Geography;;Upon the accession of the ruler who made this city his capital, its major complex was built and fitted with a Hall of Public and Private Audiences and a so-called Palace of Color, through which flowed a stream of paradise. The Jama Masjid or Friday Mosque was also built, which closely resembled another city's Pearl Mosque, built by the same ruler. It remained capital until the Persian ruler Nadir Shah looted it, destroying treasures like the Peacock Throne from the central establishment, the Red Fort. Created for the seventh time when Shah Jahan moved the capital here from Agra, FTP, name this city, the old version of which was the late Mughal capital and the new version of which is currently the third largest city in India.;;Delhi Old Delhi|(even) New Delhi (since) (it's) (kind) (of) (the) (same) (place)
Chemistry;;When dealing with the Kohn-Sham type of these, the expectation value of the kinetic energy operator is the non-interacting kinetic energy. The linear expansion in terms of Slater determinants of the Hartree-Fock type of these is known as Configuration Interaction. Koopman's Theorem relates the energy of these to ionization potential and electron affinity. A simpler theory of the way they work defines some as antibonding and others as nonbonding and utilizes the abbreviations LUMO and HOMO. This is the molecular type of, FTP, what chemical concept, which can describe the path that an electron takes in circling the nucleus.;;(molecular)|(atomic) orbital(s)
Art;;Works of this artist include A Little of the Bandits' Soul, prominently featuring a guitar, and The Voice of the Winds. In the background of this artist's most famous painting, a blue sky with grey clouds meets a similarly blue body of water at the horizon about half-way up. In the foreground, there is a stone wall that runs along the entire bottom, composed of what appears to be seven blocks. A man stands in front of the wall with his arms at his side, wearing a black coat with white shirt and red tie as well as a bowler hat, though his face is obscured by a green apple. FTP, name this Belgian Expressionist painter most famous for Son of Man.;;(Rene) Magritte (prompt) (on) ("Son) (of) (Man") (for) (people) (who) (forget) (subjects) (of) (questions)
World Literature;;His older brother had followed in his father's footsteps, procuring a meaningless job in a ministry in Petersburg, while his younger brother is a failure who is forgotten by his family unless they are compelled to remember him.  He married his wife, Praskovya Federova, not for love but because his social circle approved, and the fights that arose from the birth of their first child caused a growing rift between them.  His family's ordinary life continued until he went to a doctor for a pain in his left side; after realizing he has only months to live, he develops a bond with his servant, Gerasim. FTP, identify this titular character whose "death" is told in an 1886 novella by Leo Tolstoy.;;Ivan Ilyich
European History;;This man was first described as a "duke of Moesia," but was soon promoted to Count of the Domestics. The poor economic state upon his accession led to his issuance of the "Maximum Price Edict;" its failure lead him to revise the tax system to be based on payments in kind. He assumed control of his empire after the deaths of Numerian of Carinus. His wife Prisca and daughter Valeria were possibly both Christian, and Valeria was the second wife of Galerius. He took a name that translates as "Lord and God," and upon deciding that the empire was too large to be governed by one man, launched the Tetrarchy. FTP, identify this Roman Emperor who ended the "Crisis of the Third Century," and ruled from 284-305 A.D.;;Diocletian (Valerius) (Diocletianus)
Physics;;Some have suggested that Brans-Dicke fields may give rise to the quantum type of them, as governed by Coleman's mechanism. The Euclidean variety is studied in particle physics. The Lorentzian type are better known, though most theoretical treatments involving them also include matter with negative energy density. Spinning a torus with the density of a neutron and a diameter of one AU is one proposed method for creating them. The Schwarzschild variety are thought to connect universes and lie inside black holes. The term comes from an analogy about an apple, noting that the distance along the surface is much greater than the distance through the middle. Common in science fiction, this is, FTP, what theoretical gateway through space and time.;;wormhole(s)
Mythology;;Melias accompanies this man when they leave King Baudemagus, but they separate at a fork in the road, leading to Melias being wounded when he reaches for a crown in a thorn bush. He quenches the fire that surrounds the tomb of Simeon, restores the Broken Sword brought by Elyezer, and heals the Maimed King. He fulfills a prophecy when he defeats the Seven brothers at the Castle of Maidens, and eventually, he becomes the king of Sarras, shortly thereafter asking permission to die. The son of Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic, FTP, name this Arthurian hero who went with Bors and Perceval as the chosen knight to receive the Holy Grail.;;(Sir) Galahad
British Literature;;The first line of this poem was written in response to the anonymous prefatory note accompanying the anthology Poems of Today. It notes the "pallor of girls' brows," and talks of the "holy glimmers of goodbyes" and the "tenderness of patient minds" in the second stanza. "Bugles call" for the title characters, with "hasty orisons" drowned out in the fourth line. The second and final stanza ends by noting "each slow dusk a drawing down of blinds". The poem famously decries the "monstrous anger of the guns," and the "shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells," and it begins by asking "what passing-bells for these who die as cattle"? FTP, name this 1917 poem by Wilfred Owen.;;(")Anthem for Doomed Youth(")
Geography;;You could care less that it has a surface area of 55,000 acres and stretches 92 miles from end to end. It was created by the construction of the Bagnell Dam by the Union Electric Company, and it impounded the Osage River in the process. Sights here include such places as the Orion Science Center, the Ha-Ha-Tonka State Park, and the Tan-Tar-A resort. A major tourist spot of central Missouri, FTP, name this artificial lake, named after a mountain range that extends south into Arkansas.;;(Lake) (of) (the) Ozark(s) (take) (just) (about) (anything) (featuring) (the) (word) (Ozark)
World History;;This document was the subject of a 1947 court case which revolved around the Stanoline Oil and Gas Company. Ambrose Sevier carried it in his saddle bag when he and Nathan Clifford were sent to complete it and offer explanations of the proposed amendments to it, which consisted of modifying or rejecting Articles 9, 10, and 12, though it was made clear that the transfer of 12 million dollars would be uninterrupted. This amendment, known as the Protocol of Queretaro, finalized the 23-article document initially signed by Nicholas Trist and Luis Cuevas, among others. FTP, name this treaty, which secured the purchase of Texas and ended the Mexican-American War.;;(Treaty) (of) Guadalupe Hidalgo
Math Theory;;The stochastic type is the transition function of a stochastic process. For a group homomorphism it is the fiber associated to the identity of the image, and it is always a normal subgroup. That of a linear transformation is also called the null space, and its dimension is that of the domain minus the rank. FTP, give this mathematical term for the set of elements that are taken to zero by a function, which is also a computer science term for the core of an operating system, and might also be a unit of unpopped popcorn.;;kernel
Religion;;Its ultimate goal is to achieve fana', or self-annihilation, by coming to grips with tawhid. All of its members recognize some form of the Six Subtleties, which must be activated to become a complete man. It considers the Green Prophet Khidr to be a patron saint, and its orders are referred to as tariqas, such as the semi-heretical Bektashi Order. Typically, a murid will apprentice him or herself to a shaykh, whose word is to be obeyed to the letter. Seeking the principle of love, such initiates are referred to as dervishes. Named for the rough woolen robes that they wore, FTP, identify this set of religious traditions, commonly referred to as Islamic mysticism.;;Sufism|Sufi(s)  (prompt) (on) (dervishes)
American Literature;;The unnamed narrator of a work by this man tells his story as he looks at a picture of Harry and Sorella Fonstein, whom his perfect memory will not allow him to forget. His dramas include the plays Orange Souffle, Out from Under, and The Wrecker, while an example of his non-fiction is It All Adds Up: From the Dim Past to the Uncertain Future. Author of the short works Him with His Foot in His Mouth and Mosby's Memoirs, he is the creator of such memorable characters as King Dahfu, Tommy Wilhelm, and Grandma Lausch. The first line of one of his novels declares "I am an American," though he was really born in Canada. FTP, name this man, whose best-known work includes Mr. Sammler's Planet, Henderson the Rain King, Herzog and The Adventures of Augie March.;;(Saul) Bellow
Music;;Louis Armstrong Bristol and Henry Jackson provided lyrics for some of his popular songs, and Kenneth MacMillan created a ballet based on this man. His last years were plagued by the onset of syphilis, but his songs "Please Say You Will" and "A Picture of her Face" are among his first hits, which he wrote while working as a pianist in the Black 400 club. The death of his wife Freddie Alexander may have inspired the waltz "Bethena," while his unremarkable attempt at an opera was "Treemonisha". The 1973 movie The Sting features a soundtrack by, FTP, what composer of "March Majestic," "Pleasant Moments," and "Sugar Cane," the man credited with using his "Maple Leaf Rag" to pioneer the musical style of ragtime.;;(Scott) Joplin
Philosophy;;He claimed that the stars were nearest to the Earth, followed by the moon, and then the Sun, and that all celestial bodies were like chariot wheels with rims of opaque vapor and filled with fire. Aelian claims that he was the leader of a colony at Amphipolis, and he thought that the first animals were a type of thorny fish, logical since he believed that life originated from the moisture that covered the Earth before being dried up by the Sun. He also probably introduced the gnomon, erecting one of these sundials in Sparta, and the concept of cosmic justice. Famous for the statement that the universe is composed of the "boundless", something that he called the apeiron, FTP, this is what pre-Socratic philosopher of Miletus, a student of Thales who might be easily confused with Anaxagoras or Anaximenes.;;Anaximander
World History;;It saw skirmishes at Cumberland Haven and Chagres near the end, after which it morphed into a different struggle. It included the so-called Cartagena Expedition meant to be conducted in conjunction with George Anson's Pacific fleet. Sir Chaloner Ogle and Charles Cathcart's forces bolstered those of Edward Vernon, who bombarded the Castillo de San Lorenzo after storming Porto Bello. Much of its action, such as the Battle of Bloody Marsh, took place in Georgia and a key commander was James Oglethorpe. It all originated when Lieutenant Dorce of the San Antonio boarded the Rebecca, an English privateer. The immediate precursor to the War of the Austrian Succession, FTP, name this 1739-1743 war between England and Spain named for a severed body part.;;(War) (of) Jenkin's Ear
Physics;;In its decay, the heaviest possible virtual particle is the b particle, and its elliptic flow is much smaller at low transverse momentum than many of its companions. The production of opposite sign muon pairs or dimuons is a signature for the production of these, which require a minimum threshold energy. The newly discovered Y4260 of the BaBar experiment possibly contains one of them, joining the older X3872. The lambda baryon contains one, and the D meson is the lightest particle to contain one, but it was first discovered in 1974 when Ting and Richter uncovered the J/Psi particle, composed of one and its antiparticle. FTP, name this quark, paired symmetrically with the strange quark, which may be lucky for scientists.;;charm (quark) (prompt) (on) (J/Psi) (particle,) (charmonium)
Sociology;;Some of this man's collected letters include ones to Bette Swados and to "Tovarich," his imaginary Russian counterpart. An appendix to one of his works entitled "On Intellectual Craftsmanship" deals with his methodology. He collaborated with Hans Gerth on a couple of books, and in another condemned what he called "crackpot realism". The author of The Marxists, the new edition of his major work comes with an afterward by Alan Wolfe. In that work, he decries the "Democratic schools" that produce nothing but intellectual mediocrity, the all-pervading "higher immorality," and the success of warlords and military ascendancy. The author of Listen, Yankee and The Sociological Imagination, FTP, name this American sociologist most famous for White Collar and The Power Elite.;;(Charles) (Wright) Mills
World History;;His first work of fiction features the characters Lady Madeleine Trevor, Violet Fane, and the alcoholic friend and conjuror Essper George. Lady Iduna appears as the beloved daughter of Hunniades in The Rise of Iskander. After the three burlesques Popanilla, Ixion in Heaven, and The Infernal Marriage, he completed The Tragedy of Count Alarcos and a novel based on his affair with the wife of Sir Francis Sykes entitled Henrietta Temple. But, he's best known for a trilogy in the 1840s featuring characters like Sidonia the Jew who represent thinly veiled political figures, beginning with Coningsby, or the New Generation and ending with Tancred, or the New Crusade. FTP, name this author of Vivian Grey and Sybil, best known for his role as prime minister under Queen Victoria.;;(Benjamin) Disraeli
British Literature;;One of this author's novels features the two spinsters Miss Mann and Miss Ainley, who advise Caroline Helstone on how she should live. Another novel has the protagonist work at Madame Beck's school where Dr. John often visits, though he is really Graham Bretton, and he ends up marrying Paulina. This author's first novel, The Professor, was only published posthumously, and Elizabeth Gaskell wrote a biography of her. By far her most famous novel features characters like Blanch Ingram, Mrs. Fairfax, and John Rivers. FTP, name this author of Shirley and Villette who went by the pseudonym Currer Bell and wrote the novel Jane Eyre.;;C(harlotte) Bronte
