaca, the son of Penelope and Odysseus.;;Telemachus
;;In one work by this man, a retired army officer claims that "everything passes, everything is forgotten," to which an innkeeper counters that not everything is forgotten. In addition to that work about the lost love between Nikolai and Nadezhda, he wrote a novel which sees Rodka poisoned by his wife, the Bride, who eventually becomes Kuzma's housekeeper and is seduced by Tikhon. This author of "The Dark Avenues" and the autobiographical The Life of Arseniev, also wrote "The Elaghin Affair" and the novel The Village. In another of his works, a soda-water crate is used as a makeshift coffin, and after becoming bored of looking at churches, the title millionaire dies of a heart attack on Capri. For 10 points, identify this first Russian winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, the author of "The Gentleman from San Francisco".;;(Ivan) (Alekseyevich) Bunin
;;This thinker called Americans "stripped European[s]" in a work criticizing William Dean Howells for "paint[ing] no heroes," and criticized the World Trade Center as "only another Dinosaur" in another work. This thinker discussed "historic manifestations of love" in Values for Survival, and argued that American philosophy was a new stage of human development in The Golden Day. He wrote a series of books including The Pentagon of Power that developed the idea of the "megamachine," and divided the last thousand years of civilization into eotechnic, paleotechnic, and neotechnic eras in the first part of his "Renewal of Life" series. His studies of urban life include The Culture of Cities and The City in History. For 10 points, name this American thinker who described the historical development of technology in Technics and Civilization.;;(Lewis) Mumford
;;An ancient archaeological site in this modern-day country is a complex network of two-rut tracks named after the London rail station Clapham Junction. Another archaeological site in this country's Xaghra plateau was destroyed after being excavated by Otto Bayer, and survives only in drawings by Charles de Brochtroff, while its Ggantija Temple is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Margaritus of Brindisi was the first Count of this place. The storming of Fort St. Elmo was one of the key actions in the "great siege" of this place by a group that settled here at the behest of Charles V, and this archipelago contains Comino and Gozo. For 10 points, name this place where the Knights Hospitaller battled the Turks after failures at Rhodes and Cyprus, with a modern-day capital at Valletta.;;(Republic) (of) Malta
;;Substitutions of an alanine at position 143 or a histidine at position 175 allow this protein to bind to hsp70. Its L2 loop binds to an ankyrin repeat of a protein homologous to ASPP1. Wip-1 reduces the activity of this protein by dephosphorylating MAP kinase. The C-terminal RING finger motif of one protein promotes ubiquitination of this protein, while the N-terminal domain of that MDM-2 protein binds to it. Inheritance of only one copy of the gene coding for it leads to Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Human cancers typically involve mutations in either the retinoblastoma pathway or the pathway involving this protein. For 10 points, name this tumor suppressor, the "guardian angel of the genome.".;;p53
;;In this work, Bob Yamm becomes a national star, thus outshining fellow midget O.K. Ockatur. An eight-year old scientific prodigy named Isaac develops a special type of Wheaties that aids nearly all of the characters in this work, including a journeyman with a diaper fetish whose grandfather was named Spit, John Baal. Alluded to by a Mossad agent in another of its author's works as "the unreadable allegory for the Jews," the only player to eschew the special Wheaties in this work is Roland Agni. This work's plot ultimately descends into a communist witch hunt following the hyper-sexual Angela Trust's replacement of Ulysses Fairsmith with the once-banned Gil Gamesh. For 10 points, name this book, narrated by Word Smith, about the now-excised-from-history Patriot League and the Port Ruppert Mundys, written by Philip Roth.;;(The) Great American Novel
;;One ruler of this dynasty negotiated the Peace of Amasya with a western neigbhor. A later leader hired Sir Robert Sherley, who restructured the army into the divisions of ghulams, tofongchis, and topchis. This dynasty came to power by defeating the Ak Koyunlu, or White Sheep, and, after it won the Battle of Merv, this dynasty's founder used Shaibani's skull as a goblet. Shortly before its fall, this dynasty's capital was seized by Mahmud Khan, the leader of the Ghilzai; earlier, Selim the Grim had captured another of this dynasty's capitals by winning the Battle of Chaldiran. Its court at Esfahan was established by Shah Abbas I, while its founder ruled from Tabriz as Ismail I and came to power with the backing of the Qizilbash. For 10 points, name this dynasty which made Iran a Shia state and was ultimately overthrown in 1736 by Nadir Shah and the Afsharids.;;Safavid (Dynasty)
;;Some of his most recent work, such as the Luxury Hotel, the Hesperia Tower, and the remodeling of Las Arenas, which converted an old bullring into a mall, has been done in Barcelona. His civic commissions include a structure whose primary components are three egg shaped vessels that recall Kentish oast-buildings and now houses the law courts of Bordeaux. He also oversaw the construction of a building primarily made up of cylinders and glass to house the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. Closer to home, he counts the Senedd building for the National Assembly for Wales and the Lloyd's Building in London as successes, though the Millenium Dome turned out to be another matter. His breakthrough project was completed in 1976 and relies on color coding to highlight the exposed heating and air conditioning funnels running throughout. For 10 points, identify this British architect who designed the Centre Pompidou with Renzo Piano.;;(Richard) Rogers
;;In DNA, these are speculated to open a transcription bubble for RNA polymerase, and, in alpha-helix proteins, a variety results from self-trapping of quanta of the amide-I vibration via interaction with soft longitudinal phonons. These Davydov quasiparticles were thought to be responsible for transport of energy from ATP, but W. C. Kerr showed that the original model cannot work at biologically relevant temperatures, while the Kerr effect allows these to appear in optical materials. In the Sine-Gordon equation, these are "kink" and "anti-kink" solutions, and Adam Cohen showed in 2003 how they can describe DNA hairpins in high AC fields. For 10 points, name these nondispersive wave solutions to nonlinear equations, first observed as "waves of translation" in a Scottish canal.;;soliton
;;The forests in this province were used to train Japanese troops for jungle warfare during World War II. During the 1980's, tax incentives to attract foreign investments were put in place here, making it the largest of its country's Special Economic Zones. The country which rules it claims that the Paracel Islands are part of this province. Just to the southeast of this province is Monkey Island, and it contains two large inland bodies of water, the Songtoo and Niululing reservoirs. In 1950, Communist landings here, launched from the nearby Leizhou Peninsula, deprived the Nationalists of one of their last possessions outside Taiwan. For 10 points, name this province, an island on the Gulf of Tonkin, the southernmost in China.;;Hainan
;;One character in this play speaks of a man who forbade a horse-groomer from greasing the teeth of his horses in order to teach him how to do so. Another scene sees the protagonist declare that a woman who "wants wit in a corner" "has it nowhere." A scene in this work, in which one character describes his china collection, is discussed by in a later play by the same dramatist that includes the characters of Olivia and Eliza. In another scene in this play, a group of women, including Lady Fidget, meet to drink, during which it is revealed that every member of the group is having sex with the same man. One subplot involves Alithea, who is originally engaged to Sparkish, but, after being caught in a compromising situation, leaves him for Harcourt. Another character in this play pretends to be a eunuch. Pinchwife brings Margery, the titular character, to London, after which she has an affair with Harry Horner in, for 10 points, what play by William Wycherley?.;;(The) Country Wife
;;One story involving these mythological beings describes how a dog, a pheasant, and a monkey accompanied a boy born from a peach to their island and defeated them. Persons representing these creatures are symbolically driven away to welcome the start of Spring during the holiday Setsubun. Two of their kind ride around in a chariot of fire and assist Emma-Daio, the Buddhist God of the Underworld, by collecting people's souls. Primarily opposed by Shoki and usually shown wearing the skin of a tiger, they form a group of creatures also referred to as the bakemono, along with such other malevolent spirits as the kappa and the tengu. Usually represented as cruel and lecherous, for 10 points, identify these giant horned demons of Japanese mythology.;;(The) oni
;;This thinker distinguished between theories about the actual world, or "models of," and theories about theoretical worlds, or "models for." This social scientist described the "Doctrine of the Exemplary Center" in a book which uses the figures of Lyusi and Kalidjaga to represent different forms of religious belief. This anthropologist defined descriptions of cultural events that use the particular language of those events as "local knowledge." He argued that anthropological relativism is based on data and warned against retreating into provincialism in his lecture "Anti-Anti-Relativism." This anthropologist defined religion as a "system of symbols" in Religion as a Cultural System, and used Gilbert Ryle's example of the distinction between an involuntary twitch and a deliberate wink to illustrate his concept of "thick description." For 10 points, name this anthropologist who used the Balinese cockfight to explain his concept of "deep play.".;;(Clifford) Geertz
;;One author from this country described the freezing of Mientus's face as the result of a "duel of grimaces" with Siphon. That writer from this country spent two decades in Argentina attempting to make a Spanish translation of one of his novels and composing an account of his exile entitled Trans-Atlantyk. That writer from this country included the story "The Rat" in his Memoirs of a Time of Immaturity and also described the suitor of Zutka, a thirty-year old man named Johnnie, who is abducted by his old schoolmaster, Professor Pimko, and returned to the classroom. This country is home to the author of Kosmos, Pornografia, and Ferdydurke, as well as the author of patriotic historical fiction such as Without Dogma, The Deluge, and With Fire and Sword. For 10 points, identify this homeland of the man who wrote the Roman-set religious novel Quo Vadis?, Henryk Sienkiewicz, as well as Witold Gombrowicz.;;Poland
;;His landscapes include The Valley of the Loue in Stormy Weatherand The Torrent, which depicts a stream in the Jura mountains. He painted a young woman nodding off at the wheel in The Sleeping Spinner, while Meyer Schapiro suggested that he was influenced by images d'Epinal, prints circulated in the countryside, in an essay on this man and "popular imagery." That influence can be seen in the frieze-like composition of Enterrement and in his self-styling as the Wandering Jew in The Meeting. An extrovert, he depicted himself in numerous works such as Self-portrait with a dog and Self-portrait as a desparate man. He created a painting of two naked women cavorting in Sleep and he called his close-up of Jo Hiffernan's genitals The Origin of the World. Two young girls play next to a man sitting on a step in a portrait of his friend Proudhon, who also appears along with Champfleury, George Sand, and himself, in a huge painting subtitled An Allegory of the Last Seven Years of My Artistic Life. For 10 points, name this painter of The Artist's Studio and The Stonebreakers.;;(Gustave) Courbet
;;This work quotes Montaigne on how much easier it is to accuse than to excuse and Engels on the shift from a regime based on community ownership to one on private property; a shift which its author claims coincided with the application of tools, the domination of nature, and subsequent social differentiation.This work asserts that the determinism of psychoanalysis must be rejected in Part I, which is divided into three chapters, "Biology," "Psychology," and "History."Part II, On the Master Slave Rebellion, argues for an existentialist perspective to understand how the supremacy of one group developed.Its Introduction disputes the nominalism of Dorothy Parker's contemporary call for equality and outlines this work's true goal, which is to explore how the concept of "the eternal feminine evolved." For 10 points, identify this book that posited the evolution of woman as "the other," a 1949 work by Simone de Beauvoir.;;(The) Second Sex
;;This composer's works for piano include a Fantasia on a theme of Hummel as well as the songs "The Pretty Girl No Longer Loves Me" and "The Sea Princess." This composer relied extensively on syncopation and dotted rhythms in his Symphony No. 1, in E flat major. In another work, composed in D major, this composer represented himself as the cello and his wife Ekaterina as the first violin. That piece, the second of his two string quartets, preceded this man's Petite Suite, which was edited and orchestrated by Glazunov. Although he died before he could complete a third symphony, he did finish a certain "musical picture," for the anniversary of Alexander II, that sought to depict a caravan moving across the deserts of an exotic title location. For 10 points, identify this composer of the Polovtsian Dances, Prince Igor, and In the Steppes of Central Asia.;;(Alexander) Borodin
;;In one of this man's novels, Evelith Strange must decide whether to leave her social position for love and whether to accompany Aristides back to his home country. In another, Angus Beaton loves Alma Leighton, who is his rival for the position of illustrator. In addition to writing about what would happen before the "real grasshopper" could be appreciated, this man is responsible for such works as The Lady of the Aroostook and The Minister's Charge. Another of his works sees a one-armed socialist beaten to death by police and Conrad killed by an errant bullet while trying to intervne. He also wrote a novel in which Ben Halleck is unsure of whether he should propose and Marcia retreat to her father's home in Equity, Maine, following the escape to Arizona of Bartley Hubbard. This man also wrote about Basil March publishing the magazine "Every Other Week" during a streetcar strike and the love triangle between Tom Corey and the sisters Irene and Penelope Lapham. For 10 points, name this author of A Modern Instance, A Hazard of New Fortunes, and The Rise of Silas Lapham.;;(William) (Dean) Howells
;;This treaty led to a sixteen-year period in which Venice controlled the Peloponnese, and it compelled Poland to withdraw from Moldavia. The Hungarian nationalist Imre Thokoly was deposed as prince in the wake of this treaty. Its Russian portion was supplemented in the following year by a treaty which transferred Azov, and it exempted an area defined by the Tisza, Mure?, and Danube rivers, the Banat of Temesvar, from one provision. In addition to the namesake town and the surrounding region of Vojvodina, Transylvania and Hungary also changed hands under this agreement, sixteen months after Eugene of Savoy's victory over Mustafa II at the Battle of Zenta. For 10 points, name this agreement signed between the Austria-led Holy League and the Ottoman Empire, who lost territory, in 1699.;;(Treaty) (of) Karlowitz
;;These entities are described by the Dupuit assumption, which says that they are characterized by horizontal transport. That assumption can be used to develop the steady-state Thiem equation for these systems, which relates their transmissivity to their specific storage, but is less useful than the non-equilibrium Theis equation. Their pressure properties can be tested using straddle packers, and the perched variety of these occur in an area known as the vadose zone. Prominent examples of these include the Guarani and the Floridan, and their cross-sectional area can be multiplied by conductivity in a key application of Darcy's Law, often used to describe the confined type of these, which are surrounded by two impermeable layers. Bounded by a piezometric surface, for 10 points, name these beds of rock which store groundwater for wells.;;aquifers
;;The losing side at this battle outnumbered the eventual victors but had an artillery disadvantage and was exhausted after making a long march from Sodbury. The losing side had wanted to cross the Severn to meet up with their allies in Wales, which had become necessary after another ally's defeat and death at the Battle of Barnet. The Duke of Somerset blamed his failure to flank the victor's left at this battle on Lord Wenlock, and apocryphally killed Wenlock in a fit of rage. That act, the failure to join the forces of Jasper Tudor, and the flanking of the loser's right by cavalry under Richard, Duke of Gloucester, led to the collapse of the loser's lines and the death of Somerset, the Prince of Wales, and many other of Queen Margaret's forces, who took refuge in the nearby abbey. For 10 points, name this 1471 battle which saw the final defeat of the Lancastrian supporters of King Henry VI.;;(Battle) (of) Tewkesbury
;;In this novel, a shopping trip for a wedding dress is interrupted by a bottle of Zubrowka, and Sophie, who is unable to recover from the deaths of her husband and her little boy, disappears. Kosti, who works in the coal mines, urges the main character to seek spiritual answers, and the Benedictine Father Ensheim urges that character to go to Benares and Madura. Gray Maturin's headaches are cured by the main character of this novel, who gained his skills of hypnotic suggestion from Shri Ganesha in India. After Gray's stockbroker business fails, he and his family move to Paris, where they encounter the main character. Isabel had earlier dumped this novel's protagonist Larry when he returned traumatized from the war, delayed their wedding, and moved to Paris. For 10 points, name this Somerset Maugham work which ends with Larry Darrell pursuing the life that pleases him.;;(The) Razor's Edge
;;This writer quoted a line from Marvell about Matilda of Flanders in her work The Story of the Normans, Told Chiefly in Relation to Their Conquest of England. In one of her works, Mrs. Bean is the recipient of a warm petticoat from Miss Debby Gaines. She wrote of Tom Aldis's love for the title character in "The Life of Nancy." Besides writing "An Empty Purse," she collected several stories in a volume titled for a tale in which the owner of the cow Mistress Moolly, a woman named Sylvia, refuses to tell a hunter the location of the title bird. This author set the novels Deephaven and A Country Doctor in the locale of her best known work. That work set in Dunnet Landing features Captain Littlepage, who shares his love of poetry with the narrator Almira Todd. For 10 points, name this Maine author of "A White Heron" and The Country of the Pointed Firs.;;(Sarah) (Orne) Jewett
;;This work discusses the dangers of a false belief in gloriae and warns against repudiating Benedict of Nursia and Thomas a Kempis. Chapter 15 describes the sloth and misery of man and is prefaced by a discussion of Jesus' dual nature as lord and servant. According to George Hunsinger, six motifs recur in this work, which include the idea that, even without true comprehension, the mystery of God can be coherently spoken of and that history must be understood through God. This work posited that a theology divorced from preaching and teaching was lost, and its most controversial section rejected Calvin's distinction between the "reprobate" and the "elect." It was composed at the same time as the author's Epistle to the Romans and was based on material delivered in lecture form for thirty six years of the author's life. For 10 points, identify this 13 volume work, an exploration of Christian doctrine by Karl Barth.;;Church Dogmatics|Kirchliche Dogmatik
;;One sidekick in this work is a Chinese magician who was circumcised by God in the womb in order to prove his fidelity to Islam from birth named Almambet. Some of the principal figures in this work first meet at a six-month feast to which the princes of the demons are invited, given in memory of Koketey. The title character of this work leads the Forty Horsemen and fights a dragon while riding the magic steed Akkula. This work ends with a description of the exploits of Seitek. Earlier, the title character marries Kanykei, with whom he fathers the hero of this work's middle section, Semetei. Its traditional oral performers start it with the line "It was a long time ago, and now the eyewitnesses have gone." Those performers of this work include the legendary Bokanbaeva and Togolok Moldo, and are remembered by statues and street names in Bishkek. For 10 points, name this epic poem, often described as twenty times as long as the Odyssey, which comprises the national myth of Kyrgyzstan.;;Manas
;;In 1968, VK Prest classified these geological formations into the three types of transverse, parallel, and non-oriented. One example of the transverse type is named for De Geer, and is characterized by linear closely-spaced washboard structures, as seen in the Kvarken Archipelago and Scottish Highlands. A famous one is the Ronkonkoma, formed during the Wisconsin Stage of the Pleistocene on Long Island, while a state park around Lake Arthur in Pennsylvania is named for these. A recent period of abnormal warmth is evidenced by the push type of these, while the recessional type form at higher elevations, and interlobate ones occur at common margins. Talus from side basin shearing creates lateral ones, while end deposits of till result in the terminal type. For 10 points, give this term for the poorly sorted material left behind by glaciers.;;moraines
;;A concentration of fighter planes in the area where this event took place was a failed attempt to intimidate one polity involved and was known as Operation Red Fox. Two days before this affair began, a thirty-one-member Special Forces team had penetrated to within 500 meters of the Blue House carrying automatic weapons and hand grenades, but were discovered and slaughtered. People involved in this incident used sexual innuendo and outdated slang in their statements in order to communicate secret messages, and a photograph of several of the eighty-three hostages taken during this event shows them leaning their heads against their middle fingers, a gesture unknown to their captors. The agreement ending this affair permitted the U.S. to disavow the confessions of the crewmen to intruding into foreign waters. For 10 points, name this 1968 incident in which an American Navy intelligence ship was captured by North Korea.;;(USS) Pueblo (incident)
;;They include a piece interpolating a Neapolitan folksong, while another bases its rhythm on a Habanera in order to invoke a historic gate at the Alhambra. Still another uses a fragmented melody to depict a stark glacial landscape. That piece, the sixth of them, is marked "slow and sad." Another one quotes "God Save the Queen" and is dedicated to Samuel Pickwick.Collected in two books, they were composed between 1909 and 1913 and include works with such titles as "The Hills of Anacapri," "The Sunken Cathedral," and "Girl with the Flaxen Hair." Markedly shorter than this composer's previous works, like Three Nocturnes, their name derives from a type of music that would often begin a church service or introduce another work, like a fugue. For 10 points, identify this set of 24 pieces for piano, by Claude Debussy.;;Preludes
;;This play was based on a Thomas Deloney tract which was the source for an "Epistle to the Professors" and which prefaced this work in its first edition. A boy in this play enters wearing an alderman's gown after one character mentions his dealings with Skellum Skanderbag. Another character grants command of his troops to Askew and returns disguised as the Dutchman Hans. Sir Roger Oteley, the mayor of London in this play, goes with the Earl of Lincoln to St. Faith's to disrupt the wedding of Jane and Ralph, and goes to Savoy only to be foiled by Simon Eyre, the title character. Shrove Tuesday is set aside as the title day, and the marriage of Rowland Lacy is recognized in, for 10 points, what play by Thomas Dekker about some cobblers?.;;(The) Shoemaker's Holiday(:) (A) (Pleasant) (Comedy) (of) (the) (Gentle) (Craft)
;;It eventually forced the 3rd Earl of Sunderland, Charles Spencer, out of office. This event inspired the street ballad "Every fool aspired to be a knave" and drew comparison to the Trojan Horse by the second Earl Cowper. It involved a rumor of Earl Stanhope's reception of overtures. James Craggs and his son John were both tried for this event, and through a Parliamentary inquiry, John Aislabie was expelled for his involvement with it. Madam von Platen and the Duchess of Kendal's bribe-taking helped pass a measure by which the entity responsible for it assumed the British national debt. That entity, established by Robert Harley, excited Exchange Alley investors with its promise of abundant wealth with zero taxes from Philip V, despite being limited to one vessel after the Treaty of Utrecht. For 10 points, name this 1720 British speculation crisis.;;South Sea Bubble