Geography;;Landmarks of this ancient city include a colossal altar on which 450 oxen were sacrificed, massive limestone quarries where prisoners were kept known as the Latomie, and the Fountain of Arethusa located on Ortygia. Gelon took control of it in 485 B.C., and proceeded to win a major military victory at Himera. Later ruled by Agathocles, it notably allied with Selinus in its feud with the rival city of Segesta, prompting an attack by the Athenians. Hiero II and Dionysius the Younger were probably its most successful tyrants. Originating as a colony of Corinth in the 8th Century BC, FTP, name this birthplace of the mathematician Archimedes and the most powerful ancient city on the island of Sicily.;;Syracuse
Biology;;Classes of this phylum include Seisonidea, of which there are only two known species, and Bdelloids which are known for their ability to resist death by cryptobiosis, though by far the largest class is Monogononta. The final region of their bodies is the foot, ending it a so-called "toe" containing a cement gland, and their bodies are covered by a transparent and flexible cuticle, somewhat similar to arthropods. They possess organs known as trophi contained within the mastax, a hard jaw apparatus. Close relatives of Acanthocephala, their key feature is a corona of cilia that draws a vortex of water into their mouth. FTP, name these so-called "wheel animalcules" that appear to rotate.;;(Phylum) Rotifera|Rotifer(s)
Art;;Some of his works include the Badia Altarpiece, the design for the tomb of Guido Tarlati, and the Navicella mosaic, which was unusual in its natural depiction of a seascape featuring a large boat, and was commissioned by Jacopo Stefaneschi, for whom he also completed a triptych in addition to the Baroncelli polyptych. His Raising of Drusiana is one of several frescoes on the life of St. John the Evangelist. The Annunciation to St. Anne and the Meeting at the Golden Gate are two of his scenes in the life of Joachim, which appear with a depiction of the Last Judgment on the entrance wall of his most famous location. An apprentice of Cimabue, FTP, name this early Italian artist most famous for the series of frescoes in the Scrovegni or Arena Chapel.;;Giotto (di) (Bondone)
Philosophy;;The central concept in this work is irrational, since its actions are groundless, and it transcends space and time, even though worldly manifestations of it are governed by space and time. It does not fulfill the principle of sufficient reason and the only adequate objectification of it is the Platonic Idea, covered in the third book. The author argues that "no obtained object of desire can give lasting satisfaction" and that only the absence of happiness may be a true subject of art. Divided into four books, the last of which discusses the ultimate goal of self-denial, and influenced by the author's interest in the Upanishads, FTP, name this most famous work of Arnold Schopenhauer.;;(The) World as Will and Idea|(The) World as Will and Representation
World Literature;;His first published fiction was a satire on student life entitled "Polar Undergraduate," and other stories that later appeared in the same collection include "The Voter," "Uncle Ben's Choice," and "Marriage is a Private Affair". A wealthy family is disturbed by the establishment of free primary education, which leads to the defection of its servants, in "The Vengeful Creditor," which is also contained in Girls at War. In a more famous work, the Minister of Culture Nanga is the titular figure who faces off against the teacher Odili. The author of How the Leopard got his Claws and Morning Yet on Creation Day, FTP, name this Nigerian writer who created Ikemafuna and Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart.;;(Chinua) Achebe
Music;;He backed up Frank Sinatra in his "Sinatra at the Sands Concert" and made a brief cameo in Mel Brooks' 1974 movie Blazing Saddles. He joined a band called the Blue Devils featuring Jimmy Rushing and Walter Page, both of whom would later play in this man's own band, along with soloists including Lester Young and Buck Clayton, releasing such works as Taxi War Dance. Songs of his include "Dark Rapture," "Shiny Stockings," and "Toby". Sometime after acquiring his nickname, he released "Swingin' the Blues," "Jumpin at the Woodside," and "One O'Clock Jump". FTP, name this great jazz pianist and bandleader known as the "Count".;;(Willaim) ("Count") Basie
British Literature;;One line refers to the trampling and mocking of "the priest, the slave, and the liberticide," and cites "the passion-winged Ministers of thought" as flocks. In most versions, it is proceeded by a translated Platonic epigraph written "to Aster". It describes a procession of "desires and adorations, winged persuasions and veiled destinies, splendours and glories," makes reference to Lucan and Chatterton, and labels Rome as simultaneously a wilderness, city, grave, and Paradise. Ending that the central figure "beacons from the abode where the Eternal are," this is, FTP, what elegy on the death of John Keats written by Percy Bysse Shelley.;;(")Adonais(")
Physics;;This experiment was famously repeated by Holton and Franklin, after the results were contested by Felix Ehrenhaft of the University of Vienna, who cited material in the notebooks of the experimenter. A correction factor must be introduced to compute the effective viscosity of air, which was low in the original experiment. It utilizes a short-focus telescope, an atomizer, and a coupled of charged plates with small holes. Performed at the University of Chicago and leading to the 1923 Nobel Prize, FTP, name this experiment that calculated the charge on the electron, performed by Robert Millikan.;;(Millikan's) oil drop experiment Millikan('s) (experiment) (before) (he's) (mentioned)
Linguistics;;Literally, it means "resident beside the river", and it is closely related to Bikol and Cebuano. The source of the word "boondocks," its original writing system was known as Baybayin or Alibata and consisted of 3 vowels and 14 consonants, perhaps originating from the Kavi script. The vernacular of poet Francisco Baltazar, the treatment of the schwa separates it from Vaisayan languages. A member of the Austronesian family, it also provides the word "yo-yo" to English, and was officially adopted in 1937 by decree of Manuel Quezon. FTP, name this language primarily spoken in Luzon and the central Philippines.;;Tagalog
European History;;The son of Constance of Sicily, he emerged victorious in the Battle of Cortenuova and forced the Treaty of San Germano. He issued the Statute in Favor of Princes, founded the University of Naples, and was excommunicated twice, by Gregory IX and then Innocent IV at the Council of Lyons. The subject of an extensive biography by Salimbene, he married Yolande and declared himself king of Jerusalem after leading the hasty Sixth Crusade. The successor to Henry VI, FTP, name this Holy Roman emperor, the second of his name, the first of which defeated the Lombard League at the Battle of Legnano and possessed the epithet of Barbarossa.;;Frederick II
Computer Science;;It happens when a computer process uses an address which is not currently mapped in physical memory. Because most modern computers do not have enough physical RAM to contain the entire address space, these events are bound to occur eventually. The needed data is located, usually residing on a hard disk, and an unused section of RAM is swapped out so that the required page may be swapped in and accessed. FTP, name this memory-management event, invalid ones of which cause the infamous "Blue Screen of Death" on Windows-based computers.;;page fault invalid page fault
World Literature;;Upon the rejection of a second plebiscite that would have given this man another eight-year term, he was succeeded by Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin. Col. Manuel Contreas served under him in opposition to the Popular Unity party and worked with the intelligence service known as SIDE, acting as the director of the Department of National Intelligence, or DINA, responsible for launching Operation Condor. He resisted extradition attempts to Spain based on diplomatic immunity and retained his post as army commander for several years. Installed in a US-backed coup that overthrew Salvador Allende, FTP, name this military dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990 who didn't care for human rights.;;(Augusto) (Ugarte) Pinochet
Mythology;;Some of his offspring include an unnamed child of the wife of Tiwaz and two hearth goddesses named Eisa and Einmyria. He is the brother of Byleist and Helbindi and is described as "Geirrod's visitor and casket ornament," and his rune is the vulva-shaped Kaunaz. He was conceived after his father struck his mother with a lightning bolt, thus emerging as the son of Farbauti and Laufey. His son Narfi was killed and his intestines were used to bind this figure, who had a snake placed above his head dropping venom on him, only to be caught by his faithful wife Sigyn. FTP, name this god who guided the blind Hoder into killing Balder with mistletoe, the main trickster god of Norse mythology.;;Loki
European Literature;;This author's correspondence with Felix Pollak is detailed in Arrows of Longing, and she tells of a woman named Lillian who visits Mexico City and the mythical Golconda in search of a hideous beast in The Seduction of the Minotaur. Some collections of her shorter works include Winter of Artifice and Under a Glass Bell. Her first novel is a surrealist attack on self-love entitled House of Incest, clearly influenced by her time spent with Otto Rank. Works like Children of the Albatross and A Spy in the House of Love comprise the series Cities of the Interior. Better known for works of erotica like Little Birds and The Delta of Venus as well as her diary, FTP, name this French-born author and lover of Henry Miller.;;(Anais) Nin
Religion;;Thomas M'Crie wrote a famous biography of this man, who married Marjorie Bowes and composed A Brief Narrative of the Troubles Which Arose at Frankfurt. He shared a close friendship with George Wishart, who was seized and put to death by order of Cardinal David Beaton. He composed a treatise entitled The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women after his second flight to Geneva. The death of Mary of Guise greatly aided him in securing adoption of the Confession of Faith, largely written by him. FTP, name this religious reformer, the founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland.;;(John) Knox
Astronomy;;The so-called "expandable tippy thunder mug" model says that solar wind particles and atmospheric particles can spill over into the auroral oval or get caught in these phenomena. Thus, these act as buckets catching the splash from substorms. They were thought to occur in a Chapman-Ferraro cavity, and actually occur in the plasmasphere region of the magnetosphere, as first detected by Explorer 1 in 1958. The outer one is populated by high-energy electrons produced by cosmic rays and the inner one by high-energy protons. Trapped in Earth's geomagnetic field, FTP, name these circular radiation belts named for their Iowa-born discoverer.;;Van Allen (belts)
European History;;The last important man of this title, Frederick, passed his will on to an illegitimate son Henry Harford. The second man to go by this name, Cecilius, was involved in a struggle with William Claiborne over the ownership of Kent Island. The first and most famous one established the colony of Avalon in Newfoundland and served as Secretary of State to James I, and then demanded a more southerly tract of land, which was granted by Charles I. The third appointed William Stone as governor and endorsed the passage of the Act Concerning Religion, ensuring the status of his colony as a "Catholic haven". FTP, give the title shared by these proprietary owners of Maryland, and indeed the largest city in Maryland.;;(Lords) Baltimore (the) Calvert(s)
British Literature;;This man amused a bully with stories to avoid beatings while at Mr. Cole's School, an experience he credited with developing his talent for narrative. In his later years, his passionate opposition to vivisection led him to write Heart and Science. Though he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn, he never practiced law and instead used his time there to write the novel Antonina. His female characters include such proto-feminists as Limping Lucy and Marian Holcombe, as well as more tragic figures like the sinister Lydia Gwilt and Anne Catherick, the mad title figure of his most famous novel.  FTP, name this author and playwright who wrote The Moonstone and The Woman in White.;;(William) (Wilkie) Collins
United States History;;His daughter, Kate Sprague, scandalized his friends when she had an affair with Roscoe Conkling. A protege of William Wirt, he wrote the Supreme Court's opinion in Texas v. White, declaring secession unconstitutional, years after his advocacy in the van Zandt case won him the nickname "attorney general for fugitive slaves". He drafted the Free Soil party's 1848 platform and was elected governor of Ohio in 1855, before losing the 1860 GOP nomination to Lincoln. The author of the Ex Parte Milligan decision as chief justice after Roger Brooke Taney, FTP, name this Secretary of the Treasury under Abraham Lincoln.;;(Salmon) (Portland) Chase
Physics;;For sufficiently low energies, the evolution of the photon distribution function under this process can be described using the Kompaneets equation, which includes this process's namesake y-parameter. The generalized equation for its differential cross-section is given by the Klein-Nishina formula, while the simple combination of Planck's constant over the particle mass times the speed of light gives the namesake wavelength. The shift in wavelength in this process is independent of the wavelength of the incident particle. Reducing in the non-relativistic limit to Thomson scattering, FTP name this effect, a type of scattering in which individual photons collide with single electrons.;;Compton (effect)|(scattering)|(process) inverse Compton
Psychology;;The ideas of this movement were introduced to the United States in part through a series of articles published by Harry Helson. Its theories were expanded in studies of the Zeigarnik effect and the development of field theory by Kurt Lewin. Early influences on it included the phenomenology of Carl Stumpf and the theories of Ehrenfels, who noted that transposed melodies sound the same. Important concepts of this school include the principle of prägnanz and the appearance of motion in the phi phenomenon. FTP, name this school of psychology founded by Koffka, Köhler, and Wertheimer, basically summed up by the belief that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.;;Gestalt (psychology)