;;By a special case of the projection-slice theorem, performing the Hankel transform is equivalent to performing this man's transform for axially symmetric functions along with Fourier's. The absolute value of the inner product of two vectors is bounded by an inequality named for this man, who sometimes names the formula for summation by parts. The equation of titration is derived from this man's equation, which equates f(h(x)) with f(x+1), but he is better known for an identity linking the Wronskian of a second order differential equation to the equation itself and for an identity with Ruffini. Better known for proving that the general form of a quintic polynomial is insolvable, for 10 points, name this mathematician who names groups which are commutative, a Norwegian.;;(Niels) (Henrik) Abel
;;This artist's earlier pieces, such as the marble Torso, emulated Fernand Leger, while this artist's last sitter was the photographer Elie Lotar. One of this artist's works depicts a woman sitting on a chair with her calves hidden from view, while the title feature of another one of this artist's subjects protrudes far outside the outline of a cage. In addition to Invisible Object and The Nose, this artist designed a notable set for a production of Waiting for Godot and completed numerous abstract portraits of his wife Caroline. Recently his animal sculpture Le Chat, one of eight bronze cats the artist sculpted in the early 1950s, was set to be auctioned off by Sotheby's. Another of his bronzes, subtitled Composition with Seven Figures and a Head, depicts a group of women as trees. That work, The Forest, as well as an earlier piece featuring four men walking, the City Square, depict this sculptor's characteristic elongation of the human figure. For 10 points, identify this Swiss creator of Palace at 4AM and Woman With her Throat Cut.;;(Alberto) Giacometti
;;This nation is home to a syncretic religion called Bwiti, and development near Moanda and Owendo has helped this nation become a leading producer of manganese. Cape Lopez is this nation's westernmost point, and prominent mountains within it include Mimongo and Iboundji, both located in the Chaillu Massif. Ethnic groups living here include the Kota and Mpongwe in addition to the larger Sira and Nzebi, both of which live south of the Ogooue River. Ovendo is a suburb of this nation's capital, and other major towns include Lambarene, Franceville, and Port-Gentil, on its Atlantic coast. Home to Omar Bongo University, for 10 points, name this West African nation bordered by Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, and Equatorial Guinea, with its capital at Libreville.;;Gabon
;;Portugal did not attend the talks leading to this treaty, but later signed the Treaty of Madrid, a separate document. Robert Jenkinson, Lord of Liverpool, led negotiations on the British side, which were prompted by losses such as Hohenlinden. The Republic of the Seven Ionian Islands achieved recognition as a result of this treaty, and under it Egypt was taken from France and restored to the Ottoman Empire under British supervision. Additional terms of this agreement included Britain ceding overseas territorial gains except for Trinidad, Tobago, and Ceylon to France, France bringing a halt to advances in the Papal States, and Spain reclaiming the island of Minorca. For 10 points, name this treaty spurred by the Battle of Marengo and negotiated in 1802 among Joseph Bonaparte and Cornwallis, which ended hostilities between France and the Second Coalition.;;(Treaty) (of) Amiens
;;In the second appendix to this work, the author discusses how the principle of publicity allows for an argument against the legitimacy of rebellions to depose tyrannical rule. That appendix, entitled "Of the Harmony Which the Transcendental Concept of Public Right Establishes Between Morality and Politics," also contains a section in which the author argues that "All maxims which stand in need of publicity in order not to fail their end, agree with politics and right combined." Among the articles outlined in Section 1 of this work are that treaties should not "tacitly reserve" future wars, states should not carry standing armies, and that states should not employ assassins against rulers of other states. Subtitled "A Philosophical Essay," for 10 points, identify this work that called for a confederation of nations as one of the conditions under which the title concept could be attained, a work by Immanuel Kant.;;(On) Perpetual Peace|Zum Ewigen Frieden
;;He is called "a wretched little cricket" by the Second Man and scoffed at by John Ball, and this character describes his "physical" happiness to Josephine during a Sunday afternoon when he suddenly takes flight. In another work, this character's first wife is named Marguerite and he is over four hundred years old. The protagonist of A Stroll in the Air, he loses his control over nature and refuses to accept his death as the titular monarch in Exit the King. In another work, he falls in love with Dany and disappears after encountering the "radiant city." The protagonist of The Killer, he appears alongside Botard, Jean, and Daisy in a work where he doesn't transform into the title animal. For 10 points, name this protagonist of Ionesco's Rhinoceros.;;Berenger
;;Members of this group formed a namesake Twenty-Eighth Battalion during World War II. James Carroll was among the leaders of this people, and governor George Grey gave a seminal account of their language and culture. Toi, one semi-mythical leader of the people, is estimated to have lived around 1150 A.D. A subset of them founded a new culture on the Chatham Islands, and Frederick Maning wrote of his time spent with this ethnic group. Prior to their unification during the King Movement, this people was plagued by infighting among groups led by Pomare, Titore, and Te Wera, a series of conflicts known as the Musket Wars. William Hobson negotiated the most important agreement involving this people, among the conditions of which were the exclusive right of the British crown to purchase their land. That agreement was the Treaty of Waitangi. For 10 points, name these native people of New Zealand.;;Maori
;;Three figures stand on a rock formation in the background of this piece behind St. Anthony and St. Thomas, who are clothed in black and a green and red robe, respectively. The patron's wife and daughter, Maria Maddalena and Margherita, are depicted praying in another portion of this work next to a body of water, while two figures, one holding a candle and another in red reading, stand over them. Set in the ruins of King David's palace, a flowerpot sits in the foreground of the central panel of this work. It depicts an elderly Joseph praying to the left while two angels clad in light blue sit just to the right of Mary, who gazes adoringly over the Christchild. Commisioned by the Medici Bank's representative in Bruges, for 10 points, idenitfy this work for the Church of Saint Egidio in the hospital of the Santa Maria Nuova, an alterpiece completed by Hugo van der Goes.;;Portinari Altarpiece
;;One character in this work shouts, "Kills! Kills! Kills! Kills! Kills!" after a bombing kills thousands at a city block, and a Marxist claims that "Guilt is a sociological accident" in Scene 9. It is written in unrhymed four-stress lines. In it, six-year old Rebecca is raped and killed by a teenage drug addict and left in an alley holding onto her parasol. Scene 8 of this work occurs in the aftermath of a nuclear attack. A balloon seller and popcorn seller are the first characters to appear in this work, and two drunken soldiers inform the title character that his son David was killed by his fellow soldiers in a pointless accident after the end of the war. Mr. Zuss and Nickles portray God and Satan in this work, and Sarah leaves the title character after he refuses to curse God. For 10 points, name this work of Archibald MacLeish, which was based on the Book of Job.;;J(.)B(.)
;;This artist created a bronze candle stick for the Palazo della Signoria, while Lucrezia Donati was the subject of his Woman With a Primrose. Other works by this man include a painting that features two children in white kneeling in front of Saint Monica and a bust of Alexander the Great, in ancient armor, that was given as a gift to the King of Hungary. The relative lack of Christian imagery in his work is particularly notable in his porphyry and marble tomb of Piero and Giovanni de Medici at the Church of San Lorenzo, though his only surviving metal work is The Beheading of John the Baptist. Although the Villa Careggi is home to his bronze Putto with a Dolphin, his greatest work was originally placed in the Piazza San Marco in Venice and depicted a noted condotierro on horseback. For 10 points, name this sculptor of the Equestrian Monument of Colleoni, whose painting Baptism of Christ was created with his student, Leonardo da Vinci.;;(Andrea) (del) Verrocchio
;;It was somewhat overlooked in its time due the naval Battle of Beachy Head, which occurred at the same time. A large amount of troops here were separated from each other by a deep ravine near Roughgrange, a landform that neither side knew existed. That mistake cost the losing side its cannons. The actual fighting broke out at Oldbridge, where George Walker and the second-in-command of the winning side, the Duke of Shomberg, were killed. The Dutch Blue Guard managed to force its way across this battle's namesake feature. The winning side had the help of infantry from the region of Ulster known as Inniskillingers, while much of the losing army in this battle had been raised by Richard Talbot, First Earl of Tyrconnel in an attempt to reclaim the landholdings lost by Catholics in Ireland during the event which this battle prevented from being reversed, the Glorious Revolution. For 10 points, name this 1690 battle that took place in Ireland, in which William III of England crushed the former James II near the namesake river.;;(Battle) (of) (the) Boyne
;;Along with the reflection coefficient, this is the only variable to appear in both of the Kedem-Katchalsky equations. For a polymer gel, it is roughly equal to the temperature over the cube of the mesh size. A nonlinear increase in this property is sometimes due to the Gibbs-Donnan effect, and Alexander et al defined it as the negative partial derivative of the free energy with respect to volume with a fixed number of macroions. Alfred Gilman related this property to the voluntary intake of water in humans, showing that it does not increase until its value for a solution of urea is greater than that of a solution of salt. It is directly proportional to the ideal gas constant, temperature, and concentration by the Morse equation, and Einstein related it to the molecular theory of heat. For 10 points, name this colligative property, a gradient in which causes water to flow across a semipermeable membrane, which is dependent on the van't Hoff factor.;;osmotic pressure
;;This thinker pointed to a "third dogma of empiricism," which distinguishes sensory components, in his "On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme." In another work, he posited an example of a beautiful garden as proof that desire in the mind of one person may be transferred to another, without compromising rationality. He adopted G.E.M. Anscombe's idea of "under a description" in his first major publication, which argued that certain behaviors may be understood as intentional or unintentional depending on the context. That work, "Actions, Reasons, and Causes," was completed after his Decision-Making: An Experimental Approach. His works deployed what he called "radical interpretation," which focuses on how human beings understand language from scratch. For 10 points, name this former Berkeley philosopher who expounded on his contention that the mind cannot be reduced to physical elements, an idea known as "anomalous monism," in works like Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation.;;(Donald) Davidson
;;This man acknowledged his failure to counteract the sympathetic portrayal of the outlaws in Gay's The Beggar's Opera with his comedy of virtue Love in a Riddle, and this man portrayed Cardinal Pandulph in his Papal Tyranny in the Reign of King John. His nonfiction works include The Character and Conduct of Cicero and A Rhapsody upon the Marvellous, and John Vanbrugh wrote The Relapse as a sequel to one of this man's works. That work describes the return of the debauchee Loveless to the faithful Amanda, and in another of his works, the Headpiece family is corrupted by London. The author of Love's Last Shift and The Provok'd Husband and creator of the character Sir Novelty Fashion, for 10 points, name this English dramatist who wrote An Apology for his life and replaced Lewis Theobald as the target of Alexander Pope's The Dunciad.;;(Colly) Cibber
;;This event was centered in the city of al-Mukhtare, and many of the people involved in this event had been imported for the back-breaking work of clearing out the marshes in the Tigris River basin. The leader of this movement adopted the position of the Kharajites in saying that leadership should be based on abilities and not on heredity, but only after his own claims of descent had been disproved. It allowed the existence of an independent Egypt for its length and originated around the salt mines in the city of Basra, which was besieged for fifteen years by this movement. Its leader claimed descent from Caliph Ali ibn Abu Talib; that leader, Ali ibn Muhammed, had befriended some of the slaves under Caliph al-Muntasir and incited an earlier, short-lived rebellion in Bahrain. For 10 points, name this massive ninth-century revolt of some 500,000 African slaves against the Abbasid Empire.;;Zanj (Revolt)
;;A posthumously published novel of this writer sees Ross and Natasha hook up in New York. Ernst Graeber reunites with his childhood playmate Elizabeth and falls in love in another work by this author. This man played the role of Pohlmann the schoolmaster in a film adaptation of one of his works. John Cromwell's So Ends the Night adapted his novel about refugees in 1939 Czechoslovakia. Sydney Pollack filmed one of his novels under the title Bobby Deerfield, and Douglas Sirk adapted his A Time to Live and a Time to Die. This author of Flotsam and The Night in Lisbon depicted the death of a man nicknamed "Kat" and some articles which Muller takes from the body of Kemmerich in another novel, which sees several young characters victimized by Corporal Himmelstoss. For 10 points, name this author of The Road Back, which was a sequel to his work about a well-traveled pair of boots and the draftee Paul Baumer, All Quiet on the Western Front.;;(Erich) (Maria) Remarque
;;A bounded set is said to be this type of measurable if it is well approximated by simple sets. One of this man's namesake theorems claims that any closed curve in R-2 divides the plane into a bounded interior and unbounded exterior, which are complements. Another theorem bearing his name states that all composition series of a group have the same length. His namesake canonical basis consists of cyclic subsets, and he also names a form in which the diagonal of the matrix of the operator is zero if and only if the operator is nilpotent. For 10 points, name this mathematician whose namesake canonical form consists of eigenvalues on the diagonal and ones below the diagonal in each of the namesake boxes.;;(Camille) Jordan
;;This thinker analyzed Flaubert's A Sentimenal Education in The Rules of Art, and advocated epistemic reflexivity in order to avoid "scholastic bias" in his study of academic research, Homo Academicus. This social scientist founded the collective Reasons for Action, and began his academic career with an ethnography of the Kabyle people of Algeria. This sociologist argued that television increases political conformity in his late work On Television, and defined the dispositions through which people perceive and act in the world as the term "habitus." This sociologist created the concepts of symbolic and cultural capital, and wrote a book that describes how aesthetic preferences are systematically taught along social class lines. For 10 points, name this French sociologist who wrote a "social critique of the judgment of taste," Distinction.;;(Pierre) Bourdieu
;;In addition to three string quartets, this composer created a reflective piece for horn and clarinet called Summer Pastoral, as well as an Archaic Suite and a piece called Monopartita. A syncopated theme and fugal development characterize the opening section of this composer's Concertino for Piano and Orchestra. His symphonies, of which there are five in all, bear such nicknames as "Basel Delights" and "The Liturgical." Another work, referred to as "A Dramatic Psalm," featured a dance before the Ark and the defeat of Goliath; it was based on a drama by Rene Morat and is called King David. His best known work appeared alongside another of the composer's tone poems, Rugby, and used abrupt rhythms and chords to mimic the motions and sounds of a train. For 10 points, identify this French composer of Pacific 231.;;(Arthur) Honneger
;;Tuberculosis cost this author a lung during his time in France researching the Marquis de Sade, an experience that played into his story "And You, Too." Other autobiographical stories by this man include "A Forty Year Old Man," "A Fifty Year Old Man,", and "A Sixty Year Old Man." Gaston Bonaparte is the title character of this man's Wonderful Fool. Mitsu offers herself to Suguro for compensated dating in his novel Scandal, and doctors perform a vivisection on a downed American pilot in his The Sea and Poison. In one of his works, Sebastian Rodrigues is sent to investigate why the missionary Christovao Ferreira has become an apostate in Japan. For 10 points, name this Christian Japanese author of Silence.;;Endo (Shusaku)
;;They argue for the relativity of view points, and their symbols include a porcupine and a crocodile. Occasionally represented in art as having the hoods of cobras, they are traditionally shown seated on a lion throne, in the posture of meditation or dhyanamudra pose. Their nicknames include "the Moon Bright" and the "Blossom Toothed," and the title of lord, or "natha," may be added as an honorific to their names. They come into being after passing through fourteen levels known as Gunasthana. Getting smaller as the cosmic age proceeds, their aforementioned names are attributed to dreams by their mothers before their birth, for example, a dream about a wheel of black jewels named Arishtanemi, while one about saving a snake from an ascetic's log of fire applied to Parshvanatha. It was Sakra who transferred an embryo from Devananda to Trisala, who thereafter gave birth to the twenty-fourth figure to be identified as this. For 10 points, identify these exemplary enlightened figures of Jainism, the last of whom was Mahavira.;;Tirthankaras|Jinas
;;After the attack on Pearl Harbor, James M. Landis succeeded this man as director of the Office of Civilian Defense. He was crushed in his first attempt to gain another in 1929 by incumbent Jimmy Walker, but after a later victory, he rounded up thousands of rigged slot machines produced by gangster Frank Costello. He also employed thousands of laborers on public works projects directed by Robert Moses. Along with a senator from Nebraska, he provides half of the name of a bill that made "yellow dog" contracts unenforceable in federal courts. His nickname of "little flower" was a translation of his Italian first name. For 10 points, name this Republican mayor of New York City in the 1930s, a major proponent of labor unions and the New Deal who is the namesake of a Queens airport.;;(Fiorello) La Guardia
;;Everett and Anderson attempted to reorganize this genus based on variations in Domain I of the 23S rRNA gene, and it shares a family with the so-called "Z organism." Inhibition of golgin-84 processing has been shown to block maturation of the human-infective form of this pathogen by restricting the amount of lipids available to the bacterium. One species of this genus has been conclusively found in the endovascular region of diseased coronary arteries, but there is no link between disease and concentration of antibodies specific to it. Another species is named for an eye infection that can cause the eyelid to turn inward, inducing the eyelashes to scratch the cornea, leading to blindness. For 10 points, name this genus that contains the species pneumoniae and trachomatis, the latter of which is responsible for the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States.;;Chlamydia
;;This man's grandfather of the same name was the ruler of Sicyon and fought in the first Sacred War. His most important rival had him expelled with the help of Cleomenes I of Sparta, but this person was recalled after that rival, Isagoras, tried to dissolve the main governmental institutions of Athens. He increased the size of the Boule to five hundred and the number of tribes from four to ten. Little is known about his life after the introduction of his reforms, which he called the isonomia, and it has been theorized that his seeking aid from the Persians let him to be ostracized, a practice that he likely created. For 10 points, name this reformer who overthrew Pisistratus's son Hippias and established the deme system in Athens.;;Cleisthenes
;;Williams professor John Limon says that this poem was specifically an attack on The Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon and was an early attempt at exploring themes the poet treated more delicately in Eureka. The title entity is said "to seek a shelter in some happier star," and to "soar with an undaunted wing." It has "peering eyes" that "alterest all things," and its "wings are dull realities." The poet asks how the subject of this poem could be loved or deemed wise, for it has "dragged Diana from her car," "driven Hamadryad from the wood," and "torn the Naiad from her flood." Published along with "Al Aaraaf" and "Tamerlane," this poem accuses it subject of being a Vulture who preyests "thus upon the poet's heart" and has torn "the summer dream beneath the tamarind tree" from the poet. For 10 points, name this poem about a "true daughter of Old Time," a sonnet by Edgar Allan Poe.;;Sonnet(-)(-)To Science
;;Ball milling with magnesium chloride in the presence of ethyl benzoate is part of the Chien-Wu-Kuo method for synthesis of this reagent, and the Patat-Sinn mechanism describes it partially bonding reactants between two metal atoms. Octahedral coordinative vacancies on its surface are formed by chlorine ligands and an alkyl group in the Cossee-Arlman mechanism. This reagent allows for control of tacticity, and comes in multiple "generations." The reaction series it catalyzes typically ends in beta-H and beta-methyl elimination. For 10 points, name this type of catalyst important in olefin metathesis and polymer synthesis, which usually contains aluminum or titanium and is named for German and Italian chemists.;;Ziegler(-)Natta (catalyst)|(reagent)
;;A bird can be seen floating among the hills in the distances, while mist rises in the back of the left side of the canvas. The foreground features some broken pine trees, indicating that a storm has recently passed. A stream of water that begins somewhere beyond the horizon snakes its way to the foreground, where it tumbles among some rocks at the bottom of two cliffs. Commissioned by a dry goods merchant named Jonathan Sturges, it was donated to one of the figures it depicts, after that man gave a funeral elegy at the National Academy on May 4, 1848. Three large trees dominate the left foreground and partially obscure a rocky outcropping where two figures are standing and talking. Taking its name from Keats' "Sonnet to Solitude," for 10 points, identify this work that imagines an idyllic outing in the Catskill Mountains involving the painter of the Course of Empire series and the author of "Thanatopsis," a masterpiece of the Hudson River School by Asher Durand.;;Kindred Spirits
;;This artist painted a work in which Mary offers her breast to a distracted baby Jesus, the Madonna del Latte. He depicted a tense and trembling Mary Magdalene kneeling before Christ in a golden dress in his Noli Me Tangere and included a golden lion's head at the bottom of his Madonna of St. Jerome. His frescoed ceilings and walls with scenes of the hunt were meant to recreate a bower sacred to Diana for the Abbess' salon in the Camera di San Paolo, and he painted twelve apostles sitting around the base of a dome and staring at a foreshortened Christ for the San Giovanni Evangelista. His greatest works were to be given as gifts to Charles V and were commissioned by Frederico Gonzaga; they depicted such scenes as the Abduction of Ganymede, Leda and the Swan, and Danae receiving the "golden rain." For 10 points, identify this painter of the Assumption of the Virgin for the Cathedral of Parma, as well as the Loves of Jupiter.;;(Antonio) (Allegri) (da) Correggio
;;This company is the only major American corporation with a "Manager of Non-Traditional Marketing" and is currently led by two former Rally's executives. Like its leading competitor, this chain was founded in Denver in the mid-1990s. In 2006, the opening of one of these restaurants in the White City Shopping Center of Shrewsbury, Massachussetts, led to a court case in which Panera Bread sued over an exclusivity agreement. The resultant ruling held that a burrito is not a sandwich. Currently owned by Jack in the Box, this company rolled out the "Ancho Chile burrito" in 2007 to go with other menu items such as the mango salad and Fajita Ranchera burrito. For 10 points, name this vendor which offers poblano pesto and "fiery habanero" salsa on its products as it competes with Chipotle.;;Qdoba (Mexican) (Grill)