European Literature;;Translated by Archer and Nunally, this work ends with a palinode in which the main character debates giving up a crucifix or her wedding ring. During the protagonist's childhood, her little sister is crippled by a falling beam and she herself is nearly raped by Bentein, who later kills her childhood friend. She is betrothed to Simon, but is sent to a convent and falls in love with an excommunicated man. Eventually that man, Erlend, loses his estate of Husaby and the protagonist dies in Rein Convent after contracting the Black Death. FTP, name this work encompassing The Wreath, The Wife, and The Cross, a trilogy by Sigrid Undset that Jeopardy informs us is about the daughter of Lavrans.;;Kristin Lavransdatter (The) Cross|Korset (until) (after) (childhood)
World History;;It ascribed its mythical origins to either Kaundinya and Soma, or Mera and Kambu. The Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan visited it and described the sights of its capital, which included the "tomb of Lu Pan" complex, the gold-covered Bayon, and the massive system of water-filled barays made possible by the Ton Le Sap. Its first ruler, formerly a Chenla hostage, declared himself devaraja in 802 AD. It was subject to attacks by the neighboring kingdoms of Champa and Ayutthaya, to which it fell in 1431. FTP, identify this kingdom founded by Jayavarman II, whose later ruler Suryavarman II built the Wat at its capital of Angkor, and which later was incorporated into the name of Pol Pot's Cambodian Rouge regime.;;Khmer (Empire);;Angkor (Empire)
Math Theory;;Any compact 3-manifold can be decomposed uniquely into a collection of prime 3-manifolds via the sum of this name, which involves deleting a ball in each manifold. The equivalence relation induced by this property decomposes topological spaces into components. A topological space has this property if it has no proper clopen subspaces, or if it cannot be partitioned into two disjoint open subspaces. FTP, name this term which also describes graphs in which every pair of vertices is joined by a path.;;connected(ness)
European History;;Contemporary accounts of this event by Sarpi, Massarelli, and Vargas chronicle the outrage that ensued when the ambassador Jacques Amyot arrived with a letter that was deemed to be disrespectful. The political ties of the nobles of Vicenza, as well as the objections of the Duke of Mantua, led to the departure of Peter van der Vorst to Smalkald to solicit more attendees, while it changed its location for the second time. Its decree that religious works have more intelligible texts inspired Palestrina's Missa Papae Marcelli, but its more important resolutions addressed its namesake type of Mass, deuterocanonical books of the Bible, and the seven sacraments. Ended by Pope Pius IV, FTP, name this 19th ecumenical council held from 1545 to 1563 in response to the Protestant Reformation.;;(Council) (of) Trent
Mythology;;This figure's name derives from a word meaning "duck," alluding to a story in which a flock of ducks saved her when her father tried to drown her. Her father built a statue of modesty in her image after she chose to live with her husband rather than with her family. The daughter of Icarius, her bed was carved from an olive tree which grew into the bedroom. Her maid Melantho consorted with Eurymachus, and she herself was rumored to have been seduced by Amphinomus, although most accounts agree that none of the suitors which pursued her succeeded. FTP, identify this patient weaver, the mother of Telemachos and wife of Odysseus.;;Penelope
Geography;;It is located near and intimately associated with the Kata Tjuta, or Mount Olga, and Lake Amadeus, a large salt lake that often dries up because of the region's immense heat. Ernest Giles was the first European to spot it, and William Gosse named it for a patron a year later. It now belongs to the Anangu people, who believe that the area under it is hollow and has great significance to the Dreamtime. Also known as Uluru, FTP, name this landmark of the Northern Territory made of arkosic sandstone, a big rock in the middle of Australia.;;Ayers (Rock)|Uluru (before) (mentioned)
European Literature;;Victor Hugo, in his preface to Cromwell, cites a performance of this play in explaining the impossibility of truth in art. This play's violation of the classical unities led to a famous "quarrel" in which Chapelain and de Scudery sharply criticized it. In the first act, Leonora scolds her mistress for her romantic interest in the title character, her social inferior, but the play's central dilemma arises when Diego is named as the protector of the heir to the throne, forcing the main character to challenge Gormas, the father of his intended bride, Chimene, to a duel. FTP, name this work about Don Rodrigue, a Spanish hero who fought the Moors, the most famous play of Pierre Corneille.;;Le Cid
Chemistry;;It can be represented by a dot on a More O'Ferrall-Jencks plot. The theory of this name can include a Wigner tunneling correction term, and is based on the quasi-equilibrium hypothesis. Its structure can be estimated using the Hammond postulate. The rate constant for its reaction is related to a vibrational mode according to Eyring, who developed the theory of this name with Polanyi. It is the highest point on a two-dimensional reaction coordinate diagram, and can only be attained by energy input greater than or equal to the activation energy. FTP, name this short-lived chemical "state" that a reaction may exist in before it continues through to the products of the reaction.;;transition (state) activated (complex)
European History;;He had a disturbing dream in which all his teeth fell out and his mouth filled with blood, which led him to try to cancel an order for a night march which ended in defeat at the hands of Manius Curius. He claimed that, as a descendant of Achilles, he was waging a second Trojan War after the aristocrats of Thurii requested help from Rome rather than Tarentum. He famously uttered the words "What a battlefield I am leaving for Carthage and Rome," after his two major military triumphs at the Battles of Heraclea and Ausculum. The first cousin of Alexander the Great, FTP, name this king of Epirus who gives his name to a term that describes a military victory that occurs only at great cost to the victor.;;(King) Pyrrhus ("the) (Eagle") (of) (Epirus)
Philosophy;;This work was published the same day as a work by the same author which contrasts Platonic recollection with the title concept, Repetition. This text retells the stories of Lucius Junius Brutus, Agnete and the merman, and Agamemnon and Iphigenia. Derrida gave a close analysis of this text in The Gift of Death, discussing the mystery of a God who is "absent…at the moment he has to be obeyed".  By way of the pseudonymous author Johannes de Silentio, the author concludes that there is a teleological suspension of the ethical and advocates the leap of faith while discussing the sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham. FTP, name this work of Soren Kierkegaard about the titular nervous condition.;;Fear and Trembling|Frygt og baeven
American Literature;;His interest in science fiction can be seen in stories like "By the Waters of Babylon," in which the Great Burning destroys the world, and the poem "Ghosts of a Lunatic Asylum". He created a one-act play entitled The Headless Horseman, and some of his novels include Spanish Bayonet, the autobiographical The Beginning of Wisdom, and James Shore's Daughter. His The Burning City included an attack on fascism entitled "Litany for Dictatorships". He's probably best known for a short story in the collection Thirteen O'Clock and a poem featuring the line "American muse, whose strong and diverse heart/so many men have tried to understand". FTP, name this American author of "The Devil and Daniel Webster" and "John Brown's Body".;;(Stephen) (Vincent) Benet
Earth Science;;Frau Selenka excavated the area around which this find was made and discovered only a crown of a human molar two miles away. A very similar find at a nearby location was made by GHR von Koenigswald, and it is often compared to the Turkana Boy. Some suspect that its supposed femur, found some fifty feet away, is an entirely different specimen. Found along the Solo River, it is often referred to as Trinil 2, and its discoverer Eugene Dubois initially called it Pithecanthropus erectus and insisted that it was an entirely new species, reburying it in anger at his critics. Now classified as Homo erectus, FTP, name this early human discovered on the Indonesian island that gives him his name.;;Java (Man) (Pithecanthropus) (erectus) (before) (mentioned)
European History;;The victors in this battle succeeded largely because of the intelligence of Colonel Maximilian Hoffman, and the initial attack was made by the First Corps of General Francois. Another battle at this site resulted in the surrender of Schamatien the following year by way of the first Peace of Thorn. This battle, alternately known as the Battle of Grunwald, happened some 500 years earlier from the first and saw the regent Vytautas and Jagiello lead Lithuania to victory. FTP, name either the 1914 battle in which Hindenburg and Ludendorff defeated the Russian commander Samsonov or the 1410 battle which saw the downfall of the Teutonic Knights.;;Tannenberg
Philosophy;;The "basis and genesis" of this man's political philosophy was the subject of a book by Leo Strauss.  Jean Hampton wrote a book about this man "and the social contract tradition," and Richard Tuck and Tom Sorell have written important books about him. His own works include De corpore politico, a work on the "elements of law, moral, and politics," and a book about the "fundamental elements of policy" entitled Human Nature. However, he is better known for a book on the Long Parliament and another about the "matter, form, and power of a commonwealth ecclesiastical and civil". FTP, name this English thinker who wrote Leviathan.;;(Thomas) Hobbes
United States History;;The Patriots were aided by spy Joseph Kerr who informed those that had marched from Sycamore Shoals, including Isaac Shelby and John Sevier, that the British commander had relocated from Gilbert Town to the battle site. Benjamin Cleveland, William Campbell, Joseph McDowell, and James Williams also commanded units for the Americans, leading to this conflict's alternate name, the Battle of the Colonels. The lone British commander was a Scotsman nicknamed "Bulldog" and famous for inventing a rifle, Patrick Ferguson. Reversing the British triumph two months earlier at Camden, FTP, name this October 1780 battle in South Carolina, named for a large and regal hill.;;(Battle) (of) Kings Mountain|(Battle) (of) (the) (Colonels) (before) (mentioned)
American Literature;;A broken bottle of pills leads to one character's death, but not until after another character's son Leo makes a key financial discovery about him. Birdie yearns for the days before materialism and hopes that her old family home can be restored to grace and beauty. William Marshall sets the entire plot into motion by coming to the South to make negotiations regarding the construction of a cotton mill. Horace makes a key change to his will involving 88,000 dollars in bonds, and by the end of the play, Alexandra announces her final departure from her family. Described in the author's memoir Pentimento as one of her most difficult works, FTP, name this story of Regina Giddens and her brothers Ben and Oscar Hubbard, one of the most famous by Lillian Hellman.;;(The) Little Foxes
Earth Science;;Bischof and Mohr attempted to delineate a subsistence explanation for this theory. It postulated the underground burning of stratified coals or the cave-like collapse of Earth strata as a means of explaining deviations from concentric strata. It divided rocks into stratified, transitional or greywacke, and primitive and taught that mountains have always existed. Eventually falsified by Leopold von Buch and Alexander von Humboldt, it was most associated with Abraham Werner and opposed the rival plutonic theory. The belief that the features of the Earth were formed by rock crystallization out of a vast early sea, FTP, name this geologic theory named for the Roman god who is the counterpart of the Greek Poseidon.;;Neptunism|Neptune (Theory)
Art;;His earliest dated work is the Fortitude panel, commissioned to be one in a series of seven, and other works include Banquet in the Pine Forest and Judith's Return to Bethulia. An angel kneels on an orange-tiled floor by a window revealing a tranquil landscape in his Cestello Annunciation. He completed a fresco of St. Augustine in his Study for the Ognissanti church and, for a more famous location, he executed The Youth of Moses and Punishment of the Sons of Corah. Supposedly influenced spiritually by Savonarola, FTP, name this man known for two Madonnas, one "of the Pomegranate" and one "of the Magnificat", as well as for two uber-famous paintings, Primavera and The Birth of Venus.;;(Sandro) Botticelli|(Alessandro) Filipepi
European History;;After marrying the daughter of Gnaeus Corbulo, this man honored Minerva by featuring her image on all of his coins and Jupiter by founding the Capitoline Games. He is regarded as a poor military commander, but this did not prevent him from engaging in two Pannonian Wars and, with the help of his praetorian prefect Cornelius Fuscus, two wars with the Dacians. He took the unprecedented step of declaring himself perpetual censor, angering the Senate, and was revolted against by Antonius Saturninus. A reputed persecutor of Christians and Jews, he was assassinated and replaced as emperor by Nerva. FTP, name this last Flavian Emperor, the son of Vespasian and brother of Titus.;;Domitian (Titus) (Flavius) (Domitianus)
Computer Science;;He famously noted his lack of interest in the question of whether a submarine could swim, and ended up keeping his beard until his death after working on a project with Jaap Zonneveld and agreeing not to shave until said project was finished. The author of a featured article titled by Niklaus Wirth, he was born in 1930, and studied theoretical physics at the University of Leiden. The originator of the so-called dining philosophers problem and the creator of semaphores to solve the mutual exclusion problem, he wrote many manuscripts, all with fountain pen, which have come to be called EWDs. The shortest path to all nodes in a weighted graph is, FTP, this man's famous algorithm, an influential Dutch computer scientist.;;(Edsger) Dijkstra
British Literature;;He wrote that, "The English are the nicest people in the world" in one of his poems, and asks "why don't people leave off being loveable" in another poem entitled, "Elemental". He wrote essays such as Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine and his short stories include The Fox, Things, and The Man Who Loved Islands. A poetry collection entitled Look! We Have Come Through talks about his domestic life. His fame as a novelist includes such works as The White Peacock and The Boy in the Bush, done in collaboration with M.L. Skinner. Coal-miner characters likely represent his father in several novels, including 1922's Aron's Rod. FTP, name this friend of Aldous Huxley and author of The Man Who Died, The Plumed Serpent, Women in Love, and Lady Chatterley's Lover.;;(David) (Herbert) Lawrence
Geography;;The largest river of this nation is the Riwa, Mount Tomaniivi is its highest point, and Lautoka is the second-largest city. It includes the Yasawa Group of islands in the west and the Lau Group in the east. It surrounds the Koro Sea, which also names one of its islands. Its two biggest islands are Viti Levu and Vanua Levu and it is home to the University of the South Pacific. Currently ruled by the elderly Ratu Iloilo, it is squarely between Melanesia and Polynesia, directly east from Vanuatu. FTP, name this oceanic nation with capital at Suva.;;Fiji (Islands)
World History;;Its longest-reigning ruler is famous for constructing a massive pyramid-shaped mud tomb uniquely identified by stakes of acacia wood that protrude wildly from its exterior. Defeated by the Spanish eunuch Judar Pasha and his gunpowder weapons at the Battle of Tondibi, its rise was made possible in part by the usurpation of Sandaki. Daoud led it to victory over the Mossi people and Ishaq II was the last independent ruler. Its second official ruler descended from the Mande people and was granted the nickname of Usurper or "Askiya", a title accepted by all of its subsequent rulers. FTP, name this west African empire, with its capital at Gao, founded by Sonni Ali.;;Songhai (Empire)
European Literature;;A girl and a boy sit in a car during their summer vacation and pretend they do not know each other in his short story, "The Hitchhiking Game". He wrote about a young man's struggle between staying in his in-laws' apartment and fighting the Germans in his first play, The Owners of the Keys. A young poet dies of pneumonia in his second novel, Life Is Elsewhere, while his later work includes a novel which features the ghost of Ernest Hemingway, Immortality. A musician impregnates a nurse in his The Farewell Party, and his first novel was 1967's The Joke.  FTP, name this author of The Book of Laughter and Forgetting and The Unbearable Lightness of Being.;;(Milan) Kundera
Physics;;This technique can be aided by obtaining the Hartman-Hahn condition or the so-called Magic Angle with solids, which requires rapid rotation about the axis. Jean Jeener introduced the two-dimensional Fourier type of it by way of what is known as the COSY experiment. Mostly invented by Purcell and Bloch, the coupling constant is the distance between peaks denoted J in this technique. Displaying the results on a plot of signal frequency versus intensity, FTP, this is what method of analyzing molecules that relies on an applied magnetic field, abbreviated NMR.;;Nuclear Magnetic Resonance|NMR (before) (mentioned)
Music;;It opens as the hero reaches a seaside plaza and finds an old man picking figs in the garden and singing about unreliable lovers. At the beginning of Act II, an English girl threatens to scratch this man's eyes out, before the female lead enters singing the arias "Traurigkeit" and "Martern aller Arten" or "All kinds of martyrs". With a libretto by Christoph Bretzner, this opera's last act sees the capture of Blondchen and Pedrillo by the newly awoken old man Osmin, along with the capture of Belmonte and Konstanze. All ends well though when the Pasha Selim pardons everyone in, FTP, this three act comic opera by Mozart about rescuing a lover from the titular Turkish palace.;;Abduction from the Seraglio (Die) (Entführung) (aus) (dem) (Serail)
Economics;;Their introduction into a typical Slutsky matrix can result in negative semidefinite symmetry. Battalio, Kagel, and Kogut wrote a paper on them with regard to quinine water for lab rats. Others who have written about them have cited the examples of rice and noodles in Asia and gasoline among the lower classes of America. They differ from the Veblen type, where conspicuous consumption plays a role in the rise in demand. Coined as a term in Marshall's "Principles of Economics," the original example was bread among the poor. FTP, name this theoretical type of product that has its demand rise as its price rises, a type of inferior good named for a Scottish guy.;;Giffen (good) (prompt) (on) (inferior) (good)
European History;;According to some, it did not truly end until the Treaty of Stolbovo, which awarded Kexholm and Noteborg to Sweden and ended the Ingrian War, or the Peace of Deulino, ceding Smolensk, which had earlier been the site of the Battle of Klushino and a siege. Some credit its end to Patriarch Hermogenes, who inspired Prokopy Lyapunov, Kuzma Minin, and Prince Pozharsky to raise volunteer armies and resist the Catholocizing of the invaders. Stanislaus Zolkiewski and the Polish army quickly deposed Vasily Shuisky after he briefly seized power during it. Marked by a Swedish invasion and three false Dmitris, FTP, name this anarchic interrugnum between the Rurik and Romanov dynasties, a chaotic time in Russian history.;;(The) Time of Troubles|Smutnoye Vremya
British Literature;;In Act II, the title character requests an instrument and then proceeds to play and sing to himself, but by Act III he cries to the Gods that they made him love their creations, only to have them cruelly taken away. He agrees to have his wife's dead body thrown overboard from the ship on which he is traveling at the time, but curiously enough, the doctor Cerimon later discovers a chest bearing her body in the water. Lysimachus is smitten with that woman's daughter, who was saved by pirates after Dionyza hired Leonine to kill her, but then sold into prostitution by those same pirates. Aeschines and Helicanus are advisors to Thailart, who is hired to kill the title character. John Gower is the narrator of, FTP, what play which also features Marina, Thaisa, and Cleon - a work by Shakespeare named for the Prince of Tyre.;;Pericles(,) (Prince) (of) (Tyre)
Religion;;Gregory IX bestowed the first ever Privilegium Paupertatis upon this figure, who was born into the Offreduccio family that was exiled to Perugia, and who fled from home on Palm Sunday toward the Portiuncula and proceeded to spend the next 40 or so years at San Damiano. The bull "Solet annurere" confirmed a rule for the group that goes by this saint's name, as issued by Innocent IV. Often accompanied in travel by Bolvina, Sister Pacifica, and Agnes, her sister, early on in life she was given an outfit of sackcloth by Saint Francis of Assisi. FTP, name this Catholic saint of Assisi who founded the Order of Poor Ladies.;;(St.) Clare (of) (Assisi)
Astronomy;;This constellation may have been discovered by French sailor Augustine Royer or the French explorer Abbé de la Caille. Its beta star was named after a species of fern with a globe-like appearance and sits very near to the open star cluster known as the Jewel Box; this beta star is known as Mimosa. Three of its five stars are among the 25 brightest in the night sky and four of its stars were mentioned in Dante's Purgatorio; its alpha star sits on top of the so-called Black Magellanic Cloud, also known as the Coalsack Nebula. Originally considered only a subset of the stars in Centaurus, FTP, name this constellation near Carina and Alpha Centauri, which can also be called Crux Australis.;;Southern Cross (also) (just) Crux|Crux Australis (before) (the) (word) (Crux)
Chemistry;;In the aza-variant of this reaction, an imine is substituted for one of the reactants, allowing for preparation of tetrahydropyridines. Its desired end product and mechanism are similar the Prins Reaction, the Huisgen Reaction, and especially the Cope Rearrangement, which differs in that it uses a 1,5 starting product. Niobium pentachloride or another Lewis acid can often be used to catalyze it and sometimes to control the ratio of endo to exo product. The stereochemistry of substituents on the reactants is preserved in the product, as per the "cis principle" formulated by Stein and one of the reaction's namesakes. FTP, name this cycloaddition reaction that synthesizes a ring with a double bond from a conjugated diene and a dienophile, named for two German chemists.;;Diels-Alder (reaction)
European Literature;;Raised by a German physician named Horstanus, this author spoke only Latin until age 6. Pierre Villey was the first to distinguish one edition of his magnum opus from the "Bordeaux Exemplar" written 8 years later and its marginal notes, and also the first to assert the influence of Sextus Empiricus on this author's writings. Many of his ideas were collected by Pierre Charron in De la sagesse and were deeply skepticist in nature, and after retiring from the Parliament of Bordeaux, this man devised a literary form intended to test his judgment. FTP, name this author of "Of Coaches," "Of Experience," "Of Cannibals," and "The Apology of Raymond Sebon", a 16th century French author who wrote some famous Essays.;;(Michel) (Eyquem) (de) Montaigne
World History;;This man stayed at the White Hart Hotel for some time as an expatriate in Malvern. At thirteen, he received the title of dejazmach, and at nineteen became governor of Harar. Soon after, he married Menen Asfaw, the niece to Lij Iyasu, who was deposed in favor of empress Zauditu under whom he would serve as regent. Upon the death of the empress, he assumed the throne under a name meaning "Power of Trinity" in Amharic, and would remain in power for over 40 years, except during the Italian invasion in the 1930s.   Deposed in 1974 by the Dergue, FTP name this heavy-fisted Ethiopian leader and object of veneration for Rastafarians.;;(His) (Imperial) (Majesty) (Emperor) (Haile) Selassie (I,) (King) (of) (Kings) (and) (Lord) (of) (Lords,) (Conquering) (Lion) (of) (the) (Tribe) (of) (Judah,) (Elect) (of) (God.) (Ras) (Lij) Tafari (Makonnenin) (before) (end)
Sociology;;It references Jacob Fugger and Benjamin Ferdinand, and was applied to the study of Chinese history by Yu Ying-Shih. Richard Baxter is also considered as an example in the last chapter, and its third chapter begins with an analysis of the term "Beruf". It discusses the "tremendous cosmos of the modern economic order," ends by focusing on asceticism, and talks about the iron cage of rationality. One chapter, "Luther's Conception of the Calling," talks about how asceticism leads to the second title concept, which helps to explain why major business leaders in Europe derive many of their beliefs from Calvinism. FTP, name this classic sociological text also focusing on the "Spirit of Capitalism", written by Max Weber.;;(The) Protestant Ethic (and) (the) (Spirit) (of) (Capitalism)
World History;;This role was first played on film by Florence Lawrence in a 1908 silent version. In 1945, Vivien Leigh played the role opposite Claude Rains as her first famous lover. Warren William and Henry Wilcoxon played opposite Claudette Colbert in this role in Cecil B. DeMille's 1934 version. The role featured most famously in a 1963 Joseph Mankiewicz film for which the lead actress became the first woman to be paid a million dollars for a part. Rex Harrison and Richard Burton play the two main lovers of, FTP, what most famous role of Elizabeth Taylor, the daughter of Ptolemy XII and lover of Antony.;;Cleopatra
Music;;This man's second violin concerto, in G minor, was written for Robert Soëtens soy-TAN, whom the composer was on tour with in 1935. The winner of the 1913 Rubinstein Prize, this chess enthusiast and author of a piano transcription of War and Peace used his "little puppies" and early opera "The Giant" to convince Reinhold Gliere glee-AIR to teach him composition, a relationship that yielded the Opus 25 "Classical" symphony. FTP, identify this composer of Fiery Angel, Alexander Nevsky, the Scythian Suite, Lieutenant Kijé, and the Love for Three Oranges; a Ukrainian probably best known for Romeo and Juliet and Peter and the Wolf.;;(Sergei) (Sergeyevich) Prokofiev
Geography;;First discovered by Juan Diaz de Solis, it received its present name from Sebastian Cabot, though it was governed by Cabeza de Vaca. José Hernández founded a newspaper in 1874 with it in the title. Charles III of Spain created a new viceroyalty in 1776 called by this name. Towns very near its banks include a namesake one, Carmelo, Berazategui, and Morón. Roughly horn-shaped, it widens from 30 miles at its tip to 136 miles at its base, long after it has received the Paraná and Uruguay Rivers. With Buenos Aires and Montivideo on its banks, FTP, this is what prominent estuary of South America named for its legendary silver.;;(Rio) de la Plata|(River) Plate
Biology;;In fish and some amphibians, their major functions are carried out in separate organs, while in birds, they are single structures, but with tissue types intermingled rather than layered. A pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the chromaffin cells contained within a part of them, and the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis make up their cortical layers. Their excessive production of catecholamines and other hormones like cortisol can lead to Cushing's Disease. Chronic insufficiency of them is also known as Addison's disease. FTP, name these glands located on the kidneys which produce hormones such as aldosterone and epinephrine.;;adrenal|suprarenal (glands)
Music;;It resulted in a fine of one billion marks, though it is unclear how this was ever planned to be collected, but it was a percentage of wealth of the offending party. The term for it was coined by Walter Funk, and Reinhard Heydrich was heavily involved, but claimed it to have been spontaneous. Resulting indirectly from the closing of the shop of Zindel Grynszpan GREENSPAN and more directly from Herschel Grynszpan's assassination of Ernst von Rath, it took place on October 9 and 10, after Hermann Goering declared the shooting to be an example of "International Jewry".  FTP, name this 1938 massacre of Jews in Germany and Austria, whose name literally translates as "Night of the Broken Glass".;;Kristallnacht|Crystal Night;;Night (of) (the) Broken Glass