;;The Bloom lab at UC Davis showed that inhibiting this process also inhibited nitrate assimilation in plant shoots. 5-FCL removes 5-formyl-THF, which inhibits this process by binding to SHMT. SHMT cooperates with GDC to mediate glycine-serine interconversion in this process. In one step of this process, two glycine molecules are converted to one serine molecule, and in a later step in the peroxisome, serine is reduced to glycerate. The final step of this process occurs in the chloroplast and sees glycerate phosphorylated to 3-phosphoglycerate, which subsequently enters the Calvin cycle. For 10 points, name this side reaction that releases carbon dioxide when oxygen binds to RuBP instead of carbon dioxide.;;photorespiration
;;In the sixth section of this poem, the speaker claims "I am he who knows what it is to be evil," and he goes on to compare himself to the wolf, the snake, and the hog. Along with the author's poem "Mannahatta," quotes from this poem were featured in a 1911 city documentary by Charles Sheeler and Paul Strand. The speaker describes the "similitudes of the past and those of the future" as well as the "men and women generations before me" who had embarked on the same journey. Divided into nine sections, this poem begins "Flood-tide below me! I see you face to face!", and the speaker goes on to exhort the "countless crowds of passengers" to move " from shore to shore." For 10 points, name this poem from Leaves of Grass describing a boat trip from Manhattan over the East River.;;Crossing Brooklyn Ferry
;;During World War II, this state was the site of the POW camp of Cowra, which saw one of the largest prison escapes in the war. Samuel Marsden was forced to flee this state when three hundred Irishmen marched to Parramatta in the Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804. The Tenterfield Oration, calling for states to unify for purposes of defense, was given in this state, which was also the landing spot for Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet. The arrest of John MacArthur sparked an incident in this state that ended with Lachlan Macquarie becoming governor after George Johnston deposed William Bligh in the Rum Rebellion. For 10 points, name this most populous Australian state, whose capital is Sydney.;;New South Wales
;;After getting wind of a conspiracy to overthrow Mt. Olympus, it was this figure that traveled to Tartarus and brought back the Hundred Armed giant, Briareos, to save Zeus. After a fight between Lycurgus and Dionysus, this figure sheltered the latter god and was given a Golden Vase. According to Alcman, this personage represented metallurgy, which may refer to her role rescuing Hephaestus after he was thrown into the sea. This sister of Eurynome and daughter of Nereus was resting in a cave on the coast of Magnesia when the King of Phthia cornered her, leading to a wedding that featured Eris throwing down the golden apple of contention. Better known is her decision to dip her son in the river Styx. For 10 points, identify this sea goddess who married Peleus and gave birth to Achilles.;;Thetis
;;Raymond Birge first jointly referenced the namesakes of this idea in a 1926 Physical Review article on the band structure of carbon monoxide. A schematic representation of the absorption and fluorescence spectra using this principle leads to an approximate mirror symmetry when applied along with Kasha's rule. A close analogy of it occurs due to the interaction of phonons and the quantum mechanical formulation of this principle can be interpreted such that the intensity of a vibronic transition is proportional to the square of the overlap integral between the two vibrational wavefunctions involved. For 10 points, name this dually eponymous principle sometimes interpreted to mean that electronic transitions occur instantaneously relative to nuclear motion.;;Franck(-)Condon (principle)
;;In one of this author's stories, a physician married an "ill-tempered woman" who does nothing but sleep in order to punish himself for falling in love with Alexandra, a dying maiden. In addition to "The District Doctor," this man wrote a novel in which the protagonist's plan to marry Liza is thwarted when he finds his purportedly dead wife, Varvara Pavlova, waiting for him in the foyer. In another of his novels, the titular friend of Lezhnev impresses the household of Darya Mikhailovna and falls in love with Natasha. Vassily Vassilevitch goes to Alexander Mikhalyich's dinner party in this man's story "Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky District," and this man wrote about Elena's fascination with the Bulgarian Insarov in On the Eve. Another work by this author of The Home of the Gentry and Rudin discusses the dissection of a frog and a man's death from cutting himself with an infected knife during surgery. For 10 points, name this Russian author of The Sportsman's Sketches who created Kirsanov and Bazarov and Fathers and Sons.;;(Ivan) (Sergeyevich) Turgenev
;;Thirteen years after the development of this concept, its originators put forth its cumulative version that corrected a violation of first order stochastic dominance. Chapter 16 of Peter Bernstein's Against the Gods discusses the formation and development of this theory, which is often represented by a graph that rapidly increases in the fourth quadrant but flattens out in the first quadrant. One example of this concept, which can be avoided by hedonic framing, is the disposition effect, which occurs when investors tend to sell assets that have appreciated but hold those that have depreciated. This theory contradicts the belief that people process the net effect of gains and losses, and argues instead that gains and losses are valued differently. For 10 points, name this theory from behavioral economics about the assessment of risk, developed by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman.;;prospect theory
;;One statement of this theorem relates a quotient ring of a ring R over the intersection of its ideals to the product ring formed by multiplying the quotient rings of R over individual ideals. This theorem may be used for constructing Godel numbering for sequences, allowing the proof of Godel's incompleteness theorem, and it is central to solving problems of secret sharing by finding minimal combinations of shares to recover the whole. A more widely known application is representation of the private key in RSA. For 10 points, name this theorem which states that for two relatively prime integers r and s, there is an integer N such that N is congruent to a mod r and N is congruent to b mod s, where a and b are integers, named for the country in which it was formulated by Sun Zi.;;Chinese remainder (theorem)
;;In one conflict of this name, William of Cassingham conducted a guerilla campaign against the invading army, while Hubert de Burgh defended Dover Castle during a three-month siege. That conflict also saw the defeat of Eustace the Monk's naval forces at the Battle of Sandwich, and it was concluded by the Treaty of Lambeth after Robert Fitzwalter was captured at Lincoln. The more famous conflict of this name saw the victorious commander issue the Dictum of Kenilworth to the followers of the Sixth Earl of Leicester. Though the rebelling side scored an early victory against the Royalists at Lewes, that group ultimately lost this conflict when its leader was killed by Edward Longshanks at the battle of Evesham. Arising when Henry III abrogated the Provisions of Oxford, for 10 points, name this uprising led by Simon de Montfort and the namesake group of noblemen.;;Barons' (War)
;;In marine diatoms, the catalytic metal in this enzyme may be substituted with either cadmium or cobalt. In humans, this enzyme is inhibited by drugs such as acetazolamide in order to treat glaucoma, hypertension, and osteoporosis. A mutation in which alanine replaces the histidine at position 64 decreases catalysis by this enzyme, lending support to the hypothesis that that histidine deprotonates an aqua ligand to start the reaction it catalyzes. The resulting hydroxide ligand then attacks a linear triatomic substrate to generate a biologically important buffer ion. It was the first discovered enzyme to have an active site including zinc. For 10 points, name this enzyme that catalyzes the hydration of carbon dioxide to form bicarbonate.;;carbonic anhydrase
;;He left one of his earliest groups after they performed in the revue Strutting Along. Through his work with Wilbur Sweatman, he met a collaborator with whom he would work for the next decade, producing an album that featured his first major recorded solo, Dirty Blues. After achieving popularity with Fletcher Henderson's band, he toured Europe making many studio recordings with musicians like Django Reinhardt and Benny Carter and performing solos on songs like Crazy Rhythm. His only collaboration with Duke Ellington appeared in 1962 with Impulse Records, and soon after he started to show signs of serious alcoholism. Another highly influential solo of his, recorded in 1939 after years of playing it at Kelly's Stables, was Picasso. For 10 points, identify this performer famous for Body and Soul, who, at the height of his popularity, led a group with Roy Eldridge and earned the title "Father of the Tenor Sax.".;;(Coleman) Hawkins
;;The title concept of one of this thinker's works is defined as "what the individual does with his own solitariness," while another work by this philosopher proposed a bimetric theory of space and gravity as an alternative to Einstein's general relativity. In addition to writing Religion in the Making and The Principles of Relativity with Application to Natural Science, this thinker argued that physical objects should be understood as fields occupying both spatial and temporal extensions, a position opposed to the so-called "Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness." In his second-most famous work, based on a 1927-28 Gifford Lecture, this philosopher offered a philosophy of Organic Realism as a replacement for what he terms scientific materialism. That work also introduces the "process of becoming" as a metaphysical category. The author of Process and Reality, for 10 points, name this English philosopher who also explored set theory in a famous collaboration with Bertrand Russell.;;(Alfred) (North) Whitehead
;;Minor characters in this book include the amiable Jack Coverley and the jealous Watkins sisters. Mrs. Selwyn takes the title character to Bristol Hot Wells after she received an insulting letter which she mistakenly believed was sent by her love. The title character had earlier offered a Scottish poet money hoping to prevent him from killing himself and later discovers him to be her half-brother, Macartney. That figure's depression was heightened by his belief that he was in love with his sister, Polly, though it is later revealed that she is actually the daughter of an impoverished nurse. Despite the actions of characters like Clement Willoughby, the Branghtons, and Madame Duval, all ends well for the guileless title figure when Sir John Belmont recognizes his late wife's features in her and takes her in as his real daughter, facilitating her marriage to her true love, Lord Orville. For 10 points, identify this epistolary novel centered around the ward of Reverend Villars, a work of Fanny Burney.;;Evelina(:) (Or(,)) (The) (History) (of) (a) (Young) (Lady's) (Entrance) (into) (the) (World)
;;Sohrab Modi starred as the title character in a 1935 Indian version of it called Khoon-ka Khoon, which added seventeen songs to the work. A special jury prize at the 1964 Venice Film Festival went to a version of it in which Innokenty Smoktunovsky played the title character. That version was directed by Grigory Kozintsev, and was based on a translation of this work by Boris Pasternak. A Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode featured a re-enactment of a famous scene from this work as a game show in which participants had to identify the femur of Biz Markie; that episode watched a German version of this work that starred Maximilian Schell. Georges Melies played the title character in a 1907 adaptation of this work which reduced it to ten minutes in length. Julie Christie played the title character's mother in a 1996 film of it, and a 2000 adaptation of it by Michael Almereyda is set in New York City and features the title character as a film student played by Ethan Hawke, who investigates goings-on at the Denmark Corporation. For 10 points, name this play which has also seen Kenneth Branagh and Laurence Olivier star in the title role of a melancholy denizen of Elsinore.;;Hamlet
;;One painting by this artist depicts a sculpture of a satyr on the right and two women gazing at a man with a guitar whose back is turned to us. A black servant at a wine tub and a dog sniffing itself appear in the bottom-right of another painting by this artist, in which four blue-and-white columns frame a central figure tuning a lute. One of the final works by this painter of The Party of Four and The Music Party shows people packing paintings into wooden boxes on the left and is named after the art dealer friend for whom he painted it. In addition to Gersaint's Shop Sign, he frequently created works featuring commedia dell'arte characters, including several paintings featuring the character "Gilles" as Pierrot. Best known for his pastoral depictions of couples cavorting on the island of Venus, for 10 points, identify this French artist of fetes galantes such as the Embarkation for Cythera.;;(Jean(-)Antoine) Watteau
;;One author from this nation wrote the poetry collection Ocre before drowning herself in 1938, the year Death-Mask and Clover appeared. A more recent author from this nation wrote the poetry collection Standards as well as Lycanthropy, a history of werewolfism. In addition to Alfonsina Storni and Jorge Fondebrider, this nation was home to the author of the story "The Horses of Abdera" and the poetry collection Sentimental Lunarium, though that author is better known for a 1905 book about a guerrilla war. In one work by a man from this country, Nestor Labarthe's murder at a soccer game signals to Isidro Vidal that the "Young Turks" are about to slaughter the elderly, and in another work by that denizen of this nation, people die after the titular device re-creates two weeks in the lives of the inhabitants of an island. For 10 points, name this home country of the author of Asleep in the Sun, Diary of the War of the Pig, and The Invention of Morel, Adolfo Bioy Casares, who often collaborated with Jorge Luis Borges.;;Argentina
;;The center of the defending forces in this battle was led by the Marquis of Caracena, while the cavalry on the right flank of the opposing forces was led by the Marquis de Crequy. The winning side featured Thomas Morgan, who had been made governor of Mardyke, which the winning forces had captured the previous year. This battle, which was fought near the Furnes canal, featured a charge by the left side of the winning forces led by William Lockhart, while the losing side's left flank was led by a French rebel, the Prince de Conde. The victorious forces were led by Turenne, and this battle would lead to the signing of the Peace of the Pyrenees the next year. For 10 points, name this victory for a French-English alliance over the Spanish, a 1658 battle fought near Dunkirk.;;(Battle) (of) (the) Dunes
;;This thinker wrote about the poet Paul Celan in the essay "Who Am I and Who are You?" He investigated the art of medicine in The Enigma of Health Care, while his first important book focused on Plato's dialectical ethics. In another work, this author explored the ability of art to transport the reader or viewer from ordinary time to "fulfilled" or "autonomous" time, an idea that relates to the subtitular concept of art as "festival." That essay, which further posits art as "play" and as "symbol," is entitled "The Relevance of the Beautiful." His most famous work, which criticizes Wilhelm Dilthey for his "entanglement in the aporias of historicism" and which led to various debates with Jurgen Habermas, describes the process of the "fusion of horizons" and argues for the importance of "historically-effected consciousness" in understanding and interpreting texts. For 10 points, identify this German developer of a philosophical hermeneutics, whose magnum opus is Truth and Method.;;(Hans(-)Georg) Gadamer
;;This thinker applied a mathematical model for electrical control systems to the analysis of production in his paper "On the Application of Servomechanism Theory in the Study of Production Control."He's not Wassily Leontief, but along with David Hawkins, he names a condition for guaranteeing that an input-output matrix has a unique, positive solution. His essays on human behavior are collected in Models of Man, and along with Allen Newell, he developed the Logic Theorist and the General Problem Solver. He analyzed decision making in his work Administrative Behavior, and argued that agents work towards a limited aspiration level rather than attempting to maximize their happiness. For 10 points, name this economist and polymath who coined the terms "bounded rationality" and "satisficing.".;;(Herbert) Simon
;;The preface to this work notes that "those who do not know how to live must make a merit of dying" and contrasts the title thing to a "prison for horses" named Horseback. At the beginning of the second act, one character notes that macaroni is too rich for him, because he's a man of business and thus is "always thinking." The final scene sees Nurse Guinness warning the characters that they will be summoned by the police if they don't put the light out. At the end, we learn that Randall at last "succeeds in keeping the home fires burning on his flute," while an explosion seems to have killed Mangan. It also features Hesione Hushabye, Ellie Dunn, and the dynamite-obsessed rum fiend who has built the title structure in the shape of a ship, Captain Shotover. For 10 points, name this 1919 play, a "fantasia in the Russian manner on English themes" written by George Bernard Shaw.;;Heartbreak House
;;His opus one is a single-movement piano concerto in F-sharp minor. Songs by this composer include the "Song of Selim" and a work that would later be adapted as this composer's Scherzo No.3, the "Song of the Golden Fish." He gave the title 1000 Years to the second of his two overtures that he referred to as "a musical picture," and works inspired by Spain include the Fandango-etude for piano and the orchestral Overture on a Spanish March Theme. The second of his two second symphonies features a Scherzo alla cosacca, or Cossack scherzo, and he composed incidental music for King Lear. A symphonic poem about a beautiful but evil princess was inspired by the poetry of Lermontov, while his first successes including an orchestration of the The Lark and a Piano Fantasia on Life for the Tsar were based on the work of his predecessor and inspiration, Glinka. For 10 points, identify this composer of Tamara, who led the "Mighty Handful," and had an "oriental fantasy" called Islamey.;;(Mily) Balakirev
;;A few years after opposing the League of Nations, Senator William Borah of Idaho became the only Republican to vote against this bill when it came before the Senate. It was supported by Senator Edwin Ladd of North Dakota, the spokesman of the Farm Bloc. The final version did not contain the American Valuation Plan, which was part of the original bill proposed by one of its namesakes. When that original bill came before the House, John Nance Garner grabbed a straw hat and challenged Republicans to state a duty on it. Named after the chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee from Michigan and a Republican senator from North Dakota, it was immediately preceded by an Emergency Tariff Act, which was put into place while it was being drawn up. For 10 points, identify this tariff that raised duties after the Underwood-Simmons tariff, signed by President Harding in 1922.;;Fordney(-)McCumber (Tariff)
;;He wrote about a girl on a train who throws some of the title fruit to three boys in his story "Tangerines," while he wrote about two battleships being repaired in "Three Windows." One of his works opens on the second floor of a bookstore, where the protagonist observes that "Life cannot compare to a single line of Baudelaire." That work, which consists of fifty-one brief aphoristic discussions of episodes in the author's life, is called A Fool's Life, while his other late works include the film script Temptation and the critical Literary, All Too Literary. He defended his use of the watakushi-shosetsu form in his non-fiction, and his stories include one about a painter who sees his daughter burnt in a carriage and a criminal who attempts to escape from the underworld on a spider's thread. For 10 points, name this author of "Hell Screen" and "The Nose," who described a woman stealing hair from corpses and a rape and murder that change depending on point of view in his "In a Grove" and "Rashomon.".;;Akutagawa (Ryunosuke)
;;One story recounts how this figure's second son brought her rich robes from Sidon. Her mother has been said to either be Metope or Eunoe, while her father is traditionally said to be Dymas and her grandfather the river deity Sangarius. She succeeded Arisbe as queen after the latter was given to Hyrtacus, and some stories say she died at Cynossema after being turned into a dog. Her daughter Laodice was swallowed up by the earth, and her grandson was thrown off the walls of her city. This figure plotted to kill Polymestor's sons and unsuccessfully begged Odysseus to keep her daughter Polyxena alive. Another daughter of hers was raped by Ajax and taken as a concubine by Agamemnon, while her younger son was killed by Philoctetes and her eldest son was slain in revenge for Patroclus's death. For 10 points, name this mother of Cassandra, Paris, and Hector, the wife of Priam and queen of Troy.;;Hecuba|Hecabe
;;In its north is the Langue de Barbarie National Park, and its Louga Region contains the city of Linguere. Its northwest corner contains Savoigne and Biffeche, near the city of Saint-Louis, and its east contains the Faleme River. In its southeast is the city of Tambacounda, which lies in the sahehlian plains, as well as the World Heritage Site of Niokolo-Koba National Park and this country's highest peak near Nepen Diakha. The Casamance River flows through its southeast, which passes through the city of Ziguinchor. The former seat of the Wolof Empire is found in this country. Yoff, Ouakam, and Île de Goree are three communes d'arrondissements found in its capital city, which lies on the Cap-Vert peninsula. Its namesake river forms the northern border with Mauritania. Containing the near-enclave of The Gambia, for 10 points, name this eastern African nation with capital Dakar.;;Senegal
;;During this leader's rule, the British diplomat Brian Lea faked his own kidnapping in this man's country. He angered many members of his military when he decided to appoint Smith Opon-Acak to succeed David Oyite-Ojok after the latter's death in a helicopter crash. During the latter portions of his rule, Paul Ssemogerere led the parliamentary opposition. Earlier, he was appointed prime minister by Walter Coutts. Paulo Muwanga preceded him in another position, and this man outlined a plan for his country in his The Common Man's Charter. His rule also saw massacres in the Luwero triangle, and he was succeeded as president by Yoweri Museveni. He earlier came to power after ousting Mutesa II, and was able to reclaim his office after his rival was accused of cannibalism. For 10 points, name this man who both preceded and succeeded Idi Amin as president of Uganda.;;(Apolo) (Milton) Obote
;;Gfrorer et al. attest that this person miscounted by sixty years in making Lysanians tetrarch of Abilene thirty years after the birth of Christ. Tertullian and Epiphanius charged Marcion with mangling this man's namesake book. This person was present at the conversion of Lydia and subsequently lodged in her house, while his namesake book mentions such figures as the widow of Zarephath and Naaman the Syrian. That book, which is dedicated to Theophilus, is sometimes referred to as the source material for Acts. Eusebius attests he came from Antioch, and, at Troas, this man joined Paul's company. His book opens with an account of John the Baptist's father, Zachary, and this evangelist's symbol is a calf or an ox. His gospel mentions Mary's Magnificat and the stories of Lazarus and the Rich Man, the Prodigal Son, and the Good Samaritan. For 10 points, name this gospel author who also wrote the Acts of the Apostles.;;Luke
;;One work by this man describes a protagonist who was born on "neck of land" and who argues against a theory that a certain place name is a corruption of the word "Dibbleston," and that protagonist travels with Uncle Ro. This author of a work about Miles Wallingford penned a novel about Vulcan's Peak called The Crater and created a family including Cornelius, Hugh, and Mordaunt. A series containing The Redskins, The Chainbearer, and Satanstoe was his trilogy about the Anti-Rent Wars, the Littlepage Manuscripts. Alice Dunscombe is once again abandoned at the end of his story of the mysterious Mr. Gray, who is likely a disguised John Paul Jones. A sequence written by this man in which several bullets are shot through a painted nail without ever being examined is analyzed in a work that claims one of his novels "accomplishes nothing and arrives in air." For 10 points, name this creator of such characters as Uncas, whose "literary offenses" were described by Mark Twain and who included The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, and The Last of the Mohicans in his Leatherstocking Tales.;;(James) (Fenimore) Cooper