Mythology;;Helenus tells him to build where he sees a snow-white sow suckled by 36 snow-white piglets, and assuages his fears regarding the prophecy of the harpy Celaeno, which stated that he would not build until hunger had compelled him and his companions to eat their tables. After a visit to the Cumaean Sibyl and a catabasis to the Underworld, this man and his companions end up in Latium, where they ally themselves with the Etruscans and go to war, which ends when this man slays Turnus in single combat. FTP, name the man of whom the poet sings along with arms, who spurns Dido and goes on an Odyssey-like journey after the fall of Troy in an epic poem by Virgil.;;Aeneas
Art;;Later in life, he authored the books Kindergarten Chats and Autobiography of an Idea. A student of Frank Furness, his work includes the National Farmer's Bank in Owatanna, Minnesota, the Merchants' National Bank in Grinell, Iowa, and the Bayard Building. A larger work of his was the Schiller Building, which later became the Garrick Theater, before being demolished. The Transportation Building was his contribution to the Columbian Exposition and the Carson, Pirie, Scott store is the last product of his long-time partnership with Dankmar Adler. FTP, name this architect of the Chicago School, responsible for the Wainwright Building and the dicta "form follows function".;;(Louis) Sullivan
American Literature;;One character of this name in the Old Testament is a false prophet mentioned by Jeremiah, who says the king of Babylon roasted him in a fire. The second was a son of Omri, and fought three wars against Ben-Hadad of Damascus. He was killed in battle at Ramoth-Gilead, as prophesied by Micaiah, whom he had imprisoned. This seventh King of Israel introduced the worship of Ba'al and persecuted Elijah, who rebuked him in particular for seizing the vineyard of Naboth at the request of his wife, who was subsequently hurled from a palace balcony. FTP, name this wicked king known chiefly as the husband of Jezebel and the namesake of a crazy whaler.;;Ahab
European History;;One of the commanders supposedly uttered the phrase, "We must conquer or die here," and ordered a green banner to be displayed. The arrival of Alvaro de Bazán was decisive in this engagement, where the left wing was commanded by Agustino Barbarigo, who held off the force led by the pirate Chulouk Bey, though Barbarigo was himself killed. The fortress of Famagusta had been attacked the previous year, and Uluch Ali was initially successful here until the 64 warships with the Papal blessing of Pius V emerged under the half-brother of Philip II, Don Juan of Austria, and began to rout Ali Pasha and the Ottomans. Famously fought in by Cervantes, FTP, name this October 7th, 1571 victory for the Holy League.;;(Battle) (of) Lepanto
Physics;;It was referred to as "the most wonderful experiment in the world" by Barbara Stepansky, who cites a similar exclamation of Rutherford on its importance. Alexander Langsdorf improved upon it in the 1930s creating a self-diffusion type that allowed for continuous production. The so-called "sensitive area" of it exists just below the bottom and physicists generally try to maximize this area, for example by applying an electric field. A so-called knock-on forms a T-like structure, an alpha particle forms a straight path of definite length, and gamma rays do not produce tracks. Improved upon by another invention of Donald Glaser, FTP, name this device invented by Charles Wilson, a chamber named for the atmospheric objects produced within it.;;(cloud|Wilson) chamber;;cloud
European Literature;;One of his poems thrice states "Let night fall, let the hours go by/The days pass on and here I stand". Married to Jacqueline Kolb, his poem "Zone" discusses a tormented poet who wanders through the streets after losing his mistress, and he authored the collection The Heresiarch and Co. British poet Christopher Logue wrote the poem Come to the Edge on the 50th anniversary of his death, and an Allen Ginsberg poem talks about his grave. One of his more famous works was published with woodcuts by Raoul Dufy, and The Poet Assassinated is a popular collage of stories. Borrowed from by the composer Francis Poulenc, FTP, name this Italian-born French poet and author of Calligrammes and The Breasts of Tiresias.;;(Guillaume) Apollinaire
Anthropology;;Some of her friends and mentors included Alan Root, who suggested a pornographic name for her monograph, Louise Roberts, Dorothy Liddell, and especially Abbe Lemozi who was working at Cabrerets at the time. Her father Erskine Nicol was a landscape painter, a talent she shared to some degree, as shown in her illustration of a book written by Gertrude Canton-Thompson. Some of her best work came at Laetoli, but other places like Hembury Fort, Jaywick Sands, and Rusinga Island proved fruitful too. Her autobiography is entitled Disclosing the Past, but she's best known for "Zinjanthropus Boise" and "Proconsul Africanus". FTP, name this anthropologist who had a husband named Louis and a son named Richard.;;M(ary) Leakey
United States History;;Section 3 of it deals with the area surrounding Fort Adams and the Mississippi River. A "Mr. Smith" from Maryland was given permission to bring in a bill in addition to it, and many spoke out against it including Charles Brockden Brown and Theophilus Parsons of the Essex Junto, and it prompted a small rebellion in the town of Lyme. Attacked bitterly by William Cullen Bryant in a poem of the same name and represented in political cartoons as a snapping turtle, it was eventually replaced with a law that revoked it but threatened to implement it again if neutrality rights were violated, Macon's Bill No. 2. Also amended by the Nonintercourse Act, FTP, name this 1807 act that responded to the impressment controversy by banning trade.;;Embargo (Act)
American Literature;;This poet writes "We are America. We are the coffin fillers. We are the grocers of death". In "The Firebombers," which joins "Going Gone" and "Mother and Daughter" in The Book of Folly. Like Wallace Stevens, she saw her art as the "supreme fiction", a comment that her longtime friend Maxine Kumin echoed in a later interview. The author of "Noon Walk on the Asylum Lawn," her posthumous collections include 45 Mercy Street and Words for Dr. Y. She won the Pulitzer for her 1966 collection Live or Die, but may be better-known for poems like "You, Doctor Martin," "The Bells", and "All My Pretty Ones". The victim of self-asphyxiation in 1974, FTP, name this American author of the poetry collection To Bedlam and Part Way Back.;;(Anne) (Gray) Sexton
British Literature;;One work in this collection commands a sleeper to wake stating, "when the journey's over there'll be time enough to sleep". Another advises a soldier to "come…home a hero or come not home at all". A more famous work asks whether the speaker's friend has, "found to sleep in a better bed than mine". Some selections include Far in a Western Brookland and Bredon Hill, and many of the works in this collection mention Ludlow, including one with Mithradates. Another tells of ghosts circling an "early laureled head" finding "a garland briefer than a girl's". Containing such poems as Reveille, To An Athlete Dying Young, and Terrence, This is Stupid Stuff, FTP, identify this most famous poetry collection of A.E. Housman.;;(A) Shropshire Lad
United States History;;An ideological dispute with ACTION director Sam Brown caused its first female director, Carolyn Payton, to resign. The next year, it was re-established as an autonomous organization by Executive Order 12137. Ronald Reagan appointee Loret Miller Ruppe launched a more business-oriented program, Competitive Enterprise Development, and as its director, Elaine Chao oversaw the sending of its first recruits to the Baltic states in 1991. Currently directed by Gaddi Vasquez, it originated as part of the New Frontier policy of JFK and was first directed by Sargent Shriver. FTP, name this agency, originally designed to establish volunteer organizations in third world nations.;;Peace Corps
Computer Science;;The parenthesis theorem and the white path theorem involve parent nodes and descendants found using this algorithm, which can also display the Nested Interval Property as a result of its recursive nature. Applied to a situation in which an optimal quantity is sought, it becomes known as "Best-First," and it can also be used to determine if a graph has an Euler tour by detecting cycles in the graph. It considers outgoing edges of a vertex before any neighbors of that vertex. FTP, name this search algorithm, which explores as far down a graph as possible before backtracking, unlike its logical counterpart, breadth-first search.;;depth-first (search)|DFS
European History;;There was initial success at this battle in attacking the southern portion of an army settled between Zlaty Pond and Golden Creek, and it eventually led to Charles XIV John being created prince of Pontecorvo. It featured a maneuver that became known as "the lion leap," a flanking attack through the morning fog by the fourth corps, led by Nicolas Soult. The arrival of Marshall Davout's third corps bolstered defenses in this contest fought some two months after the Battle of Ulm. Resulting in the capture of the Pratzen plateau from Prince Kutuzov, FTP, name this major victory for Napoleon over the Third Coalition on December 2, 1805, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors.;;(Battle) (of) Austerlitz|(Battle) (of) (the) Three Emperors (before) (mentioned)
Music;;Sylvain Dupuis invited the composer of this work to conduct it at one of his Nouveaux Concerts in Liége. The song Urlicht was added as an introduction to the final movement, and borrowing from a German translation of an Adam Mickiewicz poem, the opening movement existed independently for some time as Todtenfeier or "Funeral Ceremony". The final mezzo-soprano solo is "O glaube, mein Herz, o glaube," and it utilizes a song about Saint Anthony of Padua preaching to fishes in the third scherzo movement. Inspired by the death of Hans von Bulow and an ode by Klopstock, FTP, name this Gustav Mahler symphony which immediately follows the Titan, nicknamed for the theme of being raised from the dead.;;Resurrection (Symphony) (Symph) No. 2 (in) (C) (Minor)
European Literature;;One of them features a rain of blood that dries everywhere but in the straw spread by a priestess, as well as the story of the champion of the Broadwickers. Another features the trip to Ireland of a man known as "the Peacock," and the division of the lands of Unn. A third features the slaying of Kolbein and the burning of the Old House and ends with the death of the outlaw Gisli, while another concern the warring of the foster-brothers Kjartan and Bolli. A famous one concerns the story of Egil Skallagrimson, and the most famous is about the death by immolation of the titular hero, Burnt Njal. FTP, identify these anonymous medieval works which deal with life and people in an island country west of Norway.;;Icelandic Sagas;;Saga(s)
American Literature;;He lost an academic competition because he thought "spatula" wasn't an English word, and he fantasizes about Thereal McCoy and her mistletoe and plum pudding, whatever that may be. His real life romances include Mary Jane Ross and Kay Campbell, with whom he canvassed for Stevenson and whom he called "Pumpkin" because of her prodigious rear end. This Weequahic High School student's sexual exploits include fucking a piece of liver that his family ate two hours later, and after forcing Lina and The Monkey into a threesome in Italy, he abandons the hillbilly in Greece. FTP name this patient of Dr. Spielvogel and protagonist of a Philip Roth novel which is about his "complaint".;;Alex(ander) (Portnoy)|Portnoy
Chemistry;;The goal of this reaction is similar to the Tebbe and Peterson Reactions, and like the Julia Reaction, it can produce an E-isomer of the desired product. It likewise shares much in common with the HWE Reaction, and the introduction of phenyllithium and then hydrochloric acid to an erythro intermediate is known as the Schlosser modification of this reaction. That dipolar intermediate is known as a betaine, which aids the olefination process, and a namesake reagent is prepared using a strong base in suspension, often in diethyl ether, and commonly couples with an aldehyde. FTP, name this reaction in which an alkene is formed from an aldehyde or ketone by combining it with a phosphonium ylide ILL-ide, named for a German chemist.;;Wittig (Reaction)
European History;;At the end of his life, this man defeated a fleet commanded by Basilicus off the coast of Cape Bon. Procopius tells the story that he released the future emperor Marcian after he noticed an eagle spreading its wings above him to give him shadow from the sweltering midday sun, and after hearing that he was a confidential advisor of Aspar. Intrigues between Boniface and Aetius led to Boniface inviting this man to his kingdom, but he rebelled and captured Boniface's city. Among others he took captive are Placidia and Eudoxia, as part of his most famous action, which was prefigured by the assassination of Valentinian III by Maximus, which this man considered a violation of a 442 truce. The father of Huneric, FTP, name this man who sacked Rome in 455 as the chief of the Vandals.;;Gaiseric|Geiseric|Genseric
Philosophy;;The preface of this work begins by dividing ancient Greek philosophy into three sciences and states that all rational knowledge is either material or formal. It begins in earnest with the claim that nothing can be considered good without qualification except a good will in its first section, which considers the transition from common rational knowledge. In the third part, the author views himself as subject to the law of the intelligible world and states that "reason would overstep its bounds if it undertook to explain how pure reason can be practical". FTP, identify this 1785 work of Immanuel Kant, a comprehensive statement of ethics and the development of the categorical imperative, not to be confused with a later work simply entitled The Metaphysics of Morals.;;Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals|Groundwork (for) (Grounding)
Geography;;Its geologic formation might be explained by the parallel Kaibab Plateau and the late Miocene age Browns Park Formation. Tributaries of it include the Yampa, which flows south through Split Mountain and the rest of the Uinta Mountains. Towns on its banks include Moab and Bullhead City, and the Green River meets it after flowing south from its origin around Gannett Peak through Dinosaur National Monument. It gains water from the Gunnison River at Grand Junction, and the San Juan River which flows west to meet it. Running through Lake Havasu City, FTP, name this river featuring Glen Canyon Dam and flowing through the Grand Canyon.;;Colorado (River)