;;Diane Watt wrote a book describing this author as "amoral," though he is considered as a "moral philosopher" in a classic book on him by John Fisher. One of his last poems, "In Praise of Peace," was probably written after he went blind, while his Fifty Ballades were written around the time he produced the Cronica Tripertita, a sequel to one of his major works. The tale of Mundus and Paulina and the story of Aspidis the Serpent appear in a book on "Pride" which opens one of his works. His earliest major work, sometimes known as Speculum Meditantis, dealt with the existence of sin, while he wrote about the political world of the late fourteentth century in Vox Clamantis. For 10 points, name this English poet to whom Troilus and Criseyde was dedicated by his friend Geoffrey Chaucer, and who inspired part of the lot of Shakespeare's Pericles with his Confessio Amantis.;;(John) Gower
;;Stratigraphically, the boundary between this period and the period preceding it is marked by appearance of dictyonemid graptolites, and Dobs Linn in southern Scotland is the type locality for that boundary. This period sees the first appearance of the jawless pteraspidomorphs, as well as fossils of the animal phylum Bryozoa. Its epochs include the Ashgillian and the Caradocian, which make up its "Late" subdivision. It saw Gondwana come to rest at the South Pole and the second-largest mass extinction in the history of the world, killing a third of all brachiopod and bryozoan families. It was named after a site in Wales by Charles Lapworth, and featured evidence of the first land organisms. For 10 points, identify this period followed by the Silurian and preceded by the Cambrian, the second period of the Paleozoic Era.;;Ordovician (Period)
;;Efforts in this opera to lift the title character's spirits include the piano-accompanied "Lieben, hassen" and a quartet sung by four men with a coloratura soprano descant. That coloratura soprano role is best known for the massive aria "Grossmachtige Prinzessin!", in which she lists men who have seduced her, to which the title character responds by withdrawing into her cave. The title location disappears upon the appearance of a certain god, and the Prologue to the opera, not included in its original version, ends with the Composer singing "Musik ist eine heilige Kunst." Zerbinetta and four commedia dell'arte characters star in the comedy that infringes upon the Composer's opera seria, creating the opera-within-an-opera that forms the body of this work. For 10 points, identify this opera with libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal, a work by Richard Strauss about the abandoned lover of Theseus.;;Ariadne auf Naxos
;;This man resigned from the navy after being refused a promotion by the Earl of Sandwich and ultimately died in Newgate after being convicted of libeling Marie Antoinette. Baron Erskine's defense of this man brought an end to the doctrine of "constructive treason," and this man was successfully opposed by liberal arts college namesake Jeffrey Amherst in his most notable action. Johann Ramberg's cartoon Moses Choosing His Cook satirized this man's late-in-life conversion to Judaism. His supporters were shot at by troops stationed outside the Bank of England under the command of John Wilkes, discrediting that figure. Five hundred died during the week-long assault on the houses of Parliament led by this man's Protestant Association, which used the slogan "No Popery" in protest of the Catholic Relief Act. For 10 points, name this British agitator who led some namesake 1780 riots in London.;;(Lord) (George) Gordon
;;His poem Christmas Carol begins with "Ring out, Ye bells! All Nature swells". After the lines "No low fever is mine", one poem of his ends with the twice-repeated phrase "For a drink is more kind than a priest". Another's speaker says "come to yo' pappy an' set on his knee" to the titular person. Along with Little Brown Baby, he also notes that an object "hides our cheeks and shades our eyes" in We Wear the Mask. Hattie Sterling is murdered in his novel about Berry Hamilton being falsely imprisoned for theft. William Dean Howells wrote an introduction for the 1896 combination of two of his previous books, the poetry collections Majors and Minors and Oak and Ivy, which were collected as Lyrics of Lowly Life. For 10 points, name this African-American author of Sport of the Gods.;;(Paul) (Laurence) Dunbar
;;They touch upon the hospitality of Rahab and discuss the impossibility of serving both God and Mammon. One of them includes a discussion of the Phoenix myth before it segues into the omniscience of God and the hope of Resurrection. That discussion is preceded by a reference to Job and the example of a vast sea being withheld by God's Will. Although Johann Hug argued that the strident tone of the last four chapters in these works marks that section as the work of another author, that section's defense of the author's life as an apostle, which included trips to Salonnica with Silas, is biographically accurate. The longer one is best known for Chapter 49's statement that there is "nothing base or arrogant" in love, and that love "bears all things," and was probably written while the author was in Ephesus in AD 56. For ten points identify this pair of Epistles written by Paul to a church in the namesake Greek city.;;Letters (to) (the) Corinthians|the Corinthians
;;During their production, two different spin states must be trapped in the f = 9/2 hyperfine ground state. The experiment that created them used Feshbach resonances to prevent molecules from forming instead of the intended result, and further experiments by Chin et al. on Lithium-6 strongly imply that they have superfluid properties. First created by Jin, Greiner, and Regal using 400,000 potassium-40 atoms, this substance must be created using Cooper pairs, since the Pauli exclusion principle does not allow its constituents to occupy the same quantum state. For 10 points, name this state of matter that roughly corresponds to Bose-Einstein condensate for particles with half-integer spin.;;fermionic condensate
;;Louis Smirnow blames the "Christian world" which "said naught" in a poem named for Christendom's version of this "bloody" figure. An anti-war poem in The White Messenger and Other Poems by Edith Matilda Thomas was named for the "altar" of this figure, and a poem describing the outrage that the author felt concerning the return of a runaway slave toward the state of Massachusetts is named for this figure "in State Street" and was written by John Greenleaf Whittier. The son of a slave, along with many other children, are offered to this figure in a novel which ends with the offering of the heart of Matho to this god, that work being Flaubert's Salammbo. "Besmeared with blood/ of human sacrifices," this demon gives a speech demanding war with God in Paradise Lost. For 10 points, name this demon who appears prominently in Allen Ginsburg's Howl as a representative of the American city.;;Moloch
;;A letter of Joseph Jones told this man to be on the lookout for "dangerous combinations" and "sinister practices," and the Louis Nicola letter to this man proposed that he proclaim himself dictator. This man quashed a conspiracy instigated by Christopher Richmond and John Armstrong. The goal of that movement was to illicitly use this man's prestige to gain the power to tax imports. When this man denounced that attempt of Alexander McDougall and Walter Stewart, known as the Newburgh Conspiracy, he took out glasses and stated that he had grown both gray and blind. This man was also targeted by the inspector general of the army, who was miffed that this figure had not granted a promotion to major general, and sought to replace this man with Horatio Gates. For 10 points, identify this target of the Conway Cabal, who went on to name such figures as Henry Knox and Alexander Hamilton to his Cabinet.;;(George) Washington
;;One character in this play recommends a glass of schnapps with a pinch of powder for the main character's insomniac notion that the walls are speaking, as both occupy the same bed. At this work's beginning, that character is cutting canes in the undergrowth with Andres when he notices a part of the grass where a decapitated head once resembled a hedgehog. A pooping horse rendered the remark to "be natural," but his doctor, who is angry at him for the natural act of pissing against a wall, asks him to do it in a bottle to evaluate his diet of peas. Later, the protagonist notices "The moon's like a bloody knife!" as he stands in a pool of water. For 10 points, after discovering an affair with the Drum Major, the title character murders his wife Marie in what posthumously performed and fragmented play by Georg Buchner?.;;Woyzeck
;;A descendant of Inachus and Acrisius, a work by Moschus describes this figure's enormous shield that depicts the story of another relation, Io. At one point this mythological figure escalates the wounding of a pet deer into a bloody confrontation; shortly thereafter this figure opposes the giants, Bitias and Pandarus, in battle. This figure, who wears a triple crested helmet, inadvertently provokes a deadly rage after seizing a particular sword belt. Aided during battle by such allies as the doomed Lausus and the swift footed Camilla, a queen of the Volsci, this figure's sister, a water nymph, helps him throughout his campaign. But Juturna is not the only one to save him, as his life is also spared when a phantom is conjured up by Juno in order to keep him from his rival. This son of Venilia and killer of Pallas has his engagement interrupted when Latinus chooses a Trojan hero for the hand of his daughter. For 10 points, identify this legendary warrior of the Rutulians, who was spurned by Lavinia and killed by Aeneas.;;Turnus
;;This thinker compiled a didactic set of essays on education and religion originally attributed to Lady Mary Wray. That work, The Ladies Library, preceded a piece on Mt. Vesuvius and a work with a Latin title analyzing the nature of motion. He expressed an interest in monetary reform in The Querist and in another essay penned the line, "Westward the course of empire takes its way."In addition to criticizing the theory of fluxions, he argued against Malebranche's representationalist theories by positing that because we perceive objects, but can only immediately perceive ideas, it is virtually impossible for an object to exist outside of the mind. That idea, now known as "the master argument," was elaborated upon in a work written "in opposition to Skeptics and Atheists," as a supplement to his 1710 work Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. For 10 points, identify this Bishop of Cloyne who wrote The Analyst and Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous.;;(George) Berkeley
;;This man's military victories included the conquest of the Thuringians and a defeat of Alaric II. An ally of the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I, he patronized the first written version of the Salic Law. One of the first areas he conquered was the province of Belgia Secunda. Late in his reign, he was converted and baptized by Remigius. Gregory of Tours casts one of this man's late battles, a clash with Visigoths at Vouille, as a crusade against Arianism. He arose as ruler of the Salians following the death of his father Childeric. For 10 points, identify this king who united Gaul in the late fifth century, the husband of Clothilde who became the founder of the Merovingian Dynasty.;;Clovis (I)
;;This man wrote a collection of thirty-two pieces that each begin with a "stroke" from a Japanese temple instrument.The 17-piece collection For Times to Come accompanies a set of fifteen works, one of which requests the performers to fast in silence for four days. In addition to From the Seven Days, this composer wrote a piece based on the Book of Daniel called Song of the Youths, as well as Crossplay, a work scored for oboe, bass clarinet, piano, and three percussionists that was inspired by Messiaen.Michael, Eve, and Lucifer are the central characters in an opera cycle, parts of which are performed as some of his Klavierstucke and whose individual works are named for days of the week. A proponent of "formula composition" and "punctual" music, for 10 points, name this German composer of Helicopter String Quartet and Kontra-Punkte, whose opera cycle Licht is an example of his electronic music.;;(Karlheinz) Stockhausen
;;He is the namesake of the criterion that ions in a plasma must enter the Debye sheath at or above the sound speed.He expanded on de Broglie's pilot-wave theory to give a namesake theory that avoids the measurement problem. Plasma microinstabilities produce a scaling of one over the magnetic field strength in his eponymous anomalously rapid plasma diffusion process. With one of his students, he predicted a geometric phase observed in double-slit experiments due to the influence of the vector potential, even in regions with zero magnetic field. For 10 points, identify this proponent of a non-local hidden variables interpretation of quantum mechanics, the namesake of an effect with Aharonov.;;(David) (Joseph) Bohm
;;In this battle, Zachariah Deas forced the retreat of General William Carlin from La Fayatte Road, before an attack on Lytle Hill caused confusion among opposing generals. The victorious general here had kept command despite the agitations of Leonidas Polk and William Hardy, while another of that general's critics began the fighting at this battle. That man was John C. Breckinridge, who attacked Glass's Mill. The right side of the Union line was demolished by reinforcements under Longstreet, but another man held position on the left side at Snodgrass Hill earning the nickname the "Rock of" this battle, George Henry Thomas. It saw the defeat of the Army of the Cumberland under William Rosecrans. For 10 points, identify this Civil War Battle on the Tennessee-Georgia border, a victory for Braxton Bragg.;;(Battle) (of) Chickamauga
;;One of his works depicts a Cross of the Order of St. Michael and a small plaster statue of Pigalle scattered among objects on a table. That piece, Attributes of the Arts, was painted a few years before this artist's failing vision caused him to turn primarily to working in pastels. Though he had no students of his own, his influence on subsequent painters, such as Lucian Freud, who made multiple copies of his The Schoolmistress, may be attributed to his use of short parallel strokes that built up layers of pigment.His earliest success, depicting a bristling cat next to a gutted fish, The Ray, was followed by notable half length portraits of children including Girl with a Shuttlecock and a picture depicting Monsieur Lenoir's Son Building a House of Cards. For 10 points, identify this French artist renowned for his still lifes and genre works, including 1734's Young Man Blowing Bubbles.;;(Jean) (Baptiste) (Simeon) Chardin
;;A 1961 article on "The Economics of" this concept links its absence to price dispersion, and the same author created the concept of "search unemployment" in an article about this "in the labor market." An introduction to its namesake branch of economics can be found in a collection of Wicksell lectures titled Wither Socialism?It is assumed to be fully accounted for in security prices in the Efficient Markets Hypothesis. An essay that describes "Hiring as Investment under Uncertainty" uses college education as an example of its acquisition through applicant signaling. Its lack can lead to bounded rationality and to adverse selection. For 10 points, imbalances in what commodity are discussed in Akerlof's "The Market for Lemons," which describes a situation in which it is asymmetric?.;;information
;;Guy de Maillesec was elected to preside over the opening of this event.It was the first church council to actively solicit the participation of academic theologians, with Peter d'Ailly in attendance and John Gearson writing commentaries on it.The cause of Petros Philargi was argued for by Baldasarre Cossa, the future antipope John XXIII. Philargi was elected and took the name Alexander V, but the results were ignored since Urban VI and Clement VII both refused to recognize this council. Setting the stage for the Council of Constance, for 10 points, identify this 1409 ecumenical council that resulted in three Popes and failed to resolve the Great Schism, named for an Italian city.;;(Council) (of) Pisa
;;In Grand Unified models, these particles catalyze proton decay in the Callan-Rubakov effect. One variety of them emerges and disappears in a tunneling event between two Gribov vacua, and in a 3-dimensional gauge theory with a Higgs field, one variety of them takes the role of an instanton. Besides the Wu-Yang and t'Hooft-Polyakov varieties, a dyon with no electrical charge is one of them. A curve from one of these to infinity is known as the Dirac string, while the Dirac one is a topological defect in compact U(1) gauge theories. Their existence would change the right hand side of Gauss's law and explain the quantization of electric charge. For 10 points, name these hypothetical particles which would be units of magnetic charge.;;(Magnetic) monopoles
;;Northwest of this city lies a wilderness preserve called "Friends of Friedrich," while other vestiges of the German influence remain in the nearby northwestern town of New Braunfels. The King William and China Grove suburbs lie south of this city, while Cattlemen Square is found at Frio and Martin Street near its downtown. Found in Bexar County, it is the southern terminus of the cattle route that connected it to Abilene, Kansas, the Chisholm trail. One major landmark in this city connects tourist traps like the La Villita neighborhood and HemisFair Park to its other major attraction, which is composed of the Convento building and an adjacent church, the site of an 1836 battle against Santa Anna's forces. For 10 points, identify this city home to the River Walk, a large Texan city better known for the Alamo.;;San Antonio
;;This man failed to kill his enemy's bastard son Halesus, and his own children included Aletes and Erigone. After being sheltered for a time at the court of King Cylarabes, he chose to ignore a warning from Hermes and instead pursued an opportunity that resulted from Nauplius's quest for revenge. His father was also his grandfather, having raped his daughter Pelopia to produce this man.One story of his death states that he was fooled by an urn supposedly containing his killer's ashes presented to him by Pylades. He had earlier killed the twin sons of Cassandra and stabbed his enemy twice after his co-conspirator threw a net over that enemy. His adulterous co-conspirator then took an axe and beheaded this man's enemy in a bathtub. For 10 points, name this son of Thyestes who slew Atreus and convinced Clytemnestra to kill Agamemnon.;;Aegisthus
;;One character in this work is forced to sing Caffariello's song Venus Descendeth. The French version of this opera contains the aria "Pour une femme de mon nom," in which one character decries the manners of the French.The central character bids farewell to her friends with the aria "Il faut partir" and is next seen residing with the Marquise of Berkenfeld and resisting marriage to the Duke of Krakenthorp.Another character impresses his comrades, including Sulplice, with a string of high C's in the aria "Ah, mes amis, quel jour de fete," explaining that he has joined them because of his love for the title character. That title character sings "Chacun le sait" and the Rataplan chorus, and loves the Tyrolean peasant Tonio. For 10 points, name this Donizetti opera whose title character Marie was found as a baby by a group of soldiers.;;(The) Daughter of the Regiment|(La) Figlia del Reggimento|(La) Fille du Regiment
;;This author claimed, "it is bitter earnestness / That makes beauty," in a poem in which "a throbbing of engines" presages the appearance of the title group. In addition to "Boats in a Fog," he wrote the poem "Granite and Cypress," in which some saplings writhe in the wake of "the invisible falcon."He presented the Agamemnon story in dialogue form in The Tower Beyond Tragedy, and retold the Phaedra story in a long tragic narrative. He also described the part-Native American woman California watching her husband Johnny die before shooting the title stallion in another long tragic narrative. For 10 points, name this poet of Cawdor and Roan Stallion who lived at Tor House and Hawk Tower in Carmel, California, the author of The Women at Point Sur.;;(John) (Robinson) Jeffers
;;This process requires Polo-like kinases and the formation of a complex including the proteins Incenp, survivin, and Aurora B. In Arabidopsis, this process requires the syntaxin-related protein KNOLLE. During this process, E-C-T-two in conjunction with RhoA activates non-muscle myosin II and targets anillin, cofilin, and other actin-binding proteins, which have been localized to an area partially determined by astral microtubules. This process occurs via phragmoplast formation and Golgi body vesicle fusion in plants, creating the cell plate. In animal cells, it involves the formation of a contractile ring. In both cases, it requires the formation of a cleavage furrow. For 10 points, name this process of dividing a cell's cytoplasm to form two daughter cells.;;cytokinesis
;;One character in this work describes an infant on a chariot whose "two eyes are heavens/ Of liquid darkness" and who holds "a quivering moon beam" in hand before her sister talks of a sphere of music and light. This work's second act ends when "The pale stars are gone! / For the sun...hastes, in meteor eclipsing array" is claimed by The Voice of Unseen Spirits. That "Familiar acts are beautiful through love" and that "Soul meets soul on lovers' lips" are mentioned during a dialogue between the Earth and Moon, which is interrupted by Panthea and Ione. The title character says "Thy words are like a cloud of winged snakes;/ And yet I pity those they torture not" to a lone fury, and the Spirit of the Hour proclaims the title character's freedom after Heracles frees him from his chains. This play ends with the declaration "This is alone Life, Joy, Empire, and Victory" by Demogorgon, who proclaims his superiority over Jupiter. This work opens with the title character speaking of his love for Asia and bemoaning his torture by the hawks of Jupiter. For 10 points, name this closet drama by Percy Bysshe Shelley, a sequel to a work by Aeschylus.;;Prometheus Unbound
;;One character with this first name allows her sister Dee to take her grandmother's patchwork quilts in the story "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker.It's the first name of the titular teenage love interest of Jack Duluoz in a Jack Kerouac novel and of a woman in another novel who is introduced by Fanny Assingham to her future husband, whom she later discovers has had an affair with Charlotte Stant.It is the first name of a character who is loved by the hunchback Philip Wakem and the handsome Stephen Guest, and who dies in a flood with her brother Tom. This is also the first name of a character who is dumped in favor of Nellie by the bartender Pete. For 10 points, give this first name shared by Adam Verver's daughter in Henry James' The Golden Bowl, Miss Tulliver in George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss, and Stephen Crane's titular Girl of the Streets.;;Maggie
;;One ruler of this city, known as the Wise, fought Louis IV of Bavaria and was named Robert. The last duke of this city died at the Battle of Rignano while fighting against Ranulf II alongside Roger II. That man, Sergius VII, was a member of the Sergi dynasty. Louis the Great attacked this city in revenge for his brother Andrew, who had been married to Joan I of this place. After a victory at Ponte della Maddalena, Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo organized the Sanfedisti to overthrow the Parthenopean Republic in this city. Spain took control of this city after the battle of Garigliano, and Jan Hus opposed Baldassare Cossa's attempts to organize a crusade against a ruler of this city who controlled Innocent VII, Ladislaus. Henry II of Lorraine was opposed in a revolt by the fisherman Masaniello in this city. The Battle of Tolentino signaled the restoration of Ferdinand IV to power here. For 10 points, identify this Campanian city, once ruled by Joachim Murat.;;Naples|Napoli
;;This work's title character claims to be old enough to be the father of all present and references his time as a confidant of Pericles, whose son Paralus is a character. This work is referenced in the Nicomachean Ethics for its discussion of the weakness of the will, while, in Utilitarianism, Mill argues that Socrates presents a utilitarian argument in this dialogue. Socrates appeals to Prodicus to resolve an apparent contradiction about "being versus becoming good," which the title character introduces by quoting a poem attacking Pittacus by Simonides. It opens by discussing Alcibiades' beard and this dialog's title character is considered the first to call himself a sophist. Questioning whether virtue may be taught, for 10 points, identify this dialogue named for the man that claimed "Man is the Measure of All Things.".;;(The) Protagoras
;;The cooperative pseudo- form of this phenomenon has been linked to the vibronic theory of ferroelectricity. A version of this phenomenon arising from mixing of two or more interacting states was studied by Opik and Pryce. The Ham factor is used to simplify calculations of electronic and vibronic properties affected by this phenomenon. It is frequently observed in complexes where the e-sub-g orbitals contain an odd number of electrons, as in compounds of copper(II). For 10 points, name this effect in which nonlinear systems in a degenerate electronic state distort to remove the degeneracy, which can result in the distortion of a coordination compound with octahedral symmetry to tetragonal geometry.;;Jahn(-)Teller (effect)|(distortion)
;;John Gibbs led a revolt in its epicenter a few years after this event, which saw prisoners held for two weeks in the house of Captain Crawford. Arms for this event were provided by Captain Zachary Gilliam, which started after Valentine Byrd and Timothy Biggs were replaced by Thomas Eastchurch and Thomas Miller to enforce a statute ignored by John Judkins and Governor Drummond. One of its leaders was later exonerated thanks to testimony in London by the Earl of Shaftesbury, and it was also led by George Durant. Sparked by the enforcement of the colony's proprietors of the Navigation Acts and based in the Albermarle region, for 10 points, name this 1677-1679 rebellion which made its namesake the temporary governor of the Carolinas.;;Culpepper's (Rebellion)
;;One character in this poem describes "nations striving strong" as being "mad as hatters", and another wonders "will the world ever saner be." Another stanza cites the drooling of the "glebe cow," as well as "the howl of wakened hounds" and describes how "the worms drew back into the mounds" after the titular event. Stourton Tower, Camelot, and "starlit Stonehenge" are reached by the sound of the title activity which "broke the chancel window-squares," and caused the narrator and his companions to think "it was the Judgment-day". Written in April 1914, its second to last stanza features Parson Thirdly, a character from the author's novel Far From the Madding Crowd, noting that he should have stuck to pipes and beer rather than preaching. Beginning "That night your great guns, unawares / shook all our coffins as we lay," for 10 points, name this poem describing English naval drills, a work by Thomas Hardy.;;Channel Firing
;;On the cover of the album named for this song, the singer wears black boots and a dress and has a woman's hairstyle while lounging on a blue-draped couch in front of a floor where several dozen photographs are scattered. Some of its lyrics are borrowed from William Huhes Means's poem "Antigonish." When this song was first performed on Saturday Night Live, along with "TVC 15" and "Boys Keep Swinging," its singer was wearing a plastic tuxedo and was backed up by performance artist Klaus Nomi. The original singer of this song collaborated with Lulu to produce its first hit cover, while another cover of this song was performed after a version of "Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam" and before "Pennyroyal Tea" on an acoustic album recorded at the Sony studios in New York. This song is narrated by a figure who "searched for form and land" after stating "I thought you died alone a long long time ago" to someone whom he "passed upon the stairs." For 10 points, name this song in which the narrator claims "we never lost control" after being "face to face" with the titular merchant, the title track of a 1970 David Bowie album which was notably redone by Nirvana.;;(The) Man Who Sold the World
;;It compares the pursuit of pleasure by men to the stinging of a bee because each leaves something behind after the act. The last part opens with the story of a farmer digging for gold to illustrate the belief in chance. It discusses the concept of "honor" by referring to "an ulcer" of a man named Nonius and illustrates its consideration of the "world-soul" with references to Plato's Timaeus. This volume inspired Alcuin's preface to De Grammatica, and its translators included such authors as Jean de Meun and Geoffrey Chaucer. The most important of its five sections considers whether or not mental acts of free will exist in light of God's ability to know everything. Written in the form of a dialogue between a condemned man sitting in a prison and a woman who personifies the title entity, for 10 points, identify this work written in 524 by Boethius.;;(The) Consolation of Philosophy
;;A theory formulated by Hardcastle and Hanus in 1926 predicted that the shape of these objects results from ablation. That theory was adopted by Chapman in an attempt to answer their namesake problem. They can appear as flanged buttons or in a layered form known as Muong-Nong, but the splash-form type studied by Reinhart is most common. Coined in name by Austrian geologist Eduard Suess, a single specimen was discovered on Martha's Vineyard with a translucent green color, similar to the moldavites discovered in Czechoslovakia. Once explained by Virgil Barnes as a type of fulgurite, they are characterized by much lower water content than standard obsidians. Theorized to be ejecta from terrestrial impact craters, for 10 points, name these glassy rocks found in large strewn fields in Australasia which may result from meteorite events.;;tektites
;;His short stories include one in which five different Noahs sail five different boats, "The Chosen," as well as a humorous work about an ambassador, "Right of Sanctuary." Both of those stories were collected in The War of Time, a volume that preceded this man's novel about a conquistador's encounter with Vivaldi and the subsequent decision to compose the opera Motezuma. Another of his novels, which features the prostitute Estrella and climaxes at a concert hall during a performance of Eroica, centers on the pursuit of an informer and is called Manhunt. In another novel, this author adopted the story of Victor Hughes, a naval hero who led the assault against the British at Guadeloupe. That work, originally called The Age of Enlightenment, was translated into English as Explosion in a Cathedral. His earliest success which begins with the resistance of Macandal and tells the story of Ti Noel, who lives through the revolution in his native Haiti, may be best known for its preface which argued for an intermingling of the everyday with the miraculous in Latin American Literature. For 10 points, identify this Cuban author of such works as The Lost Steps, who introduced the concept of magical realism in his novel The Kingdom of this World.;;(Alejo) Carpentier
;;Towns along this river include Police, Opole, and Oglow, and this river splits into a western, canalized portion and an eastern portion that goes through Lake Dabie before it flows into the Szczecin Lagoon. A canal near the city of Eisenhuttenstadt connects this river to the Spree. Some of this river's tributaries include the Bober and the Bartsch. Along with the Niesse River, this river helps define an international border fixed by the Potsdam Conference, and it eventually flows into the Bay of Pomerania. For 10 points, identify this river which defines part of the Germany-Poland border and is the second-longest in Poland.;;Oder (River)
;;A notable building of this man's that has not survived was a 1200 seat theater on Savage's Green. His teachers included Thomas Ivory and he worked with Thomas Cooley on the Royal Exchange building before he emigrated. He and his longtime partner Pierce Purcell helped design and build the Seabrook House and the Charleston County Courthouse in South Carolina, and he also designed the Georgian "Great Hotel," the largest privately owned building in the nation's capital before 1810. But his most famous design, originally inspired by the Leinster House in Dublin, was chosen as the winning entry in a special competition precipitated by L'Enfant's dismissal from the project by George Washington. For 10 points, identify this Irish-born architect of the White House.;;(James) Hoban
;;This man's anti-Muslim policies included banning the washing of the dead and forbidding anyone who was not a qualified surgeon from performing a circumcision. Muslim retaliation to this man's policies included a wave of bombings accompanied with the slogan "forty years, forty bombs." Unrealistic modifications of his country's Third Five-Year Plan were known as this man's "Theses." Under this man, the company Kintex provided arms to Third World countries and may have also been involved in the drug trade. Late in his rule, he proposed a liberalization of government known as the "July Concept" and initiated the "New Economic Mechanism," but also demanded that all Turks in his country change their names. A conspiracy theory claims that his secret service was behind the 1981 assassination attempt of Pope John Paul II. For 10 points, name this Communist leader of Bulgaria from 1954 to 1989.;;(Todor) Zhivkov
;;This work critiques the definition of "sad" and "happy" songs and questions the utility of the rallying cry, "protect our women." At one point its author recalls that his devout father feared his ambition and it recounts his struggles for acceptance at a majority Jewish school. This work argues that life is tragic and that the majority of people in the author's community believe the cold war, not a desire to change, precipitated the decision in Brown v. Board. It outlines and ultimately rejects the teachings of Elijah Muhammad and is divided into two of what its author has dubbed "letters:" one "to the author's nephew," the other "from a region in the author's mind." Its final pages repeatedly ask, "What will happen to all that beauty?," and cites Du Bois' assertion that "The Problem of the 20th Century is the problem of the color line" in order to urge white Americans to reexamine what they think, before the titular disaster occurs. For 10 points, identify this 1963 book, composed of the sections "My Dungeon Shook" and "Down at the Cross," a plea for racial acceptance by James Baldwin.;;(The) Fire Next Time
;;In one story, an enraged Diomedes took this figure's body and tossed it into the river Scamander. According to Quintus Smyrnaeus, this figure, who was arrayed in "flaming mail that resembled lightning," wielded a pair of spears and a halberd created by Eris; with these weapons, this figure killed such warriors as Machaon and Podarces. Chalon of Cyparissus met his end trying to defend this figure, while Cleite's ship was blown off course during a voyage to meet up and join this figure's expeditionary force, whose other members included Themodosa and an eventual successor, Antianara. It was this figure's purification at the hands of Priam that motivated this ruler to come to Troy. Shortly after this figure's death, the bow-legged Thersites mocked a certain Greek hero for falling in love with this woman's corpse. The daughter of Otrera and Ares, for 10 points, identify this sister of Hippolyta, a queen of the Amazons slain by Achilles.;;Penthesilea
;;At one point in this work, its author makes a curious distinction between the Saracens and the Ishmaelites. Towards the end of this work, the narrator describes entering a temple with a foreign king and looking at images made out of stone and wood that appeared "as if the devil had devised them." The fourth part of this work catalogs certain doomed couples, including Hercules and Omphale, and makes the point that lust always has consequences, even for the powerful. Scattered throughout this work are references to the historical exploits of Gerald the Fearless and the shepherd warrior Viriatus. Canto V, which documents a vision of St. Elmo's fire and a landing at Saint Helena Bay, may be best known for its introduction of the evil Adamastor, who controls the Cape of Good Hope and who is sent to interfere with the heroic fleet. First published in 1572, it begins with the author's appeal to the "nymphs of the Tagus" and sets up a struggle between Bacchus and Venus over a quest to reach India. For 10 points, identify this epic celebrating Vasco de Gama and the Portugese people, a work by Luiz vaz de Camoes.;;(The) Lusiads|(Os) Lusiadas
;;At one point in this play, two characters debate God's Law and listen to the song of the reapers out in the field. The First Act ends with an elderly person being locked up while yelling about love "by the shore of the sea!" It is prefaced by a note from the author identifying this work as a "photographic document" and opens with a servant reflecting on her thirty years of service to a household run with an iron fist. That character later discusses her first encounter with a man nicknamed "the Shortailed" in an effort to cheer up her mistresses. Completed two years after another work by the same author concerning motherhood, this work's final act sees the maid Poncia guess the truth about the youngest sister's doomed love affair with the fiance of her older sibling, Pepe el Romano. This work ends with a suicide and the oppressive title figure yelling "Silence" at her four remaining daughters, including Angustias and Magdelena. For 10 points, identify this tragedy subtitled "A Drama about Women in the Villages of Spain," a work by Frederico Garcia Lorca.;;(The) House of Bernarda Alba
;;This man argued that all states should give up claims to western lands after accusing Governor Johnson of Maryland of trying to profit from recent land purchases made from Indians. A document written by this man said that slave importation was an "unnatural trade" and that "descendants not of the conquered, but of the conquerors" were speaking. In another document by this man, he praised "the great bulwarks of liberty" that "can never be restrained but by despotic governments" and stated "that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love, and charity toward each other." That document also outlined the "right to uniform government," to bear arms, and to free speech. This master of Gunston Hall was the principal author of both the Fairfax Resolves and the Virginia Declaration of Rights, and thus refused to support the Constitution until a Bill of Rights was added. For 10 points, name this American independence figure who, due to his founding of Alexandria, became the namesake of a northern Virginia university.;;(George) Mason
;;A parody of this poem mentions that "the PRB must keep the shady side" and is about a figure who is "getting his pictures, like his supper, cheap;" that parody was written by Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Though it has fifteen lines, this poem otherwise is structured as a Petrarchan sonnet. Its placement of the title figure at Judgment Day is possibly based on the forty-second line of the first book of Paradise Lost. The title entity "hath lain for ages" and "will lie until the latter fire shall heat the deep," when he will "once by man and angels" "be seen." This poem describes the "ancient, dreamless, uninvaded sleep" of a creature that is covered in "sponges of millenial growth and height" and is "battening upon huge seaworms" as "enormous polypi winnow with giant arms the slumbering green." For 10 points, name this poem by Tennyson, set "far far beneath in the abysmal sea," about a legendary monster.;;(The) Kraken
;;This problem is a type of membership problem, and, by formulation as a dynetic decision problem, it is neurally solvable. Rice's theorem was proven as a result of this, and Chaitin's constant is also sometimes named as this problem's probability. This problem is sometimes stated as a form of Hilbert's second problem. The first proof of this problem's undecidability, as well as that of the Decision problem, was published by Turing in a paper where he defined the Turing machine. One method of proving a quality on this problem relies on Cantor's theorem and the diagonalization of the results on input of a sequence of Turing machines. For 10 points, name this problem of determining whether a program and a certain input will run forever or finish.;;Halting (problem)|HaltTM
;;This process resembles the resistive ballooning mode of magnetized plasmas except the plasma pressure replaces rho. In this process, penetration distance is proportional to the Atwood number and gravitational acceleration, and the sonoluminescent bubbles created by snapping shrimp are destroyed via this process. It can be seen in delamination of lithosphere layers and in carbon detonation within a type 1a supernova, in which it displays its characteristic "fingers". For 10 points, identify this configuration where a more dense fluid lies on top of a less dense one, resulting in instability.;;Rayleigh(-)Taylor (instability)
;;This state aided the Thessalians in a war with Alexander of Pherae, defeating that tyrant at the less-heralded first Battle of Cynoscephalae. One military victory for this polity saw it deploy fifty ranks of troops on its left wing to match twelve for the opponent, inventing the "oblique order" to great success in a battle against Cleombrotus. Forces of this city orchestrated the Arcadians' founding of Megalopolis and reformed the state of Messenia after allying with a helot revolt in Sparta, but this polity, which was victorious at Tegyra, declined following the death of its greatest general at Mantineia. For 10 points, name this city which led the Boeotian League during the days of Pelopidas and Epaminondas and won at Leuctra before being defeated by Philip of Macedon at Chaeronea.;;Thebes
;;One of these works finishes with a movement marked Alla breve that is preceded by a brief cadenza. Another, written while its composer was still a student, opens with portentous horn declarations and a cascade of chords meant to evoke the pealing of bells. Yet another one of them is prefaced by eight stark chords at the beginning and includes a soaring second theme in E flat. That piece, which featured an "Oriental" second subject later popularized by the song "Full Moon and Empty Arms," was completed soon after the composer began visiting the hypnotist Nikolas Dahl. Although the first one remained unfinished, by 1909 the third and final one had been completed. For 10 points, identify this set of works for a certain instrument by the composer of The Isle of the Dead.;;Rachmaninoff's Concertos (for) Piano
;;This thinker noted that aphasia can occur across either the syntagmatic or paradigmatic axis, and can involve either word combination or vocabulary substitution. He postulated the Gesamtbedeutung and Grundbedeutung, or invariant and contextually specific meaning, of morphological constructs, which he used to analyze his native language's case system in terms of directionality, marginality, and quantification. This man came up with six functions of communication, including context and code, in his expansion of Karl Buhler's Organon-model. One of his theories, put forth in Preliminaries to Speech Analysis, states that each phoneme can be described by possessing or lacking certain qualities. For 10 points, name this creator of the distinctive features theory of phonology, who, along with people like Rene Wellek and Nicholas Trubetskoy, was a leader of the Prague School of Linguistics.;;(Roman) (Osipovich) Jakobson
;;One character in this story annoys his family by spending his days at the home of La Blanche, while another discusses the cutting of fingernails with the turban-wearing Zandrine. While burning a layette and a velvet dress, that character finds a letter which thanks "the good God for having so arranged our lives." The title character was abandoned at a pillar by some Texans who rode a canvas-covered wagon. Adopted by the Valmondes, that character later grows suspicious when she observes a quadroon using a fan, and later exiles herself into the swamp. For 10 points, Armand Aubigny turns out to be the one with black ancestry in what short story by Kate Chopin?.;;Desiree's Baby
;;The original design included a statue of the Risen Christ, but this was later replaced by an orb and a cross. Its decorative details include lizards, vines, and a smattering of bees, in honor of its patron. Open tie rods connect two pairs of putti who lean over its front edge; one pair holds a book, while the other a set of keys. Originally conceived of by Carlo Maderno, its columns allow sight of another work by the same artist, the Cathedra Petri, a great gilt bronze chair. Rising at the cross section of the Latin Cross, more than 100 feet above the main altar, its dark, twisted, columns were derived from a set believed to have come from the Temple of Solomon. Commissioned by Urban VIII in 1623, for 10 points, identify this grand baroque canopy in St. Peter's Basilica, a work designed by Gianlorenzo Bernini.;;Baldachinno
;;In one of this author's novels, the title character is sent a ring by the "princess of the golden locks." He wrote a play in which a cheap landlady passes off rotten veal as curry and a Jewish schemer tries to collect investments for a fictitious silver mine until a rhetorically gifted stranger arrives at the boarding house to moralize the inhabitants. In addition to Paul Kelver and The Passing of the Third Floor Back, he wrote about a man who remembers burying two malodorous cheeses on a beach in another novel. That man has every disease except housewife's knee and treats himself by eating a one-pound steak and a pint of beer every six hours. This author wrote of that man's journey from Kingston to Pangbourne with Harris and George, as well as Montmorency the dog, in a work that was followed by a story set "on the bummel." For 10 points, name this English humorist who wrote Three Men in a Boat.;;(Jerome) (Klapka) Jerome
;;Due to the insistence that these acts be ratified within four days, a secret set of minutes was prepared which included the legislative objections on them, while the published minutes showed a unanimous, unquestioned vote. The next year, the legislature was stripped of debating privileges and allowed only to vote under the "Final Act," which strengthened these laws. The idea for these acts was formulated during demonstrations at the Wartburg Festival. Their provisions included establishing a secret police at Mainz, empowering the confederation Diet to censor all periodicals, and dissolving the "youth associations" at Jena and other universities. A response to Karl Sand's murder of August Kotzebue, they were agreed to by eleven ministers at a meeting in Bohemia. For 10 points, identify these 1819 laws written by Metternich, which restricted liberal and nationalist groups in German lands.;;Carlsbad (Decrees)
;;This emperor rebuilt the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, and erected a wordless monument at Qianling Mausoleum. According to legend, during this emperor's rule, Zhou Xing told Lai Chun-ch'en that the best way to get a prisoner to admit a crime is to put him on a hot iron vat, after which Lai ordered Zhou to sit on one. In response to accusations of witchcraft, this future emperor accused Shangguan Yi and Li Zhong of treason, resulting in their deaths. Li Ching-yeh led a rebellion against this emperor, whose rule was supported by the Zhang brothers. This ruler gave orders behind a curtain in the name of Emperor Zhongzhong and Emperor Ruizhong before founding the Second Zhou dynasty in 690. For 10 points, name this Tang dynasty ruler who led China during the second half of the seventh century, a female empress.;;EmpressWuZetian
;;The second of this man's namesake functions is sometimes approximated as x minus the log of two pi. That the remainder when dividing prime numbers by 4 is more likely to be 3 than 1 is called this man's "bias". His namesake distance operation is sometimes called the chessboard distance, and his two namesake polynomial sequences, symbolized T sub n and U sub n, have recursive definitions, as they are solutions to his namesake differential equation. He names a relation which was actually formulated by Bienayme and states that no more than one over k squared of the total values are more than k standard deviations away from the mean of any probability distribution. For 10 points, name this Russian mathematician best known for that namesake inequality.;;(Pafnuty) Chebyshev
;;This actor played Abner Snopes in a 1980 TV adaptation of "Barn Burning." This actor played a man who goes unarmed into the Oregon woods to confront the unbalanced assassin Aaron Hallam in The Hunted. He directed a film in which Mike Norton kills the title character, then is forced to dig him up and take him to Jimenez by Pete Perkins. The director of The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, this actor described waking up after dreaming of his father riding on ahead to make a fire in "all that dark, all that cold" in a 2007 movie starring this actor as Sheriff Ed Tom Bell. He played Colonel Hayes Hodge in Rules of Engagement and portrayed a marshall trying to capture Dr. Richard Kimble in the 1993 movie The Fugitive. For 10 points, name this actor who played Agent K, the mentor of Will Smith's Agent J, in Men in Black, and attempted to track down Anton Chigurh in No Country For Old Men.;;(Tommy) (Lee) Jones
;;In an erotic novel by this author, the genie Cucufa gives Sultan Mangogul a silver ring that causes women's vulvas to describe their sexual experiences. This author illustrated his belief that theatre should teach virtue with a play about Saint-Albin, who convinces M. d'Orbesson to allow him to marry the lower-class girl Sophie,The Family Father. This author wrote a novel set in Longchamp where Suzanne is initiated into lesbian debauchery by her Mother Superior. Inspired byTristram Shandy, this author wrote a novel narrated by a character who describes how being shot in the knee caused him to fall in love with Denise. This author ofThe Indiscreet JewelsandThe Nunalso wrote a satiric dialogue named for the composer ofHippolyte and Aricie. For 10 points, name this eighteenth century French author ofJacques the FatalistandRameau's Nephew, the chief editor of the Encyclopedie.;;DenisDiderot
;;This ruler asserted that he wanted serious opposition in future presidential elections in an interview with James Creelman, which inspired the underground movements that would later unseat him. Nicolas Zuniga y Miranda was the longtime opponent of this leader, who ruled by the principle of "pan o palo," or "bread or the stick." His advisors included disciples of Gabino Barreda such as finance minister Jose Limantour and Ramon Corral, and were known as the cientificos. He rose to power by winning the Battle of Tecoac and subsequently drafting the Plan of Tuxtepec against Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. This dictator established the rurales, and he fled to Europe after a rebellion led by a man eventually overthrown by Victoriano Huerta, Francisco Madero. For 10 points, name this longtime dictator of Mexico who ruled from 1876 to 1880 and 1884 to 1911.;;(Jose) (de) (la) (Cruz) PorfirioDiaz