Psychology;;36 males and 36 females in total participated in this study, which built off of similar experiments by Blake and Rosenblith the previous years. It was executed in part by Dorothea and Sheila Ross, and utilized independent rankings of participants by both the experimenter and a teacher. The findings were first published in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. Tinkertoys featured prominently, and other objects used include a tea set, crayons, a dart gun, and a tether ball. Participants commonly shouted things like "Pow" and "Hit him down," perhaps not surprising since their mean age was just 52 months. FTP, name this 1961 social psychology study of learned aggression in small children, named for the five-foot tall toy that became the target of said aggression, carried out by Albert Bandura.;;Bobo Doll (Study)|(experiment)|(just) (take) Bandura (study) (before) (mentioned)
European Literature;;His philosophy that mankind is living in a transitional world appears in his semi-existential short story "He Wants to be Free-Kill Him!," and other works of this author include the plays Melissa and Christopher Colombus, two parts of his Three Plays. A manifesto entitled "The Sickness of the Age" accompanies his novella Serpent and Lily, and another novel of his is The Fratricides. In the novel The Rock Garden, he expresses his theories with the one word "mobilization", a tribute to a question asked by Abbé Mugnier to his former teacher, Henri Bergson. In his most famous work, a man strives to avoid his duty until he is awakened by his so-called brother Judas. FTP, name this author of Toda Raba, Zorba the Greek, and The Last Temptation of Christ.;;(Nikos) Kazantzakis
United States History;;Rufus Choate filled this man's vacated seat in the Senate when he got a better job, fitting since the two were close friends. He famously contested the will of Stephen Girard, which attempted to mandate that no religious doctrine be promoted in accordance with it. He died on his estate in Marshfield in 1852, and was replaced by Edward Everett as Secretary of State. Years earlier, he commemorated the Plymouth landing and 50-year anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill, and answered Senator Robert Young Hayne with a rejection of nullification. Also Secretary of State under Tyler, FTP, name this great orator, lawyer, and statesman who signed a treaty with Ashburton.;;(Daniel) Webster
Biology;;At its origin, it presents three small dilations known as its sinuses. Its lumen narrows forming an isthmus prior to the ductus, beyond which it presents a fusiform dilation which His referred to as its spindle. A large dilation in it is known as its bulb, and a severe narrowing of it is often referred to as coarctation. Its descending portion is divided into thoracic and abdominal parts; it is also composed of an ascending portion and arch. Originating in the left ventricle, FTP, name this largest artery of the human body.;;aorta
Art;;Some of his lesser-known works include The Golden Sail and the landscape Autumn in Bavaria. Color abounds in his canvas Small Pleasures and this man also wrote a play entitled "Yellow Sound". Early in his career, he joined such men as Rolf Niczky and Gustav Freytag in founding the Phalanx School of Painting. The author of Point in Line to Plane and Concerning the Spiritual in Art, this man lived with Gabriel Munter for some time, which led to the founding of another group, which also included August Macke and Franz Marc. The artist of several numbered Improvisations and Compositions, FTP, name this Russian co-founder of Der Blaue Reiter.;;(Wassily) Kandinsky
Physics;;One concept that goes by the name of this physicist is a product of expansion in eigenfunctions, and the one for the Helmholtz equation must vanish for negative times to preserve causality. In one dimension, it is a function of two arguments x and y which is symmetric in x and y and continuous when x equals y with a finite discontinuity in the derivative at that point. They satisfy boundary conditions as well as the homogenous form of the differential equations, and are the kernels of differential operators. The theorem that goes by this name states the relationship between a line integral and a double integral. FTP, give the name of the British scientist who lends his name to these functions and the above theorem that is a special case of the Stokes theorem.;;(George) Green|Green(')s Functions|Green's Theorem
Mythology;;An oracle in this work bids a character to "not loose the wineskin's pendent neck" till he returns home and he claims he is traveling to see Pittheus. It begins with an attendant inquiring as to why a nurse stands outside of the gate alone, and a scene near the end features a main character frantically shaking the doors of his house, which remain closed. Glauce dies in a hideous fashion, as reported in detail by a messenger who visits the other main character after the arrival of Aegeus, to whom she presumably flies in a chariot that rises out of her house. Performed in 431 BC, FTP, name this Euripides drama about a witch who goes crazy and kills her kids after being betrayed by Jason.;;Medea
Geography;;Premier Genden and his Minister of War Marshal Demid of the MPR tacitly negotiated with this entity, which was crucially involved in the Nomonhan Incident. Its existence rendered the Lytton Report a bone of contention, and one side demanded the Halha River as its proper western boundary, leading eventually to encounters like the Battle of Lake Khasan and the more famous Battle of Khalkhin Gol. Created after engineering the Mukden Incident, its king known as Kang Teh was in fact Henry Pu Yi, and its capital was at Changchun. Put to an end in 1945 by the Russians, FTP, name this entity created in 1931by the Kwantung Army widely referred to as a Japanese puppet state.;;Manchukuo (prompt) (on) (Manchuria)
Biology;;Stretching the tissues that surround this muscle helps lend stability to sufferers of deQuervains syndrome, and it is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve C5 and C6. The Popeye sign is a characteristic bulging of this muscle's belly due to rupturing of its tendon. One of its origins is from the supraglenoid tubercle while the other is from the superior part of the coracoid process and at its insertion it gives off an aponeurosis in the cubital fossa. It is one of the chief supinators of the wrist, but its main action is flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint. FTP, identify this muscle of the upper arm, so named because of its two heads.;;biceps (brachii)
Geography;;The first European settlement here was Nombre de Dios on the Chagres River, founded by Diego de Nicuesa. Later, Captain Morgan destroyed the capital and Edward Vernon destroyed the city of Portobelo in 1739. It was a participant in the Bidlack-Mallarino Treaty, and modern leaders include the US ally Manuel Amador Guerrero, three-time president Belisario Barahona, the populist Arnulfo Arias Madrid, and more recently, Omar Torrijos and the first female president, Mireya Moscoso. Its treaties with the US include the Hull-Alfaro Treaty and more famously, when it was still part of Gran Colombia, the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. FTP, name this country recently ruled by Manuel Noriega, the home of a certain isthmus and canal.;;Panama
British Literature;;The poet George Seferis claimed to have had a dream about a "stern-faced man," presumably its author, while translating this poem into Greek.  Its final stanza's description of a "form as Grecian goldsmiths make of hammered gold" and its first stanza's linking of "birds in the trees" to "those dying generations" are thought to be  references to Keats's "Ode to a Nightingale". Taking the same rhyme scheme and iambic pentameter meter as its poet's later work, "The Circus Animals' Desertion," the speaker describes himself as "but a paltry thing, a tattered coat upon a stick," and has thus decided to go see the "gold mosaic of a wall" in the titular location. FTP, name this William Butler Yeats poem which begins "that is no country for old men".;;(")Sailing to Byzantium(")
Religion;;This name is also given to a son of Asaph in Chronicles, and a head of the family of Shebaniah in the book of Nehemiah. The most famous man of this name married Asenath and sired the sons Manasseh and Ephriam, after which a famine struck, causing people to pay a fifth of their harvest to the royal house.  With a name from the Hebrew "may he add," he went from Canaan to Shechem to Dothan where he was to be killed; however, Reuben placed him in a cistern, after which Potiphar became his master.  FTP, name this biblical character, the son of Rachel and Jacob whose brothers sold him into Egyptian slavery, who interpreted the dreams of the pharaoh to gain his favor and owned a nice coat.;;Joseph
Psychology;;This title was used as the first section heading in Eli Edward Burriss's work Taboo, Magic, Spirits.  It opens with a discussion of the "two meanings" of a titular adjective, one of which refers to physical characteristics.  This idea is seen throughout, in chapters such as "The Instability of Human Types" and its final chapter, "The Race Problem in Modern Society," in which its author asserts that "no real biological chasm separated recent immigrants from Mayflower descendants".  Famously ending with an appeal to "look on foreign races with greater sympathy," it also claims that some "civilized" beliefs are as pre-logical and mystic as any "savage's".  FTP, name this work based partly on its author's research of the Kwakiutl Islanders, an exploration of the psychological implications of culture by Franz Boas.;;(The) Mind of Primitive Man
Physics;;Vessot used a hydrogen maser sent up in a rocket to measure this effect for small distances to better than one part in ten thousand. Bondi argued that this effect solved Olbers' Paradox for a steady-state universe. When it occurs in the cosmic microwave background radiation, it is called the Sachs-Wolfe effect. One type of it was discovered by the Ives-Stillwell experiment, and another via the Mossbauer Effect in Iron-57 in the Pound-Rebka experiment. Mathematically, it is usually expressed as any positive value of the dimensionless parameter called z. Vesto Slipher discovered it in galaxies, and Hubble used this to determine that the universe was expanding. FTP, name this effect that can be cosmological, gravitational, or Doppler, the displacement of spectral lines toward a longer wavelength, thus the opposite of blueshift.;;redshift gravitational redshift (before) ("+")
European History;; In his early life he wrote a novel, The Two Friends, and non-fiction works like Poland: an Historical Sketch and The Russians in Bulgaria and Rumelia. His earliest military victory was the Battle of Dybbol, where he defeated the Danes, and in his late life he retired to an estate in Kreisau after appointing Alfred von Waldersee as his successor. He introduced the breach-loading rifle into his country's army and was the first to write of the strategic importance of railroads, and his ideas were put into practice in the battles of Langensalza and Koniggratz against Austria in the Seven Weeks War. His similarly named nephew botched the Schlieffen Plan, but he had more success against the French. FTP, name this German field marshal who crushed Napoleon III at the Battle of Sedan.;;(Helmuth) (von) Moltke
European Literature;;Some interpret its epigraph as its author's response to Dumas' L'Homme-femme, as the "vengeance" it speaks of will eventually come from God. Death permeates the novel, as the horse Frou-Frou fails to make it over a water jump, and Nicholas dies right after his sister-in-law's "illness is pregnancy". The French psychic Landau insists that the title character's husband not divorce her, even though that title character is repulsed by her husband's "gristly ears". Dolly accepts the title character's affair, though the novel's opening line about unhappy families being unhappy in their own ways proves by the novel's end.  FTP, name this novel in which the title character leaves her son Seryozha and her husband Alexei for Vronsky then throws herself under a train, a work of Leo Tolstoy.;;Anna Karenina
Music;;He challenged an opera director to a duel for the right to perform his ballet, Uspud, and hid a hammer in his umbrella for self-defense. Early works include the Dreamy Fish and the pantomime Jack in the Box, which were conscious reactions against Debussy. His play "Medusa's Trap" featured pieces known as "monkey dances" and the art of Georges Braque, and his late works like the ballet Relache, containing a film sequence by Rene Clair, and his only opera, Socrates, were increasingly unconventional. FTP, identify this composer of Three Pieces in the Shape of a Pear and the Dried-up Embryos, who scored a ballet for typewriter and propeller in Parade and wrote the ambient Gymnopedies, a French composer who was the mentor of Les Six.;;(Erik-alfred-leslie) Satie
Philosophy;;His philosophical commentaries include those on Porphyry's Isagoge and the Sophistical Refutations and Physics of Aristotle. His five stage theory of morals, described in On the Connection of the Virtues, was called Pelagianism by his enemies, including the Dominican Durandus of St. Pourcain and John Lutterell. His political writings like Eight Questions on the Power of the Pope and Treatise against Benedict were written after he was excommunicated by John XXII by the efforts of Michael of Cesena in 1328. Formulating a theory of nominalism stronger than that of Roscelin or Abelard, he distinguished between discrete and common terms in his Summa Logicae, but he is better known for another logical construction found in that work. FTP, name this Franciscan known as "Doctor Invicibilis," who formulated the principle of parsimony which infers that the simplest solution is usually the best, also known as his "Razor".;;(William) (of) Oc(kh|c)am;;Doctor Invincibilis|Venerabilis Inceptor
Trash;;After her honeymoon, this character is insulted by Sheila Sommers, the former girlfriend of her husband who keeps showing up places, and June Foster and Shirley Clyde don't care for her either. She lives at 1164 Morning Glory Circle in Westport, Connecticut, and we rarely see her father Maurice, at least not as often as her aunt Clara, who's a little scatterbrained. Her husband works for McMann and Tate and she often needs the services of the inept Dr. Bombay. Also forced to deal with her nosy mother Endora and the equally nosy Gladys Kravitz, FTP, name this character once played by Elizabeth Montgomery and now played by Nicole Kidman in the remake of Bewitched.;;Sam(antha) (Stephens)|Stephens