;;According to Pausanias, one of this woman's daughters married Oebalus after the death of her first husband Perieres, making that daughter the first woman to marry a second time. One of this woman's sons exiled Amphitryon from Mycenae for killing Electryon. According to Ovid's Metamorphoses, this woman's husband fought and defeated Thescelus and Ampyx during his battle for the right to marry her. This mother of Sthenelos and Gorgophone was betrothed to Phineus, but instead married a man who killed Cetus. After consulting the oracle of Ammon, her father Cepheus agreed to respond to a threatening flood-tide by abandoning her in Jaffa. Her mother boasted that she was the most beautiful of all the Nereids, causing this Ethiopian princess to be chained to a rock. For 10 points, name this daughter of Cassiopeia, who was rescued by the hero who slew the Gorgon, Perseus.;;Andromeda
;;A cartoon about this event depicts a lion stepping on a fox above a half-donkey, half-key peering out from a pit. George Bliss and Benjamin Brewster helped uncover evidence of this event, and key testimony about it was provided by Montfort C. Rerdell. Thomas James asked P. J. Woodward to lead the investigation into this scandal, which focused on contracts that represented the phrase "certainty, celerity and security" with three asterisks. At trial, Robert Ingersoll defended the perpetrators of this scandal, who included Thomas Brady and former senator Stephen Dorsey. The investigation of this scandal was interrupted by the assassination of James Garfield. For 10 points, name this 1882 scandal in which corrupt members of the post office created fictitious accounts.;;Star Route (Scandal)
;;Joshua Reynolds's portrait of Mrs. Bouverie and Mrs. Crewe was inspired by the main theme of several paintings with this title. One painting with this title depicts two figures identical to men watching from a forest in its artist'sApollo Flaying Marsyas, who look at a fly and a mouse next to a skull. Besides that painting by Guercino, another painting of this name depicts Alpheus spilling an urn full of water. According to Erwin Panofsky'sMeaning and the Visual Arts, the central subject of a more famous painting of this name is not a mere death's-head, but mortality itself. In that painting of this name, a woman in a yellow cloak stands in a pastoral landscape next to three men attempting to make out an inscription on a sarcophagus. For 10 points, identify the shared name of two paintings by Nicholas Poussin which depict shepherds discovering a grave.;;Et in Arcadia Ego
;;One speech in this play asserts that "the Devil isn't made by what mummy says and daddy says. The Devil'sthere. It's an old-fashioned word, but a true thing." In another scene, the protagonist remembers working in a store and being overwhelmed by customers asking for brand names like Philco, Hoover, and Remington. One character in this play dreams of being a priest in Homeric Greece and slicing open children in Argos. In its second act, this play's protagonist recalls finding his father, a socialist named Frank, watching an erotic movie after taking a pill he believes to be truth serum, which causes him to describe his failed sexual encounter with Jill. At the end of the first act, the protagonist strips naked and ecstatically worships Nugget in the presence of psychologist Martin Dysart. For 10 points, name this play about Alan Strang, who enters therapy after using a steel spike to blind six horses, written by Peter Shaffer.;;Equus
;;This city is home to sites like Iguana Park and the Cristal Palace, located a short distance from the monument La Rotonda, which commemorates a famous meeting here. Its buildings include a university named in honor of Vicente Rocafuerte and those in its historical district Las Penas. To its northwest is the town of Jipijapa, while the northeast features cities like Babahoyo and Milagro, and larger towns in the north include Portoviejo and Riobamba. South of this city lies Puna Island, which is located in its namesake gulf. That gulf is fed by the Tumbes and Zarumilla rivers and has its waters cooled by the Humboldt current. For 10 points, name this South American port city, the largest and most populous city in Ecuador.;;Guayaquil
;;Six types of these formations have been listed by Robert Riding, including tufa and skeletal. First coined in name by Kalkowsky in 1908, one group of them, Conophyton, is characteristic of Late Precambrian sequences. The study of fossilized ones in general was driven by a discovery of Stanley Tyler and Elso Barghoorn in the Gunflint Formation, where these have created a namesake form of chert. A rare example of a living one of these can be seen at Shark Bay in Australia. Similar to calcretes, these organosedimentary structures typically form when cyanobacteria present in algal mats acts to trap and laminate sediment in thread-like filaments on the floor of a body of water. For 10 points, name these formations which provide the oldest macroscopic evidence of life on Earth, whose name comes from the Greek for "stony carpet.".;;stromatolites
;;One signer of this treaty crushed the Stellinga Uprising. One year after this treaty was signed, its central figures promised their continued cooperation in a meeting at Yutz. An alliance formed at the Oaths of Strasbourg led to the signing of this treaty, which was modified by the Treaty of Meersen. One signatory of this treaty was given land west of the Scheldt, Meuse, and Saone rivers. Signed two years after the Battle of Fontenay, this treaty gave another of its signees land from the North Sea to Italy, and created the divisions of East and West Francia. Signed by the sons of Louis the Pius, for 10 points, name this treaty which divided the Carolingian Empire among Louis the German, Charles the Bald, and Lothair in 843.;;(Treaty) (of) Verdun
;;This composer used a scherzo in 7/4 time to set a hymn with the refrain "Brothers rise and join the throng," "Song of the Frogs." This composer incorporated the folk song "If All the World Were Paper" into the allegro movement of his Opus 40, A Fugal Concerto. In one of his works, a mixed chorus sings agitated pleas in 5/4 time, and is answered in 5/2 time by a reassuring "master," who sings "I am Mind of all." He composed "Dance of the Marionette" and "Dance Under the Cherry Tree" for a work commissioned by Michito Ito, theJapanese Suite. This composer used an anvil to provide the rhythm of his "Song of the Blacksmith," the third movement of a suite ending with a "Fantasy on the Dargason," the Second Suite for Military Band. He adapted gnostic texts from the Apocryphal Acts of St John into his Hymn of Jesus, and composed a tone poem named for a location in The Return of the Native. For 10 points, name this English composer of Egdon Heath, St. Paul's Suite, and The Planets.;;GustavHolst
;;In one of this author's poems, a speaker "running with joy on the Demon's trail" hears "a sleepy sound, but mocking half / As of one who utterly couldn't care." In addition to "The Demiurge's Laugh," this author wrote that "all who hide too well away / Must speak and tell us where they are" in a poem asserting "We make ourselves a place apart / behind light words that tease and flout," "Revelation." In another of this author's poems, a woman cries "But the world's evil. I won't have grief so / If I can change it" and attempts to leave her house, only to be told "I'll follow and bring you back by force. I will-" by her husband. The speaker of one of this poet's sonnets asks "What was that whiteness? / Truth? A pebble of quartz?" before concluding "For once, then, something." He wrote "Then leaf subsides to leaf. / So Eden sank to grief" in a poem about the mutability of nature, "Nothing Gold Can Stay." For 10 points, name this American poet of "Home Burial," who wrote about having "miles to go before I sleep" in "Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening.".;;RobertFrost
;;Hans Hendrik Andersen demonstrated that the stopping power of these objects does not follow the Bethe formula, a result that proved the existence of the Barkas effect, and they are the cause of both pleochroic halos and of mineral metamictization. The last step in the CNO cycle creates a carbon atom and one of these. These are only associated with elements heavier than tellurium. Timothy May discovered that emission of these from DRAM can cause soft errors in microprocessor operations, and the Geiger-Nuttall law relates the life of an isotope to the production of these. For 10 points, identify these particles that escape from radioactive elements via quantum tunneling and Coulomb repulsion, which were used in Rutherford's gold foil experiment and are identical to a helium-4 nucleus.;;alpha (particles)
;;A Senator in this novel urges America to "return to a true Free Enterprise System, which has the sink-or-swim justice of Caesar Augustus built into it" in a speech about the "Golden Age of Rome." This novel contrasts the virile fisherman Harry Pena with the spiritually sick inhabitants of Pisquontuit, such as the bored lesbian Amanita Buntline. The wife of its protagonist is diagnosed with "Samaritrophia," or indifference to people less fortunate than herself, after her husband sees a firestorm in Indianapolis and opens an office devoted to helping the poor. Norman Mushari schemes to steal the fortune of this novel's title character, who introduces Billy Pilgrim to the works of Kilgore Trout in a hospital ward in Slaughterhouse-Five. Named for Eliot, a millionaire searching for selfless love, for 10 points, identify this novel by Kurt Vonnegut.;;God Bless You(,) Mr(.) Rosewater
;;One man with this last name forced Gaius Popillius Laenas into exile, while another held a public feast which was painted and dedicated to the Aventine after he emerged victorious at the Battle of Beneventum. Yet another man of this surname reportedly asked a slave to stab him after he was attacked by Lucius Opimius, thus meeting his death alongside his ally Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. The previously mentioned man was clubbed to death on the orders of his cousin Scipio Nasica, after earlier negotiating a heroic peace treaty with the Numantines while serving as quaestor for Gaius Hostilius Mancinus. He was the son-in-law of Appius Claudius Pulcher, while another figure of this surname notably proposed the Sempronian Laws. For 10 points, give this cognomen shared by the two tribunes Tiberius and Gaius.;;Gracchus
;;One of this thinker's students developed activity theory along with Rubinstein. This thinker distinguished between primary defects caused by heredity and secondary defects caused by a person's social environment, and argued that the apex of knowledge was decontextualization, or the ability to transfer a skill into a new context. This psychologist asserted that egocentric speech leads to advanced thought, and postulated the importance of assistance from More Knowledgeable Others. Steven Toulmin called this thinker the "Mozart of Psychology," and his ideas were promulgated by his students Leont'ev and Luria. Scaffolding is based on the ideas of this psychologist, who postulated a space between a person's actual level of development and his or her potential area of development. For 10 points, name this Russian psychologist whose book Mind in Society introduced the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development.;;(Lev) Vygotsky
;;This empire was the site of a heretical movement that legalized polygamy and opposed the use of crucifixes, Antonianism, led by native prophet Donna Beatrice. It declined following a loss at the Battle of Mbwila. A long civil war in this empire was ended by an agreement to alternate the kingship between the Kimpanzu and Kinlaza. Other problems befell it in 1568, when this empire was occupied by the Jagas, and its ruler Álvaro I had to seek foreign help to reconquer its territory. Its capital was at a city renamed Sao Salvador under colonization, which has since reverted to its original name of Mbanzaa. Founded by its first "mani," Lukeni lua Nimi, this land was Christianized in 1491 but was ultimately absorbed into the Portuguese colonial empire following a souring of relations with Angola. For 10 points, name this empire which existed from 1390 to 1914 in southwest Africa and shares its name with two modern-day countries.;;(Kingdom/Empire) (of) Kongo
;;This novel's protagonist is given a golden cigarette case after a three day love affair with the loud Nande Azerdo, and earlier he unsuccessfully attempts to hook up with Elsa under the assumed name of Pearson J. Thomas. While in Berlin, the protagonist is upset that his wife does not want to return home to see his new grandson from his daughter Emily, and earlier that protagonist attempts to refute some of Ross Ireland's criticisms of America. The protagonist flees England after Major Lockert makes advances on his wife, and returns to Paris after his wife gets too close to Arnold Israel. The protagonist, whose company was bought out by the U.A.C., ultimately ends up with Edith Cortright while Kurt von Obersdorf refuses to marry his wife Fran.For 10 points, name this novel by about the European travels of the titular Zenith auto executive, by Sinclair Lewis.;;Dodsworth
;;In one story, this mythological figure, who was often depicted in the company of a bird and a squirrel, asks Nera to speak to the dead on Samhain. This figure's marriage is described in a section of the Book of Lecan known as the "Cath Boinde," which also reveals how this figure acquired the court of Cruachan.Killed by a man with a slingshot while bathing in a pool, this figure was succeeded by one of seven sons, Maine Athramail. In the most well known story about this figure, whose lust earned her the epithet "the friendly-thighed," she seduces Fergus Mac Roiche in an attempt to win an argument with her husband, Ailill; an event that precipitates an attack on Ulster and the theft of the Brown Bull of Cooley. For 10 points, identify this queen of Connacht whose forces kill Cuchulainn.;;Medb|Maeve
;;One majority opinion by this man upheld the arrest of Irving Feiner following inflammatory remarks he made in Syracuse, New York. This man was joined by Justices Reed and Minton in a dissent that cited Lincoln's naval blockade of the South to argue for the party represented by Secretary of State Charles Sawyer. He used reasons like the necessity of keeping electronic devices secret in his majority opinion denying Air Force reports to widows of civilian crash victims in United States v. Reynolds. He also wrote a majority opinion holding that certain individuals were trying to overthrow the government and that the Smith Act was constitutional in Dennis v. U.S, a landmark anti-Communist opinion. Dying before his court could rule on Brown v. Board of Education, for 10 points, name this former Secretary of the Treasury whom Truman appointed as a replacement for Harlan Fiske Stone as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1946.;;(Frederick) (Moore) (Fred) Vinson
;;A variation of this algorithm which preserves the natural ordering does not perform a merge if an original node exists between two merged nodes and is named for Hu and Tucker. Faller, Gallagher, Knuth, and Vitter all worked on a modification to this algorithm which allowed it to operate in one pass, the so-called dynamic or adaptive form of it. The length limited version of this problem is reduced to the Coin-Collector problem in a generalization of it known as the Package-Merge Algorithm. It is more efficient than a similar technique named for Shannon and Fano, and the selection of the locally smallest two nodes at each step makes it a Greedy Algorithm. Using a binary tree to create prefix-free codes so that the most frequently used symbol has the smallest code, for 10 points, name this type of lossless data compression named for an MIT Computer Scientist.;;Huffman Coding
;;One character in this work states that she has "buried [her]self within these four walls" since the death of her husband, and another character is so annoyed by her use of the phrase "the way I'm feeling now" that he states "it's easier to sit on a keg of gunpowder than talk to a woman". When that female cannot pay that character for the I.O.U.s left by her husband, he abuses the servant Luka and refuses to leave. He then declares "I'll smoke her like a side of bacon" when she accepts his challenge to a duel, but within a few pages they've fallen in love. For 10 points, name this one-act play which ends with Popova and the title character Smirnov getting together, a work of Anton Chekhov named for an animal.;;(ANWER(:)) (The) Bear
;;They eventually split into two factions, primarily over the question of communal land ownership. One of those factions, the Sons of Freedom, would lead a series of nudist strikes.The major element in their life was "the gathering," at which large passages of the Book of Life would be read, and their leaders included a man named Silva and Peter Verigin who commanded a namesake rebellion. It was their refusal to be conscripted that led to their exile from the land they'd been given by Alexander I around the Sea of Azov. Originally called "Christians of the Universal Brotherhood," after they burned their weapons in an 1895 protest, their struggle and eventual emigration to Canada was supported by Leo Tolstoy. For 10 points, identify this Russian religious sect whose supposedly heretical beliefs led to them being given a name that translates as "Spirit Wrestlers.".;;(The) Dukhobors|Doukhobars
;;The Meitner-Hupfeld effect is a deviation from this formula in heavy elements. The first experimental confirmations of this were made by Louis Gray, and studies of it by Chung-yao Chao led to the discovery of the positron. Mathematically, one side of it can be expressed as the product of the fine structure constant, Compton radius, and several terms containing the ratio of the photon energy before and after collisions, and, for low energies, it reduces to the classical Thomson equation. For 10 points, identify this formula that was the first experimental proof for Dirac's relativistic electron theory, which gives the differential cross section of a photon scattered by an unbound electron.;;Klein(-)Nishina (formula)
;;The third section begins in the F sharp minor key and introduces the theme of a musical conversation. The second, more melancholy movement, inspired by laments sung during Holy Week, pairs the featured instrument with an English horn and is marked Adagio. Its opening begins by alternating between a 6/8 signature and accompanying passages in ¾ and was based on traditional folk dances such as the fandango. Often performed alongside its composer's later success, Fantasy for a Gentleman, this work for guitar and orchestra was adapted by Miles Davis in his Sketches of Spain. For 10 points, identify this 1940 composition named for the location of Philip II's spring resort, the masterpiece of Joaquin Rodrigo.;;Concierto de Aranjuez
;;In 2001, this man fought three consecutive times with John Ruiz, earning one win, one loss, and one draw. The Atlanta mansion of this boxer was foreclosed upon in June 2008 despite the fact that, as recently as 2003, he was paid five million dollars to lose to James Toney. After his first attempt at a title unification fight in 1999 ended in a draw at Madison Square Garden, he lost the rematch eight months later, handing all his belts to Lennox Lewis. He had earlier defeated such reigning champions as Buster Douglas, Riddick Bowe, and Michael Moorer, though he may be best known for his eleven children or for a 1997 bout which referee Mills Lane awarded him on TKO. For 10 points, name this boxer who won his second consecutive fight with Mike Tyson after Tyson bit off part of his ear.;;(Evander) Holyfield
;;Though the first of these conflicts ended bloodlessly due to a settlement engineered by Niklaus Manuel, the second one soon erupted after a dispute over a 2500-crown reparation payment led to a blockade. In the period between these two conflicts, an invasion by Giangiacomo Medici was turned back by the same man who defended Valais in the second of these wars, Hans Franz Nageli. The second one included the battles of Saint Gall and Schaffhausen, where the forces of Jorg Goldli were defeated. The first of these conflicts ended with an agreement by the Christian Union to cease allying with Austria, and the second erupted during a dispute over forced conversions in Thurgau. Named for a monastery that straddled the Zug and Zurich, these conflicts erupted in 1529 and 1531. For 10 points, name these wars between Catholic and Protestant cantons, in which Huldrych Zwingli was killed.;;Kappel (Wars)
;;The protagonist of this work is unhappy with his black brother, the son of his widowed mother by their provider Zayde. One character in this work induces a seizure in a bailiff by praying, and the protagonist eats the cheese out of mousetraps and drills a hole in the bottom of a wine jug. The protagonist works for the aforementioned seller of indulgences after being clubbed by a priest for stealing bread. In another instance, the protagonist has his head knocked against a statue by his master, an old blind man. Named for the river over which he was born, the protagonist gains an influential government post due to some new clothes and is given a wife by the archpriest of Salvador. For 10 points, name this anonymously written picaresque novel.;;Lazarillo de Tormes
;;This artist painted numerous nude images of Betalo Rubino, but also painted her in costume as a Dancer of Dehli. This man adopted Hardesty Maratta's twelve basic color system later in his career; this switch brightened his subsequent portraits appreciably when compared to such earlier works as his Gypsy series and Laughing Boy. His admiration for Degas was evident in such works as Dancer in a Yellow Shawl and his portrait of Madame Voclezca as Richard Strauss' Salome.His theories were eventually collected in The Art Spirit, some years after this student of Thomas Anshutz moved from Philadelphia to New York where he made his name. It was his decision to spurn the National Academy of Design that led him to organize a breakthrough show at the Macbeth Gallery in 1908, that exhibition featured such like minded artists as William Glackens and George Luks. For 10 points, identify this American painter, perhaps best known as the leader of "The Eight.".;;(Robert) Henri|(Robert) (Henry) Cozad
;;In it, the author debunks the work of Antonio Maffei on the relationship between "crooked feet" and sleep. It also argues that Joseph Spence's translations are intolerable to any reader of taste, and opens by ruminating on the depiction of grief and the need to temper violence for the sake of beauty.Its ultimate conclusion, which follows a comparison of Virgil's Shield of Aeneas versus Homer's description of the Shield of Achilles, recalls an earlier argument made in the 1757 essay "Main Principles on the Fine Arts and Sciences," by the author's close friend, Moses Mendelssohn. Concerned with delineating the limits of representation, it was written primarily as a response to the ideas of Johann Winckelmann. For 10 points, identify this 1766 work of aesthetic philosophy that takes its name from a statue depicting a Trojan priest being strangled by a serpent, written by Gotthold Lessing.;;Laocoon(:) (An) (Essay) (on) (the) (Limits) (of) (Painting) (and) (Poetry)
;;This capital city of Henry the Illustrious in the early 13th century saw the training of a significant number of troops at its Albertstadt prior to World War I. Frederick the Great recognized Francis I as Holy Roman Emperor in a treaty named for this city that ended the Second Silesian War. Home to many rulers of the Wettin line, the May Rising here marked the last of the Revolutions of 1848 and saw the attempted ousting of a king who ruled from this city, Frederick Augustus II. A battle named for this city saw the garrison of Laurent Gouvion-Saint-Cyr relieved by a long march by Napoleon, marking the emperor's last victory in Germany. The Marshall Inquiry condoned a decision by Arthur Harris to attack this "Florence on the Elbe" by the RAF and US Army Air Force. For 10 points, name this traditional capital of Saxony, notably firebombed in February 1945.;;Dresden
;;The poet used intentionally archaic language in the first two cantos of this work as a tribute to Edmund Spenser. The title character ambles into the land of Cintra while taking a horseback journey through Portugal, and muses on cruelty while watching a bullfight in Spain. After deciding that Albanians are noble savages, the central figure of this work falls in love with the German woman Julia and dies in Rome. The second half of this work nearly ignores the title figure, at first setting him aside for an extended description of the sorry present state of Greek culture, and then admitting that the ruse of an authorial stand-in had run its course. For 10 points, name this narrative poem which introduced a certain type of "hero," a travelogue of a Romantic youth in Europe by Lord Byron.;;Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
;;In one of this man's works, the protagonist is raped by Streckmann in the midst of her simultaneous engagement to August Keil and affair with Flamm, leading her to commit infanticide. Another of his works ends with Helene's suicide after she is abandoned by a man afraid of fathering alcoholic children, Alfred Loth. In addition to Rose Bernd and Before Dawn, he wrote a play in which Magda is abandoned in favor of the mountain sprite Rautendelein by her husband Heinrich, and a play described as "A Dream-Poem," Hannele. He talked about Becker and Jaeger leading a rebellion of the titular workers in another play. For 10 points, name this German dramatist of The Sunken Bell and The Weavers.;;(ANWER(:)) (Gerhart) Hauptmann
;;This area has a six hundred percent variance in rainfall from one side to the other, as measured at Bahia Felix and Rio Grande. Lennox, Picton, and Nueva are among the disputed members of this group, which is supposed to be divided by a line stretching from Cape Espiritu Santo. The largest island of this group is a triangular mass containing Monte Sarmiento and found to the north of the Beagle Channel. Including the noted southerly city of Ushuaia, this archipelago is separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan. For 10 points, Cape Horn is found on the southern side of what group of islands shared by Argentina and Chile?.;;Tierra del Fuego
;;The resolution of one of the conflicts by this name involved a promise to end human sacrifice and a fine paid in gold dust. After another one of these events, the royal family was deported to the Seychelles. Another one of these was prompted by a ten-year buildup which included provocations such as the seizure of Elmina and the movement of troops under Kwaku Dua. Garnet Wolsely's sack of Kumasi ended one of them, and the last one erupted when Frederich Hodgson sought to use a certain piece of furniture as his gubernatorial seat, provoking the final conflict of this nature, also called the War of the Golden Stool. For 10 points, identify this series of wars fought in the second half of the nineteenth century between British colonizers and a West African people.;;Anglo(-)Ashanti (Wars)
;;In one of this author's novels, a former doctor now working as an assistant coroner writes a mysterious notebook in which he claims to be a pornographer. That book's protagonist is named in tribute to the existentialist author of Irrational Man, which influenced this author's philosophy. In addition to that story in which rich car salesman Chandler Vaught gives each of his children a hundred thousand dollars, The Last Gentleman, this author wrote about the psychic Miss Marva, who sells "astrological real estate" to some black radicals who occupy Paradise Estates. That novel is about the inventor of the lapsometer and is subtitled "The Adventures of a Bad Catholic at a Time Near the End of the World." In another of his novels, a breakup with Walter Wade causes Kate to attempt suicide, but a trip to Chicago with Binx Bolling cheers her up. For 10 points, name this author of Love in the Ruins, The Second Coming, and The Moviegoer.;;(Walker) Percy
;;The requirement that this state be achieved has been circumvented by using quantum interference in rubidium and on the D1 line of cesium by Marlan Scully. This process can be enhanced by using heterojunctions composed of gallium arsenide between layers of aluminum arsenide, and this state can be created in hydrogen by applying an inhomogeneous magnetic field to a gas undergoing the 21-cm transition. It is usually explained through a four-level system, which is characteristic of rare earth ions like neodymium, or the simpler three-level system with the top layer known as the "pump band", as seen in ruby. For 10 points, identify this situation where a majority of particles are in a more excited state, which is necessary for the operation of most lasers.;;population inversion
;;The fourth section includes a lusty tavern song that was originally intended for voice but is usually played by a wind instrument and is set against a backdrop of sleighbells. The second section, which features a dark melancholy theme, is typically played by a double bass or the saxophone. Beginning with an offstage fanfare for cornet, its fifth and final part, "The Internment," ends with a muted trumpet, but is preceded by melodies from the other movements recalling the titular figure's career. Due to translation issues, it was originally released in the United States as the score to a film by Alexander Feinzimmer called The Czar Wants to Dance. For 10 points, identify this satirical work about a non-existent soldier, a suite by Sergei Prokofiev.;;Lt(.) Kije (Suite)
;;University of Texas professor Sanford Levinson questioned why this provision does not get more coverage in legal journals in an article titled for its "embarrassing" consequences. The 1886 Presser v. Illinois case, which said that this restriction does not apply at the state level, was challenged in April 2009 by a Ninth Circuit ruling which held that this amendment is now incorporated. The majority opinion in a recent case addressing this law noted that "a purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass, except, apparently, in some courses on Linguistics." An earlier Supreme Court case addressing this amendment turned on the transportation of an item from Oklahoma to Arkansas in violation of a federal registration statute and the meaning of the phrase "well-regulated militia." For 10 points, identify this subject of the DC v. Heller and U.S. v. Miller rulings, a Constitutional amendment guaranteeing the right to keep and bear arms.;;(The) Second (Amendment)
;;Along with Emile Grunberg, this economist asserted that predictions lead people to act in a way that causes predicted outcomes to resemble actual outcomes in "The Predictability of Social Events," one of the earliest works of rational expectations. This economist developed the MPS model of the American economy for the Federal Reserve. He devised a measure that adjusts the risk of a stock to match a performance benchmark along with his granddaughter Leah, a measure known as M-squared. Along with Richard Brumberg, this economist theorized that people decide how much they want to spend at each age, and predicted that people save during their youth to spend money during retirement. The developer of the life cycle hypothesis, for 10 points, identify this economist, the namesake of a theorem about conditions in which a firm's financial decisions do not affect its value along with Merton Miller.;;(Franco) Modigliani
;;He painted historical works in Venice under Carlo Maratta, and his own assistants included Edward Byng and John Jacob Bakker. His sitters included the missionary Shen Fu Tsung, whose depiction as The Chinese Convert was owned by James II, as well as 14 naval commanders whose portraits were completed for Queen Anne and Prince George of Denmark. His glamorous portraits of the Royal Ladies in Waiting are now known as the Hampton Court Beauties. This rival of Peter Lely's, who succeeded him as Charles II's Painter to the Crown, eventually bought a house at Whitton where he became Alexander Pope's neighbor; fitting, since he would go on to paint the leading literary figures of his day, including Pope, Steele, and Vanbrugh, in a namesake series of less than half length portraits. For 10 points, identify this Lubeck born painter, best known for his portraits of the Kit-Kat club.;;(Sir) (Godfrey) Kneller
;;This figure puts out a bounty on a character who once messed up giving his name to Peggy Jean in a 1986 hyper-violent Jim Reardon animated short. This character supposedly resides in the "most sincere" location, and in a special named for this character, his primary supporter gives the advice of "never jump into a pile of leaves with a wet sucker." An episode of Robot Chicken saw him defeated by the Kite Eating Tree after killing all the children, and a parody of him was defeated by Tom Turkey in the last segment of the most recent Treehouse of Horror. Mistaken for a zamboni and a dogfighter, this character is often waited for by Sally, although Lucy refuses to believe in him. For 10 points, name this character who never appears to Linus in a Peanuts Halloween Special.;;(The) Great Pumpkin
;;The north part of this city extends up the foot of Mount Chihsing, while recreational areas near this city include Pi Lake and the park on Mount Yangming. Banciao, Sanchong, and Wanhua are some of its central districts, while tourists are more likely to see the Lungshan Temple or the nearby night market at Snake Alley. The National Palace Museum in this city preserves the extensive art collection of Emperor Qianlong. This city is located fifteen miles southwest of Chilung nad about ten miles east of the port and resort town of Tanshui, on the river of that name. For 10 points, name this city which became a national capital in 1949 following the flight of the KMT from the mainland, the largest city of Taiwan.;;Taipei
;;It argues for commodification as "mean and squalid" in section five, "Discipline," and identifies matter, not as a substance, but as a phenomenon. Other sections of this 8 part work include "Discipline," where its author notes that "sensible objects conform to premonitions of reason," and "Prospects," the latter of which quotes a poem by George Herbert that begins "Man is all symmetry." Its "Introduction" notes that this work will concern itself with the "NOT ME" and asserts that the universe is composed of the Soul and the title entity. Perhaps most famous for its metaphor of a "transparent eyeball" that sees nothing but sees all, it was partially completed in the same room as Mosses for an Old Manse. Published in 1836, a year before its author would make a name for himself with his "The American Scholar," for 10 points, identify this first major essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson.;;Nature
;;It was originally supposed to be decorated with scenes from the life of Hercules, but this plan was ultimately rejected in favor of contemporary scenes. Its construction was purportedly threatened by Venetian emissaries who sought to protect their monopoly over a certain process, and it contains such images as Crossing the Rhine, The Signing of the Treaty of Nijmegen, and The King Governs Alone. Originally adorned with solid silver tables and orange tree pots, its seventeen windows match the number of ornate namesake items set into arcades. Its construction under Jules Hardouin Mansart began in 1678 and it is 73 meters long. Including more than 30 paintings by Charles Le Brun, it is flanked at one end by the Salon of Peace, while the Salon of War is at the other. For 10 points, identify this celebrated room built at the Palace of Versailles.;;(The) Hall of Mirrors|Galerie des Glaces
;;This author wrote one detective novel, in which art critic Leo Druscovich kidnaps the sculptor Gladys D'Onofrio. In another of this author's novels, characters obsessively listen to the symbolic radio serial The Wounded Captain. That novel includes Celina impersonating her mother Leonor in order to write letters to Nene and the death of the policeman Francisco at the hands of Big Fanny, all of which happens due to the promiscuous affairs of the tubercular Juan Carlos Etchepare. This author described the cow-shooting plumber Josemar in Blood of Requitted Love, and also wrote Pubis Angelical in addition to a story about a student who composes the essay "The Movie I Liked Best," Toto Casals. For 10 points, name this writer of Betrayed By Rita Hayworth, who also created the cellmates Molina and Valentin in Kiss of the Spider Woman.;;(Manuel) Puig
;;With Skolem, this person names a theorem about automorphisms of simple rings. This mathematician's namesake bound states that the ring of invariants in the finite basis problem is generated by homogeneous invariants of degree less than or equal to the finite group's order. This person's namesake problem is a specific case of the rationality problem, and, in topology, this person's namesake spaces have closed sets which satisfy the descending chain condition. In algebra, the rings that are named for this person have ideals which obey the ascending chain condition. For 10 points, name this mathematician whose theorem proving that differentiable symmetries of the actions of physical systems have linked conservation laws is central to the calculus of variations, a German Jewish woman.;;(Amalie) (Emmy) Noether
;;One play by this man ends with Gwendolyn Dean slashing a painting by Holbein and pinning Louis Flax's anti-nuclear-weapons petition over it. His historical works include State of the Revolution , about Lenin's relationship with Stalin, and a play regarding the conflict between Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots, Vivat! Vivat Regina! This author of The Tiger and the Horse adapted Somerset Maugham's play The Circle into his own The Critic and the Heart, and he wrote another play in which the Spanish ambassador Chapuys tries to find out the title character's intentions. In that play, Richard Rich commits perjury and the central figure's daughter Margaret wishes to marry the Lutheran Roper, with the action narrated by The Common Man. For 10 points, name this author who wrote the screenplays for Doctor Zhivago and Lawrence of Arabia as well as a historical drama which ends with the beheading of Thomas More, A Man for All Seasons.;;(Robert) (Oxton) Bolt
;;At one point, its author states that the youth must be socialized by rejecting sports. It also argues that culture is reciprocal and discusses the intellectual's struggle with being "out-of-date." It focuses on the distrust between those who live in towns and those who live in the country in its section on "spontaneity's" strengths and weaknesses. Its preface, which condemns "old mother countries" as exploitative and praises the author as another Engels, was written by Jean Paul Sartre. Featuring such chapters as "The Pitfalls of National Consciousness" and "The Colonial War and Mental Disorders," it was written during the Algerian struggle for independence. For 10 points, identify this work which argues that revolutionary violence is the way for the title group to prevail, a work by Frantz Fanon.;;(The) Wretched of the Earth|(Les) Damnes de la Terre
;;An estate surrounded by woods can be seen in the background of this work, which was commissioned by Taddeo Contarini and also features a fig tree in the foreground. Previous names for this painting include "figures" and, more in line with the current name, "geometers and mathematicians."One of its subjects wears an ornate gold necklace, red robe, and a turban, while another, seemingly the oldest, holds a parchment which he may have removed from his gold cloak. Although the rocky path on the left is well lit, much of the canvas is taken up by dark cave that beckons the youngest of the title figures, who is seated and holds compass and a slate in his hands. Owned by the same family that purchased its artist's previous work, The Tempest, for 10 points, identify this 1506 work by Giorgione featuring the titular number of thinkers.;;(The) Three Philosophers
;;About halfway into this work, the narrator is instructed to recall the lead actor's height in a contemporary production of Crebillon's Xerxes by a gentleman he once met in a library at the Rue Montmartre. It compares the skills needed to succeed at chess with those required by whist and, at one point, reproduces a full excerpt from the Gazette des Tribunaux. It begins with a quote from Thomas Browne asserting that even the most puzzling questions are not beyond all conjecture and ends with a visit to the Prefect to secure the release of Adolphe Le Bon, who had been apprehended near the scene at Quartier St. Roch. It is through a process its author dubs "ratiocination" that the protagonist determines who was responsible for the mangled corpses of a mother and daughter named L'Espanaye. While the story features a bevy of witnesses who attest to the culprit's nationality, the protagonist deduces that the true killer at the house on the titular street was a recently captured Orangutan. For 10 points, identify this 1841 short story that featured the debut of the detective C. Auguste Dupin, a work by Edgar Allan Poe.;;(The) Murders in the Rue Morgue
;;During this politician's election campaign, management of the personalized account system of pensions became a non-issue, despite the opposing candidate being a billionaire and brother of the system's earlier organizer, Jose Pinera.An important health and defense advisor in the Concertacion coalition, she was rewarded with a ministry position in the administration of Ricardo Lagos. She was tortured before being exiled to Australia after her father died of a heart attack, which this woman's father suffered in captivity for his resistance to the rise of Pinochet. For 10 points, name this agnostic and Socialist divorcee and pediatrician, elected the first female President of notably catholic Chile in 2006.;;(Veronica) (Michelle) Bachelet (Jeria)
;;According to one story, it was this deity, not Indra, who killed Vritra. In honor of this deity, grandmothers make a pentagram sign with honey on the tongue of newborn babes. In one story, it was the welling up of a great wave during the Churning of the Sea that brought this deity to life. In Bengal, plums are often eaten during this deity's namesake puja.Sometimes identified with Vach, offerings are made to this deity by schoolchildren before classes, as this deity was often credited with inventing the alphabet. According to one legend, this eight armed deity is born from the body of Gowri and forms a trinity with Kali and Lakshmi in the Devi Mahatmya.More commonly depicted dressed in white with a veena, or stringed instrument, in one her four arms, she is usually shown sitting on a lotus or riding the swan Hamsa. For 10 points, identify this Hindu goddess of music and learning, the consort of Brahma.;;Saraswati|Sarasvati
;;It begins with the author discussing the status of angels who walk among us in Isaac Watt's essay "The Remnants of Time," and cites admiringly to Joseph Butler's The Analogy of Religion. The fifth section refers to a discussion of Leopold von Ranke by Macaulay and debates Transubstantiation. That section also focuses on a refutation of previous works which argued for a via media, a religious path between two extremes, and is called "The Position of my Mind since 1845." Its composition was provoked by a remark in Macmillan's Magazine that its author did not consider "truth" a "necessary virtue."Released serially, this response to Charles Kingsley touched on the author's foundation of Tracts for the Times, but really focused on his conversion from Anglicanism to Catholicism, and took its title from Latin for "A defense of one's life." For 10 points, identify this spiritual autobiography by John Henry Newman.;;Apologia pro vita sua
;;At one point in this novel, a couple assembles a boat in the middle of the Hotel Liberty. In another scene, the narrator describes the transformation of Jacksonburg to Marxville. Its final pages reveal the futures of such principal characters as the sometime friends Corker and Pigge, as well as the Madagascar bound Katchen. Additionally, the sycophantic Mr. Salter ends up happily editing Home Knitting. This prognostication occurs in the third section of the novel called The Banquet, which opens with the protagonist's triumphant return to England, only to have another character steal his glory and pitch an all-women expedition to the South Pole. The novel opens with the section The Stitch Service, describing a case of mistaken identity as Lord Copper seeks out the author of the nature column, Lush Places, and sends him to cover a potential civil war in Ishmaelia.Depicting the intense competition between the Daily Brute and the Daily Beast, it was based on the author's own experience working for the Daily Mail and was written before its author's Brideshead Revisited. For 10 points, identify this 1937 work about William Boot navigating the British newspaper industry, by Evelyn Waugh.;;Scoop
;;Tiburon Island is part of this state and is located near San Jorge Bay, while the Pinacate peaks and the Cerro Colorado tuff cone are prominent landmarks in this state near the Great Altar Desert. Mesa del Campanero is located near the homeland of the Yaqui people, who are located in this state, and their namesake river is used for irrigation in this state, particularly around the town of Ciudad Obregon. Puerto Penasco is one of this state's major tourist destinations, as its location on the Sea of Cortez makes it attractive to American tourists. Hermosillo is the capital of, for 10 points, which Mexican state located just south of Arizona that shares its name with a major desert?.;;Sonora
;;The second section opens with a couple dancing the tango before they are interrupted by the entry of the Sergeant. The image of a new plantain shoot withering to give sap to an older part of the plant foretells the passing of a young man, who returned from studying medicine in England to see that a certain ritual is carried out. Based on a 1946 event, during the final scene, an aristocratic woman and her husband, the meddling District Officer, are confronted by the "mother of the market" and asked about the honor of the white man.Its publication featured an Author's Note that warned against reducing the conflict to a "clash of cultures" as previous critics had done with the author's novel Season of Anomy. Set in Oyo, it ends when the title figure, ashamed at his earlier cowardice and the loss of his son Olunde, strangles himself, thus fulfilling the royal custom. For 10 points, identify this work about the struggles of Elesin Oba, who, as chief of the monarch's stables, is expected to commit suicide, a play by Wole Soyinka.;;Death and the King's Horseman
;;The Blandford-Znajek process can only occur in this area, and plasmas in this region will generate Alfven waves that emit energy outward via the Poynting flux. Superradiance is the spontaneous emission of positive-energy photons in this region, and, under certain conditions, negative phase velocity propagation can occur here. One interpetation of this defines it as the area in which it is impossible for a particle to move on an integral curve of a Killing vector. Small relativistic jets can form in this area since it is undergoing the Lense-Thirring effect, and it only exists when a Kerr metric is present. Penrose processes take place in, for 10 points, what ellipsoid region outside of a black hole from which energy and mass can be extracted?.;;ergosphere
;;McCallum and Nelson added a term regarding expected future income in order to fully optimize this model and apply it to business cycles. Don Patinkin modified this model by substituting the aggregate supply function, and Robert Mundell introduced foreign trade to it. The Lucas critique argues that it cannot be used to predict the effects of a change in government economic policy. Construction of it may begin with a "cross" popularized by Alvin Hansen, for whom this model is sometimes named. The liquidity trap occurs if one of the curves in this model is nearly horizontal. For 10 points, name this macroeconomic model that plots equilibrium curves for both goods and money, elucidated in the 1937 paper "Mr. Keynes and the Classics" by John Hicks.;;IS(-)LM (model)
;;At one point the speaker admits his contradictory tone when he asserts that his call to is always full of "get away." In another of these poems, the speaker notes that humans "don't love like flowers" and that "memory climbs into our arms." In yet another selection, the speaker discusses the "cheap winter hats of fate" made by the milliner, Madame Lamort. Although the first one celebrates the accomplishments of a brokenhearted 16th Century poet in publishing her Rime, the second to last of them is more pessimistic as it compares the "half-certainty" of a bird to an "Etruscan soul." That poem, the eighth, is dedicated to Rudolf Kassner and is preceded by another, containing a description of acrobats tumbling, inspired by Picasso and dedicated to Frau Hertha Koenig. This cycle of poems, which was ultimately completed in 1922, begins with the speaker asking, "If I cry out, who would hear me through the Angel orders?" and was named for a castle in Trieste. For 10 points, identify this collection of ten poems, whose subtitle marks them as "property of Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis-Hohenlohe," a work by Rainer Maria Rilke.;;(The) Duino Elegies
;;This artist's most notable work can be found in a building designed by Camillo Pastrucci called the Palazzo Massimo. Charles Townley brought a copy of one of this artist's works to London, and that piece now bears his name. Adolf Furtwangler argued that the depiction of certain locks of hair, so reminiscent of the Cassel Apollo, marks a particular head of Perseus in this man's work.An armless nude putting one foot forward and now housed at the Lateran Museum is known as his Dancing Satyr. According to Pliny, he was taught by Ageladas of Argos and created such works for the Acropolis as Athena and Marsyas, as well as a figure so lifelike it was said to have attracted a bull. In addition to his bronze cow, he depicted contemporary athletes including the runner Ladas. His most famous work depicted a man bent over and about to release a namesake projectile. For 10 points, identify this ancient sculptor of the Discobolos.;;Myron (of) (Eleutherae)
;;In one section of this novel, a commander has to hang his friend for stealing coins from a derailed train, while, in another, a woman described as having "a moon face" helps a man trapped in a cellar with two vicious dogs to escape. It begins with a different women reminiscing about her decision to return to Washington, D.C., and that woman had originally fled her previous existence after her beau, Mr. Delaney, was found guilty of fraud and crossed the border. The second chapter depicts the exhumation of a man who'd traveled with a copy of Don Quixote and a Colt .44 to join men like Colonel Frutos Garcia in their struggle. Much of the novel revolves around a love triangle between the teacher, Harriet Winslow, the General, Tomas Arroyo, and the title figure, who consistently reflects on the war stories he has written in the past. Inspired by its author's interest in his real life subject's disappearance during the Civil War, it was composed after Terra Nostra and The Death of Artemio Cruz. For 10 points, identify this novel whose potentially pejorative title refers to Ambrose Bierce, a work by Carlos Fuentes.;;(The) Old Gringo