Chemistry;;It has been found to be involved in endogeneous defense mechanisms in infected leaves of the tobacco plant. It can be synthesized biologically by glycoside cleavage and oxidation of D-glucopyranoside, and synthetically it has been made via microbial oxidation of napthalene or by heating sodium phenolyate with carbon dioxide, a process called the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. Its phenyl ester is used as an antiseptic, and its methyl ester is used in flavorings and is known as oil of wintergreen. It can also be synthesized from meadowsweet, or spiraea ulmaria, and willow bark, but it was found to be irritating to the mouth and throat until an alteration by Felix Hoffmann, a Bayer scientist, in 1897. FTP, identify this acid which creates aspirin when converted into its acetyl variety.;;salicylic acid acetylsalicylic acid (even) (though) (it's) (an) (addition) (and) (also) (ortho)-hydroxybenzoic acid|2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
American Literature;;He described the walls of different rooms as "cold green" and "pale rose and warm" in his vignette "The Walls are Cold," and he also used colors metaphorically in a story about Mrs. Bertha Munson, "A Mink of One's Own".  He recalled getting an expensive paper weight as a gift from French writer Sidione-Gabrielle Colette in the nonfiction The Dogs Bark: Public People and Private Places, and he took on a journalistic tone in later works, such as the travel-sketches contained in Local Color and The Muses are Heard.  This journalistic tone is seen in one well-known work, based on conversations with the murderers Perry Smith and Richard Hickock, though surprisingly rare overtly homosexual themes appear in the short story "Shut a Final Door" and the novel Other Voices, Other Rooms. FTP, name this creator of Holly Golightly, the author of In Cold Blood and Breakfast at Tiffany's.;;(Truman) Capote
United States History;;The first ever debate between Kennedy and Nixon concerned this legislation and took place in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. Lyndon Johnson used Coke Stevenson's opposition to it to win a Texas senate race. The president's refusal to invoke it led to the case Youngstown Sheet & Tube v. Sawyer when the nation's steel mills were seized. It was expanded upon in the Landrum-Griffin Act and Clinton used it to end the 1997 American Airlines strike. Amending the Wagner Act, it outlawed closed shops and secondary boycotts and forced employees to take an anti-Communist oath. FTP, identify this labor bill introduced by a New Jersey representative and an Ohio senator, which passed over President Truman's veto in 1947.;;Taft-Hartley (Act) Labor-Management Relations (Act)
Religion;;In the Sanhedrin, Amemar sarcastically asks one of the Magi why this entity allows urine to pass through his domain, the lower half of the human body.  He is said to be at his greatest strength on the night of the winter solstice, and "khrafstras," or animals such as ants, flies, and snakes are said to be his creation. He also created the dragon Azi Dahaka, and  after a three thousand year sleep induced by seeing a righteous man, he was awakened by Jeh, whereupon he introduced negative qualities such as greed and lust into man. FTP, name this "fiendish spirit," the nemesis of Spenta Mainyu and the evil side of Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism.;;Ahriman Angra Mainyu
Art;;The two most prominent figures in this painting wear necklaces, one of which is a rosary, and a Star of David appears on a ring at the bottom center. A red and white child's ball lies to the left of the ring, which is being worn by a large green hand holding a tree between two of its fingers. At the top a grey disembodied head peers out of what appears to be an Orthodox church, and below that a masked man with a brown cap wields a sickle in a setting which is probably Vitebsk, Belarus. Seemingly floating over the landscape are a woman milking a cow and an upside-down woman playing a violin. FTP, identify this work featuring an intense staring contest between the goat on the left and a green-faced man on the right, a painting evoking the hometown of its artist Marc Chagall.;;I and the Village|Moi et le Village
Geography;;Groups living in this range include the Komi, Mansi, and Khanty in the south, and the Nenets and Komi in the north. The lower Central sections stretch from the Usa river to the Ufa river and include Mount Sredny Baseg, while further south is Mount Yamantau and the boundary with the Mughalzhar Hills. The rich metallurgical deposits of this range are mined at Vorkuta, Perm, Chelyabinsk, and the largest city in the area, Yekaterinburg. The Virgin Komi forests here have been designated a UNESCO site, and they lay south of Novaya Zemlaya, the northern terminus. FTP, name this mountain range with highest point at Mount Narodnya, often considered the boundary between European and Asian Russia.;;Ural (Mountains)|Uralsky (Khrebet)
Math Theory;;The Lenstra-Pomerance-Wagstaff Conjecture relates these to the Euler-Mascheroni constant, and Zsigmondy's theorem states that they have primitive divisors. The Erdos-Borwein constant is the sum of the reciprocals of potential ones, and one them is the solution of the Wheat and Chessboard problem. A deterministic method of finding them is the Lucas-Lehmer test, and the first man to find them in the modern era was Pietro Cataldi, but Euler showed that when they were divided by the next lowest power, they produce perfect numbers. The high school student Landon Noll found one as part of the GIMPS project, and as of 2006, 43 total have been found. FTP, identify these numbers that are of the form 2 to the p minus 1, prime numbers named after a French mathematician and monk.;;Mersenne primes
European History;;It was preceded four years earlier by an event known as the "Great Rumour". John Gower compared this event to an animal stampede in his Vox Clamantis. It finally died out when John Litster was killed by the bishop of Norwich in East Anglia. Among those killed during it were the confessor William Apuldore, the treasurer Sir Robert Hales, and Simon Sudbury. "When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman"? was a famous couplet spoken by John Ball, one of the leaders who protested against the Statute of Labourers. John of Gaunt's palace was destroyed in, FTP, what uprising whose leader was killed by Lord Mayor Walworth at Smithfield, a 1381 revolt which forced Richard II to calm the namesake group.;;Wat Tyler('s) (Rebellion)|Peasant(s) (Revolt)
British Literature;;This author's beliefs are evident in lines such as "I full of Christ and Christ of Me," and "My soul, oh keep it by thy Word" as seen in the poems "The Heart Knoweth Its Own Bitterness" and "The Devil".  She wrote of a feline named Grimalkin in "On the Death of a Cat," while some unnamed object left her "old, and cold, and grey" in a depressing work, "May". Her prose, such as the prayer-filled Annus Domini and her study of festivals, Called to Be Saints, reflect her deep Anglican faith. She took the pen name Ellen Alleyne when writing poems such as "Sweet Death" for The Germ, a magazine made famous by her brothers. FTP, name this poet who wrote Pageant and The Prince's Progress, who is most famous for a work about the sisters Laura and Lizzie, Goblin Market.;;C(hristina) (Georgina) Rossetti;;Rossetti
United States History;;This event led Lyman Gage to organize a group, notably containing three women, including Ellen Henrotin and Bertha Palmer. Ironically, prior to its occurence, some of the men involved invested in the Oakwood Cemetary Association. It escalated when Edwin Walker was named Special Attorney backed by the GMA, and after this event, the rival company, Wagner, was acquired from the Vanderbilts. Nelson Miles commanded the U.S. Marshalls that were eventually called, on the pretext of interference with U.S. Mail, and in its aftermath Eugene V. Debs was arrested. Quashed by order of Grover Cleveland, FTP, identify this May, 1894 event in which a group of workers living in a company town near Chicago refused to work.;;Pullman (Strike)
Art;;Dan Dennett describes variants of it that encompass genotypes or 1 megabyte programs. According to an essay on it by Quine, the idea for it actually originated in the work of Gustav Fechner. The epigraph in the work of literature that concerns it comes from The Anatomy of Melancholy. The narrator says that his portion of it contains the Combed Thunderclap and the Plaster Cramp. It is constructed from attached hexagonal galleries, and one of its volumes contains the letters MCV repeated for four hundred and ten pages. FTP, identify this structure containing every permutation of every possible book, described in a short story by Jorge Luis Borges.;;(The) Library of Babel
Biology;;Daniel Dennett, once again, criticizes this idea by claiming that it can be accommodated by merely a change of scale. It might be partially caused by "habitat tracking," where an organism runs away from a changing environment. Its tenets include the idea that cladogenesis, or branching, dominates over anagenesis. It also argues that peripatric speciation is much more common than allopatric speciation. Dawkins has argued that its alternative, so called "phyletic gradualism", is a straw man that even Darwin did not endorse. FTP, identify this theory put forth by Eldridge and Gould, which claims that new species form in short rapid bursts in between periods of stasis.;;punctuated equilbrium
Music;;His name is the same as a man who gets hit by a streetcar in The Master and Margarita. For the opening of the Lille railway, he was commissioned to compose the cantata Chant des Chemins de fer. A trip to Subiaco yielded his Le Captive, which was based on a text of Hugo, while choral works include the Christmas oratorio The Childhood of Christ. In composing his most famous work, he was inspired by Confessions of an English Opium Eater, while the Aeneid is the source for Les Troyens. FTP, identify this French composer, a relative of Ezequiel Berdichevsky and a lover of Harriet Smithson, best known for composing the Damnation of Faust and the Symphonie Fantastique.;;(Hector) Berlioz
Religion;;In Chapter 8 of this work, the importance of the last thought prior to death is emphasized. In chapter sixteen, the divine and demonic natures are defined. A number of different "paths" are discussed, including love and devotion to god, and acting according to duty. These are less advanced than paths which involve discriminating between the real and the false, and stilling the mind through meditation. The four yogas include bhakti, karma, jhana and raja. The most famous commentaries on them were by Ramakrishna, and they begin with a discussion between Dhri-tara-shtra and his advisors, and some blowing of conch shells. Given to a charioteer just before a battle between the Pandavas and Karauvas, FTP, identify this Hindu text, spoken by Krishna to Arjuna in the Mahabharata.;;Bhagavad Gita
Music;;A year before the recording of this album, one of the band members was given a paper with symbols for A augmented and G minor chords on it, ordered to "see what you can do with this". Ashley Kahn wrote a book about the making of this album, and Jimmy Cobb referred to it as a recording made in heaven. Bill Evans provided original liner notes, which have been updated by Robert Palmer. The lineup featured Paul Chambers, Cannonball Adderly, and Wynton Kelly, and the six tracks include "Blue in Green" and "All Blues". Certified triple platinum, it still sells nearly 5,000 copies per week. The sixth track is an alternate take of the fifth track, and the first track, "So What" has become one of the most popular jazz songs of all time. FTP, name this 1959 album, a masterwork of Miles Davis.;;Kind of Blue
World History;;It was enforced as late as 1802, which led to the destruction of a settlement in Alaska. It was later amended in order to accommodate claims over the island of Fernando Poo. Written by Fernando de Alvarez de Toledo, it followed a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI, whose national origin was a factor in its terms. Once more geographic information was acquired, it was superceded by the Treaty of Zaragossa. It created a border near the Cape Verde Islands, which led to Brazil going to Portugal. FTP, identify this 1494 treaty signed by Spain and Portugal which divided the entire New World into two spheres of influence.;;(Treaty) (of) Tordesillas
British Literature;;It was originally sent to Mrs. Dunlop by the author in 1788. This work meant for hogmanay with common double meter sees its title used in some fairy tales in place of the phrase "Once upon a time".  The second verse compares a pint mug to a cup of kindness while the whole song resonates with a drinking theme. The musical version of it was played at Pierre Trudeau's funeral and in Japan stores close to it. FTP, name this poem turned song who's tune is used for the University of Virginia's fight song and often sung by revelers at on New Year's eve.;;(")Auld Lang Syne(")
Earth Science;;According to Watson-Watt, the man who discovered this engaged in earlier work that was crucial to victory at the Battle of Britain. It was first located by experiments using the BBC's Bournemouth transmitter. Because short waves are reflected by it, it is essential to the propagation of high frequency radio waves, as the regions below it break up at night. Its reflection properties are affected by sunspots, and it lies between 150 and 400 kilometers above the similar Kennelly-Heaviside Layer. Also called the F Layer, FTP, identify this region of the atmosphere, the uppermost part of the ionosphere named for its British discoverer.;;Appleton (Layer) F (layer) (before) (it) (is) (mentioned)
Philosophy;;This man advocated the idea that the fundamental driving force of evolution was nurturing love, an idea he referred to as "agapeism". He had a fondness for describing things in terms of triads, which led him to argue that all relations of arbitrary acidity could be constructed from triadic relations alone, which is known as his "reduction thesis". He is also known for his discussion of induction and abduction, as well as his development of the first theory of semiotics. He is best remembered, however, for a doctrine advanced in the essays "The Fixation of Belief" and "How to Make our Ideas Clear". FTP, identify this American philosopher and friend of William James, best known for originating the doctrine of pragmatism.;;(Charles) (Sanders) Peirce
World Literature;;The night of his death on December 17th was named the Night of Union. In one of his poems, he declares himself neither Christian, Jew, nor Muslim. Among his discourses were "Backbiting" and "Gnostic in the Bath". His 22 Greek works were translated by Mir Miroghli. His father, Baha'al din Veled, was a noted scholar, but he was more influenced by Shams Tabriz, whose name formed the title of one of his collections. His most famous work was also known as The Qu'ran in Persian for its importance to his people. FTP, identify this poet, the author of the Spiritual Couplets, and the best known Sufi poet.;;(Jalal) (al-Din) (Muhammad) Rumi