;;Its first territorial governor was a colonel of the Squirrel Hunters named Sidney Edgerton, while later territorial governors included a corrupt former governor of Kentucky nicknamed the "Coldwater Governor," Preston Leslie. One senator from this state was set to be FDR's first attorney general before he died in 1933, a man replaced by James Edward Murray. Besides Thomas J. Walsh, another senator from this state publicized the secret Victory Plan on the eve of Pearl Harbor, was the subject of the anti-communist pamphlet "The Plot Against America," and was Robert La Follette's 1924 running mate. A battle fought in this state saw fighting on Reno Hill and reinforcements under Frederick Benteen fighting against troops partially commanded by Chief Gall. For 10 points, name this state home to Progressive senator Burton K. Wheeler, the site of a defeat of the 7th Calvary Regiment by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, the Battle of Little Bighorn.;;Montana
;;The best known work associated with this building is based on The Golden Legend and depicts a group of men who were beaten to death on Diocletian's orders. On the ground floor, one can see Andrea Orcagna's marble tabernacle, which enshrines Bernardo Daddi's Madonna. Originally built on the site of an orchard, it housed a grain storage center, but became a hub of artistic activity after the seven major guilds were charged with decorating it in 1339. This resulted in the silk merchants bringing in Baccio to create St. John the Evangelist, while the Bankers sponsored Lorenzo Ghiberti's Saint Mathew. Located between the Palazzo della Signoria and Il Duomo, for 10 points, identify this building in Florence, best known for its fourteen niches, which hold such individual masterpieces as The Four Saints by Nanni di Banco and Donatello's St. Mark.;;Orsanmichele
;;He argued for a reduction of taxes on farmers and established the system of Langars, or communal kitchens. In addition to constructing a colony for lepers at Tarn Taran, he taught that all, including women, were welcome in the Gurdwara. Also called the "Sacha Patshah," or "True Emperor," his support of Prince Khusrau led to his capture by Murtaza Khan. He was subsequently burned and executed under the direction of Jahangir. His greatest accomplishment was precipitated by the false teachings of men like Prithi Chand and dictated to Bhai Gurdas. That accomplishment was first displayed within the Harmandir Sahib in 1604. For 10 points, identify this Sikh holy man who was preceded by his father Ram Das as Guru, and who compiled the Adi Granth.;;(Guru) Arjun (Dev)
;;One character in this work almost drowns in a shower when she sits on the drain, and another is left by his wife because he compares humans to computers. Other events include the Duke di Angelis quartet deciding to play a piece without instruments and the break-in of sailors who believe that the apartment is a brothel. Upstairs, another character dictates a theory to Aubade while cradling a dying bird in his hands. Describing a lease-breaking party thrown by Meatball Mulligan, for 10 points, name this work in which the thermometer always reads thirty-seven degrees and Callisto envisions a "heat-death for his culture," a short story by Thomas Pynchon.;;Entropy
;;This country hopes to develop a carbon-neutral futuristic city at Zira and this country is also known for its high number of mud volcanoes, particularly around Gobustan. Mount Bazar Dyuzi is its highest point, and the Kur river provides much of this country's hydroelectricity while the Aras river forms most of its southern border. This country's main source of crude oil, Oil Rocks, is also a functioning city of several thousand people built 45 kilometers offshore, and this country still claims but no longer controls the area around Susa that it calls Dagliq Qarabag. Also including the exclave of Naxicivan and the Apsheron peninsula, this is, for 10 points, what oil-rich country with capital at Baku?.;;Azerbaijan
;;This composer's choral music included such songs as "The Renegade," and "My Star," but he could also do secular music, as in the Shakespeare Festival March. He wrote a concert etude for piano, On the Seashore, in the same year as his symphonic poem about a vassal of Harold Bluetooth, Hakon Jarl. His final opera, which dealt with a monarch's wish to destroy a legendary dam, was called The Devil's Wall. Both "The Dance of the Comedians" and the aria, "Is it Possible," appear in his opera about Hans' struggle to best Wenzel for the hand of Marie. That work was preceded by the story of Jira in The Brandenburgers in Bohemia. For 10 points, identify this composer whose best known work is composed of such tone poems as "Tabor," "Blanik,"and "The Moldau, and is collectively entitled Ma Vlast.;;(Bedrich) Smetana
;;His poetry includes a tongue in cheek work based on a meter learned from George Wither, "The Farewell to Tobacco," as well as the ballad "Hester." His criticism, which was singled out by A.C. Bradley, includes "On the Artificial Comedy of the Last Century" and "On the Genius of and Character of Hogarth." He collaborated with Charles Lloyd on Blank Verse, and he was referred to as "gentle hearted" in "This Lime Tree Bower My Prison," a work by his friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Though he struggled with play writing, as evidenced by the failures of both the satire, Mr H, and the Elizabethanesque drama, John Woodvil, he found great success with a series of prose pieces such as "The Praise of Chimney Sweepers," "Christ's Hospital," and "A Dissertation on Roast Pig," all of which were written after adopting the persona of a former Italian clerk at the South Sea house. For 10 points, identify this British writer of the Essays of Elia.;;(Charles) Lamb
;;The mansion Sweetbriar can be seen on the brow of the hill on the right in this painting, whose creation was motivated by what the artist referred to as "the prettiest problem in perspective" and was the product of numerous studies. It depicts the mellow sun of an autumn afternoon bathing the Girard Avenue railroad bridge in the background in light, and its artist included himself in the painting, pulling away from the center. A group of trees, as well as a band of people in a truss, create reflections off to the left side of the canvas. Three years after its artist completed this work he produced a similar work depicting a man in a red bandanna named John Biglin, who, rather than simply sitting on the surface of the Schuylkill, was actually in the process of moving the oars. For 10 points, identify this 1871 painting of the titular rower, a work by Thomas Eakins.;;Max Schmitt in a Single Scull|(The) Champion Single Sculls
;;In an essay from Why America's Top Pundits are Wrong, Keith Brown asserted that Samuel Huntington's use of kinship resembles the practices of this culture. Boys in this culture are initiated into adulthood by having six sharp lines carved into their foreheads, a ceremony called receiving gaar. Sharon Hutchinson discussed how this group incorporated money using cattle as the dominant metaphor of value in a book titled for the "dilemmas" of this culture. This culture is divided into separate communities called cieng. The first anthropologist to study this culture described their system of segmented lineage in three books, including Kinship and Marriage Among this culture. For 10 points, name this African culture studied by Evans-Pritchard, an ethnic group based in Southern Sudan.;;(The) Nuer
;;The Palierne equation models a suspension of two types of these. The Herschel-Bulkley model describes these when there is a non-linear stress/strain relation, and, when initial flow of these requires a finite yield stress, they are called Bingham plastics. The combined study of these and of plastics is known as rheology. When the properties of these are time-dependent, they are classified as rheopectic or thixotropic, and when they are dependent on the shear stress they are called pseudoplastics or dilatants. When considering these, the numerator in the Prandtl number and the denominator in the Grashof number are no longer constants. For 10 points, identify these types of fluids, the most famous example being a suspension of starch in water that can be walked across, that are defined by their lack of a consistent viscosity.;;non(-)Newtonian (fluid)
;;He argued against the need to fulfill vows and for the spontaneity of Christianity in On the Religious Profession. He demonstrated that divine prescience and a belief in human autonomy could not be reconciled in On the Free Will. In another work, he presented three distinct points of view on the compatibility of religion and the righteousness of man pursuing his natural appetites. That tract, On Pleasure, preceded a work that considered the question, "if Solomon could fall into idolatry," could not the same thing happen in the case of a "supreme pontiff." That question culminated in an argument that Rome's claim that it is "entitled by prescription to what it posseses" is based on the misattribution of a document allegedly given to Sylvester I in the 4th Century.For 10 points, identify this religious thinker who proved in 1440 that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery.;;(Lorenzo) Valla
;;In one tale, this figure frees the bound Manassen and helps him drown his captor in a fountain.Another story revolves around this figure's flight from Ontlake. Sometimes identified with Duke Lianour as the ruler of the Castle of Maidens, this figure was often mentioned in the company of nine relatives.Though Layamon attributed some of this figure's deeds to a character called Argante, Sicilian tales about visions off of the Calabrian Coast refer to this figure's more commonly used name. Sometimes identified as the parent of Yvain, it was this lover of Accolon who sent the Green Knight to Camelot. First introduced in Geoffrey's Vita Merlini, this figure had the ability to shape-shift and fly.After a fateful battle on the River Camlan, it is this ruler of the Isle of Apples who bears her half-brother's body away. For 10 points, identify this daughter of Ygraine and half-sister of King Arthur, a sorceress and queen of Avalon.;;Morgan (le) (Fay)|Morgen
;;It takes issue with the ideas of Karl von Savigny and his fixation on Roman antecedents. It cites Julien Lehuerou on the importance of proceeding theoretically and quotes Hankford at length on the responsibilities of bailors. One of this work's key themes is the relationship between form and substance, illustrated in its discussion of the Peerless case. Although it adopted the same historical approach as an earlier work by Henry Summer Maine, it originated from a series of twelve lectures its author prepared for the Lowell Institute, and was probably inspired after a reading of C.C. Langdell's work on Contracts. Including such notable sections as "Successions," "Early Forms of Liability," and "Trespass and Negligence," it famously begins by asserting, "The life of the law has not been logic: it has been experience." For 10 points, identify this 1881 work named for the body of principles and rules that originates not from the legislature, but from judicial decisions, the masterpiece of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.;;(The) Common Law
;;At one point in this story, one character tells another that he has a lot of luck and that he "ought to play the races." That exchange is followed by another character visiting Hirsch's rooming house where that character encounters a man lying on a bed "with all his clothes on." Later, another figure speculates that the man lying in the bed must have been mixed up with something in Chicago. The first scene is set at a location with a long mirror that runs along the counter and had once been a bar. It opens with a man ordering a roast pork tenderloin with applesauce, at which point he is told that he can't have said item until dinner. After this response, the workers, including Sam, the black cook, are harassed by two identically dressed men in suits named Max and Al, who turn out to be the title figures. It ends with George, the proprietor of Henry's Lunch Room, discussing the fate of an old Swedish boxer with its young protagonist, who is also featured in such stories as "Cross Country Snow" and "Big Two Hearted River." For 10 points, identify this Nick Adams tale, a work about the impending murder of Ole Andreson by Ernest Hemingway.;;(The) Killers
;;One portion of this event was witnessed by reporters at the Caravelle Hotel, who were caught in fighting over a racetrack. Successful deception about the intent of this action led the targets to launch Operation Checkers and Operation Niagara. The victors in this action were directed by the Chairman of the Central Office because that group's top general was hiding out in Hungary in fear of political reprisals for his accused role in the Anti-Party Affair. It began with diversionary attacks on small towns and a siege of a Marine base, and ultimately included attacks on sixty-four district capitals. As a result of this event, the former Imperial seat at Hue was occupied for three weeks, which came as a surprise due to incorrect predictions by William Westmoreland. Walter Cronkite's reporting on this action heavily influenced Lyndon Johnson's decision not to run for re-election. For 10 points, name this series of 1968 Viet Cong attacks which began on the Vietnamese lunar new year.;;(The) Tet Offensive
;;One of these phenomena occurs during the manganese-catalyzed decarboxylation of oxaloacetate, but not in the enzyme-catalyzed version. The Bartell model of the "molar volume" one of them is only applicable to liquids near their melting point, and another type of them can be described by the Gross-Butler equation. Wolfsberg revised the Bigeleisen-Mayer equation, which governs these phenomena, to account for anharmonicity. Dependence of a reaction rate on this kind of effect is known as the "kinetic" variety, and can be used to probe mechanisms of enzyme function. For 10 points, name these effects caused by the substitution of one atom with another atom of equivalent atomic number and different atomic mass.;;isotope effects
;;During a visit to Luna Park, its protagonist saves a drunken piglet from a gaming booth and ends up dancing. In another scene, the jilted antagonist circles a newspaper ad for the United States Real Estate Co. Its centerpiece is a tram scene, followed by a then-revolutionary chase through city traffic. The first film released using the Fox Movietone system, it featured a score by Hugo Riesenfeld that used a French horn during the climactic scenes revolving around a woman's disappearance in a boat. Its director's American debut, it was subtitled "A Song for Two Humans," and follows the ups and downs of a relationship between archetypal figures played by George O'Brien and Janet Gaynor. For 10 points, identify this 1927 work which ends with the titular event cementing the reconciliation of the country man and the country woman, a film by F.W. Murnau.;;Sunrise
;;In a letter to his publisher, their creator called them "an intimate slice of life." Yet, in such works as "Sylfide," with its quick ¾ time tempo, they also alluded to the myths and stories of the composer's homeland. They included such melancholy works as "Ballad" as well as a work dedicated to the composer's wife Nina and known as "Erotikon." "Sailor's Song" was meant to be played quickly and aggressively, while "To Spring," the final part of the composer's Opus 43, was inspired by the Norwegian springtime. Written over the course of the composer's entire career, by 1901 when the tenth and final suite was released, sixty six of them had been completed, including the notable pair, "The March of the Dwarves" and "Wedding at Troldhaugen." For 10 points, identify these short works for solo piano by Edvard Grieg.;;Lyric Pieces
;;In one of his stories, the prostitute Dede cuts her throat to avoid being sexually abused by soldiers and Marjomi and Emokhai lament their poverty. In another, the shooting of a disfigured woman by three soldiers on the evening of an eclipse is witnessed by the boy Omovo. Those two stories, In the City of Red Dust and In the Shadow of War, were published in his collection Stars of the New Curfew. This man's poetry collections include Mental Fight, and he published a collection of essays, A Way of Being Free. In another work, an artist loses his paintings to the authorities and dreams about escaping to the US with his neighbor's wife. That novel, Dangerous Love, was preceded by such works Flowers and Shadows. In another novel, politicians from the Party of the Rich distribute contaminated milk, the central family is aided by Madame Koto, and the protagonist's father relates the story of a giant whose stomach is washed onto the titular path. For 10 points, identify this Nigerian author who created the abiku Azaro in his Booker prize winning The Famished Road.;;(Ben) Okri
;;It argued for two kinds of love, a love of charity and a love of viciousness. Its third section focused on certain ideas popularized by Luis de Molina, while its second discussed the Fall of Man and emphasized a particular interpretation of "efficacious grace." Primarily concerned with denouncing those who worship Aristotle, who are characterized as modern Pelagians, it was published five years after its author's earlier work, Mars Gallicus. Its propositions on predestination were condemned first by the Sorbonne and then in a bull called Cum Occasione by Pope Innocent X. Posthumously published in 1640, its ideas were defended by such thinkers as Antoine Arnauld and in such works as The Provincial Letters by Blaise Pascal. Written by a Bishop of Ypres, for 10 points, identify this foundational text of Jansenism named after the author of City of God.;;(The) Augustinus
;;A successful attack on this city, launched from a camp named Toron, was aided by early relief from James of Avesnes and "the fleet of Danemark". Another siege of this city saw large bounties given to men who were able to break off pieces of its Tower of the Flies and the Accursed Tower, which saw the transfer of troop command to Hugh III after Philip Augustus abandoned that siege. Gregory X attempted to relieve some defenders of this city which ultimately fell to Al-Ashraf Khalil, while an earlier siege was started by the newly released from prison Guy de Lusignan. After the fall of this city in 1291, the office of the King of Jerusalem moved to Cyprus. For 10 points, name this port city in the Holy Land successfully besieged by Richard I in the early days of the Third Crusade.;;Acre
;;Its subject may have been inspired by Michelangelo's last paintings in the Vatican. Originally commissioned to complement an altarpiece by Annibale Carraci in the Santa Maria del Popolo by the Papal Treasurer, Tiberio Cerasi, this work displays a plumed helmet on the bottom of the canvas. The helmet and a spread out red cloak belong to the title figure, whose eyes are closed and arms are outstretched. Depicting a moment recounted in the Acts of the Apostles, it features an old man with an enormous varicose vein trying to restrain a large animal, whose bulk dominates much of the painting. Notable for its use of foreshortening, for 10 points, identify this 1601 depiction of the moment a saint is nearly trampled by a horse and finds god, a painting by Caravaggio.;;(The) Conversion of St(.) Paul (on) (the) (Way) (to) (Damascus)
;;This play features an oath sworn on a sword right before one of its main characters tries to procure his own sister, Gratiana. One of its characters rationalizes his actions by noting that a "bastard by nature should make cuckolds / because he is the son of a cuckold maker." That figure, Spurio, allows himself to be seduced by his step-mother, whose real son is charged with the rape of the virtuous Lord Antonio's wife in the first Act. The two protagonists spend much of this play disguised as men named Carlo and Piato, and in one notable scene a character is killed after kissing a poisoned skeleton. Its sources include Heliodorus' Aethiopian History, which features a similar scene to the one where Lussurioso bursts in on his father in bed, as well as Seneca's bloody Thyestes. It opens with the protagonist telling of his mistress' murder at the hands of the Duke as he cradles her skull and vows to get even. For 10 points, identify this Jacobean drama featuring the aptly named Vindice, a work attributed to both Thomas Middleton and Cyril Tourneur.;;(The) Revenger's Tragedy
;;The artist behind the 1983 solo album Youngblood would sit except when singing this song in later concerts, and his success on it led to him being selected to sing lead on "Wild Honey" and "Darlin'". Jay Migliori played sax on this pop song's intro, and one cover of this song preceded a duet with Tina Turner on David Bowie's 1984 album Tonight. Mandy Moore's character Hilary Faye sings this song in the beginning of Saved. At one point, its singer states "the world could show nothing to me / so what good would living do me?" Coming after "Sloop John B" on an album Rolling Stone ranked the 2nd best of all time, it begins, "I may not always love you." Sung by Carl Wilson, for 10 points, name this Beach Boys song from Pet Sounds, which controversially invoked a deity in its title.;;God Only Knows
;;The Institute of Red Professors became known as this man's "school," and he was later accused of composing the Riutin Platform. This man published such theoretical works as The Economics of the Transitional Period and The Theory of Historical Materialism, and he collaborated with Yevgeny Preobrazhensky to write The ABC of Communism. He spent five months in New York editing the newspaper New World, and he later resigned from Pravda to protest the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. He was serving as editor of Izvestia when he was accused of affilating with Mikhail Tomsky and Alexey Rykov, the "right opposition." For 10 points, name this NEP supporter who was executed in 1938 following the last of the purge trials.;;(Nikolay) (Ivanovich) Bukharin
;;During it, a pair of sisters made themselves pregnant with sticks. It also saw the revenge of a thrush, who flooded the earth. Lucien Levy Bruhl discussed its structure and referred to it as the Alcheringa. However, its more common name was coined in 1896 from an Arunta word which precipitated a controversy between Pastor Strehlow and the research team of Gillen and Spencer, who coined its name. During it, a creature now said to live under a waterfall in Kakadu arose and released all of the animals in its belly. In addition to the awakening of Ngalmudj, the Rainbow Serpent, its climax saw the retreat of the spirit ancestors and the formation of such sacred sites as Uluru, commonly known as Ayers Rock. Also known as "the World Dawn," for 10 points, identify this primordial mythological period of the Australian Aborigines.;;(The) Dreamtime|(The) Dreaming
;;Jean-Pierre Petit used an elliptic solution of this to derive the Friedmann equations in a paper on galactic dynamics. This was developed by its namesake when considering the implications of the experiments of Merrill and Webb on Boltzmann's equation. The name of Poisson is appended to this equation when considering the zero-magnetic field limit, a situation that occurs in double layers. Mathematically it consists of many statements that relate the distribution functions of ions and electrons which vary with momentum, position, and time. Applying in situations involving charged particles that undergo long-range Coulomb interaction, for 10 points, identify this system of equations that describes the dynamics of plasmas.;;Vlasov (equations)
;;This volume's key ideas were opposed by men such as Stringfellow Barr. This collection includes a study of William Remington's individualism, as well as an encomium to a fictional, classically educated character named Cousin Lucius that was written by John Donald Wade. Another author, better known for his novel The Fathers and such verse as "The Mediterranean," contributed an essay examining "Religion as Time." This compilation featured a "Statement of Principles" that asked how far a group should surrender its "moral, social and economic autonomy, to the victorious principle of Union?" Its last essay, "The Briar Patch," discussed the status of blacks and was contributed by Robert Penn Warren. This volume, which features 12 pieces in all, begins with the essay "Reconstructed but Unregenerate," a work that attacked progressivism and championed a Jeffersonian "culture of the soil," written by John Crowe Ransom. Primarily associated with the Fugitive Movement and Vanderbilt University, for 10 points, identify this 1930 collection of essays subtitled "The South and the Agrarian Tradition.".;;I'll Take My Stand
;;The 1979 Penrose Prize was given to the man who correctly postulated the origin of this region, J. Harlan Bretz. Trenched spurs and the Ephrata boulders are some of the unusual landforms in this area, which also includes the Frenchmen Hills and the Cheney-Palouse Tract as well as the Drumheller Channels through which Crab Creek flows. Located south of the Okanogan Highlands, this area has Wallula Gap near its end, and it also includes Sun Lakes State Park, where a three-mile-wide section of plucked columnar basalt known as Dry Falls is located at the head of the Grand Coulee. Formed by the emptying of glacial Lake Missoula approximately 12,000 years ago, for 10 points, identify this large region in Eastern Washington state known for its large-scale fluvial topography.;;(The) Channeled Scablands