European History;;Men killed in this engagement include Frederick Herman, the first duke of Schomberg, and Reverend George Walker, the hero of the siege of Derry that had occurred the previous year. The cavalry of Richard Talbot, earl of Tyrconnell, was finally overcome here but the conflict did not end until the Battle of Aughrim the following year, resulting in the Blue Guards' final capture of Limerick. Occurring near the town of Drogheda, FTP, name this victory for the Orangemen of William III over James II in 1690, ensuring the success of the Glorious Revolution.;;(Battle) (of) (the) Boyne (prompt) (on) (Glorious) (Revolution)
Religion;;The holiday that commemorates this event was originally established by Sixtus IV, but the church did not definitively confirm the doctrine that lies behind it. Pope Alexander VII gave further support to the doctrine in 1661, but it was not until the Apostolic Constiution Ineffabilis Deus, issued in 1854 by Pius IX that it became universal doctrine that this event was a one-time exception to a universal law. Its holiday is 8 December, although it's often confused with the Feast of the Incarnation, which takes place nine months before Christmas. FTP, name this event that happened to St. Anne in the penultimate decade of the first century BC and allowed the mother of Christ to be the one non-divine human being to be sinless.;;Immaculate Conception
World History;;His time as a minister of Sport and Recreation was detailed in his autobiography "The Last Trek - A New Beginning". In 1998, this man's reputation was tarnished when he was involved in a messy divorce with his wife Marike and remarried almost immediately thereafter. He was the nephew of J.G. Strijdom, who served as prime minister of his country from 1954 to 1958. He gained his first post as a member of parliament from Vereeninging, and took over for P. W. Botha, gaining the most fame for releasing Nelson Mandela. FTP, identify this South African leader who brought Apartheid to an end and won the Nobel Peace Price in 1993.;;(Frederik) (Willem) de Klerk
Physics;;It can be defined in terms of a limit of the Airy function. Also defined as a normalized Gaussian function in the limit of zero width, its derivative is called a doublet. Its namesake's comb is a periodic Schwartz distribution constructed from it. Its antiderivative is the Heaviside step function, its Fourier transform is the constant function "one over the square root of quantity two pi", and its integral over the real line is 1, despite the fact that it takes the value zero everywhere except at the origin. FTP, name this useful distribution in physics, used as an approximation for a tall narrow spike function, named after the discoverer of the positron.;;Dirac Delta (function)|unit impulse (function)
American Literature;;The original publication of this work made claims such as "the Jew is the heir of the slave baron," but later editions were revised to tone down such Anti-Semitic rhetoric. Each chapter opens with a few lines of verse from poets including Tennyson, Whittier, and Swinburne. "Of Alexander Crummell," "Of the Wings of Atalanta," and "Of the Meaning of Progress" are some of the most famous sections of this book, which refutes the ideology of Booker T. Washington and urges readers to "listen to the strivings" of the titular entities. FTP, name this 1903 work of nonfiction which discusses the role of the "talented tenth" and made W.E.B. DuBois the leading racial figure of his time.;;(The) Souls of Black Folk
World History;;Varnado Simpson, Charles Sledge, and Ron Haeberle were there from the beginning, though Simpson committed suicide soon after. Reginald Forsythe, Lawrence Colburn and Glenn Andreotta arrived some time afterward. Hugh Thompson, Jr. brought them in, after Captain Ernest Medina gave orders to a platoon led by Lieutenant William "Rusty" Calley of the Charlie Company. Ron Ridenhour soon after sent a letter that was received by Morris Udall. The fourth division of the so-called "Pinkville" was unfortunately not unoccupied as planned on March 16th. FTP, name this 1968 massacre of a bunch of Vietnamese civilians at a small village.;;My Lai (Massacre)
American Literature;;A bronze statue of this novel's main character can be found at the former site of the D. H. Holmes Department Store, where he is first encountered. The main character is sought by Burma Jones, who wishes to sabotage the Night of Joy, where Darlene performs a strip tease with a cockatoo. The main character maintains his Journal of a Working Boy, inspired by the writings of Boethius, while attempting to form a homosexual political party and inciting a worker uprising in the factory of Levy Pants. FTP, identify this novel that centers on Ignatius J. Reilly, the most famous work written by John Kennedy Toole.;;(A) Confederacy of Dunces
Geography;;One of its buildings was founded on November 10, 1917 and initially contained only two mass graves. Its oldest secular structure is the Palace of Facets, while its Terem palace was the first residence of its nation's royal family. Of its many towers, one was designed by Aloisio da Milano, while another was built by Pietro Solari and was named after the Church of John the Forerunner. American nationals Charles Ruthenberg and John Reed are buried at this site, though it is better known for another resident. Containing the Arsenal used during invasion by Napoleon, its Armoury contains the largest collection of Faberege eggs in the world. FTP, identify this complex which contains the Cathedral of the Dormition and houses both the Orlov Diamond and the tomb of Lenin, a massive structure located in the center of Moscow.;;Kremlin
Geography;;It was once home to the Berg Strait and presently contains the large Renaissance Island, the northern part of which is referred to as Mergensay, while the southern part belongs to the Karakalpak autonomous region, and it reportedly was the site for open-air testing of biological weapons. The Garagum Canal diverts one of the two rivers that flow into this body of water, which sits northwest of the Kyzulkum Desert. Fed by the Syr Darya and Amu Darya Rivers, FTP, name this once much larger sea that sits on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the east of the Caspian.;;Aral (Sea)
World Literature;;A story about a tiger running loose in a dining room and a discussion of Mr. John Silver prompt the protagonist to ruminate about the Hayes Society. Dr. Meredith provides medical care for the protagonist's father, and Dr. Carlisle gives him a ride when his car breaks down. The protagonist attempts unsuccessfully to have Mr. Graham help him master the art of bantering. Mr. Farraday is the new owner of Darlington Hall, where the protagonist is employed, and Miss Kenton is the head housekeeper, whose departure leads to the journey across the British countryside during which the events of the novel are recounted. FTP, name this 1989 novel about the butler Stevens, the finest work of Kazuo Ishiguro.;;(The) Remains of the Day
Physics;;Along with Nernst, he gives his name to an effect also known as iontophoresis that is a mechanism along with electroosmotic flow and the damage effect for the computation of ionic drug fluxes through the skin. A special case of his more famous notation is given by von Mosengeil's transformation, named for his student. The area under his namesake curve increases as temperature increases, because of the Stefan-Boltzmann law, and is a product of his solution to the UV catastrophe, known as his radiation law. Also the namesake of a constant H, FTP, name this German physicist who formulated the concept of quanta or packets of energy.;;(Max) Planck
European Literature;;Quintilian states that this man had a son, for whom he wrote a treatise on style, and a daughter, who was married to a teacher of oratory named Lucius Magius. Pliny the Younger famously claimed that a man came all the way from Cadiz to see this man. Augustus reportedly called this man a "Pompeian", indicating that he had Republican sympathies, and he supposedly helped Claudius study history. He was born in modern-day Padua in Cisalpine Gaul, and the Periochae is all that remains of his work Ab Urbe Condita, or From the Founding of the City. Born in 59 B.C. long before Tacitus, FTP, name this writer of a 142-book history of Rome.;;Livy|(Titus) Livius
Psychology;;William Poundstone wrote a book on it, which discussed the most famous treatment of it, the Flood-Dresher experiment. Robert Axelrod considered it in a so-called tournament that was "won" by Anatol Rapoport. It can be extended to n-persons, as in the tragedy of the commons, and Tit-for-Tat is a highly successful solution to it. It's similar to the so-called stag hunt, and turns on a deficient equilibrium point. Classically referring to a situation in which each of two people have the choice to cooperate or defect but paradoxically tend to defect even though mutual cooperation is more beneficial, FTP, name this game theory dilemma named after people who are interrogated when they are put in jail.;;Prisoner's (Dilemma)|(paradox,) (prompt) (on) ("game) (theory")|(symmetric) (game,) (etc.)
World History;;This man authored the essay "On Death" and the articles "We Blacks" and "Black Souls in White Skins" under the pseudonym Frank Talk. Harold Synman is famous for his connection to this man, as is Peter Cyril Jones, who was also targeted by Section 6 of the so-called Terrorism Act, and this man eventually became the subject of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee. Initially a medical student, he was a champion of Black Consciousness philosophy and heavily involved with the organizations known as BCP and SASO. FTP, name this prominent critic of Apartheid, brought into custody in 1977 and apparently beaten to death, drawing world-wide condemnation.;;(Stephen) (Bantu) Biko
Biology;;This process is sometimes classified as Barrovian, after George Barrow, who observed it in the Dalradian sequence of the Scottish Highlands. Eclogites are very rare evidence of its occurrence. It can happen in snow, leading to avalanches, and can be divided into general types including regional, contact, and shock. Often, the result of this process is foliation, although not in minerals like hornfels and greenstone, which are unlike phyllites, migmatites, and gneisses NICE-es. Occurring because of an increase in heat or pressure, FTP, name this geologic process responsible for changing limestone into marble, a transformation in the structure of rock.;;metamorphism|metamorphic processes
Philosophy;;Early in this work, a man protests that there have been discourses on such frivolous subjects as the utility of salt, and defers to the expertise of Phaedrus. Another character claims that humans originally had four arms and four legs, and moved about by rolling at great speed. As related by Aristodemus, Eryximachus modifies the claims of Pausanias by stressing the importance of harmony in all endeavors. The wise Diotima of Mantineia helps Socrates to see that there is a mean between wisdom and ignorance, and mortality and divinity, which is the place of eros. FTP, name this Platonic dialogue set in the house of Agathon featuring speeches on the nature of love, named for a place where ancient Greeks would get together and drink.;;Symposium|(the) Banquet
European Literature;;One character reveals that she had run off to Switzerland to have her baby and then drowned it in front of her lover, who proceeded to shoot himself in the face. A minor character with no eyelids produces a bell, but explains that it does not always work. Another character explains that she knows what torturers look like because she's seen herself in a mirror. The last main character only wants people to see that he's not a coward, but they refuse to understand this. At the end, one character stabs another with a paper knife, forgetting that all of them are already dead. Estelle, Inez, and Garcin learn that "hell is other people" in, FTP, what existential Jean-Paul Sartre play about people who can't get out of a drawing room.;;No Exit|Huis Clos
United States History;;When this case was reargued after no majority was reached, Justice Whittaker was forced to recuse himself. The majority opinion cited the decision in Gomillion v. Lightfoot, while the defense unsuccessfully relied on Colegrove v. Green, which declined judicial intervention in a similar situation. Justice Clark filed a concurring opinion in this case that involved the Shelby County Quarterly Court, and led to the decision in Reynolds v. Sims two years later. Justices Frankfurter and Harlan dissented citing the political nature of the case. FTP, name this 1962 Supreme Court decision that dealt with the apportionment of districts in Tennessee.;;Baker (v(s)(.)|versus) (Carr)
Biology;;They are composed of septum and endothecium tissue, and their expansion results in rupture of the tapetal membranes. This begins their most important process, known as dehiscence, which occurs upon dessication of the tissue. They are bilocular and each locule contains a microsporangium, with tissue between the locules referred to as the connective. They can be attached in a basifixed or versatile manner to the filament, and this will determine whether pollen is released longitudinally or through pores. Sometimes possessing a cap, FTP, name this flower part defined as the terminal end of a stamen.;;anther
European History;;When the city tried to revoke its mining contract, this man marched on Volterra with the army of the Duke of Urbino. He made a diplomatic trip to the court of Ferrante of Aragon to prevent him from allying with Pope Sixtus IV. Early in life, he defended his father from the Poggio clan, protecting the bank in the process. A lavish ceremony accompanied his marriage to Clarice Orsini, and he brought Savonarola back from exile in Bologna, probably a mistake. This man's brother Giuliano died in the Pazzi Conspiracy that he survived. The son of Piero, FTP, name this famous patron of art, a Magnificent Medici ruler of Florence.;;Lorenzo (de|d') (Medici) |Lorenzo (the Magnificent)
Mythology;;This god had a son named Ihy, a falcon child-god, and in one story, it is this god who cheers Ra up with a lewd display after the baboon god Baba taunts him that his shrine is empty. Similar to the pre-dynastic god Bat, items associated with this god include malachite, lapis lazuli, the menat necklace, and the sistrum, and the major cult center at Dendera, where she was worshipped along with Horus-Behdety. The "lady of the west," she is a peaceful god, unlike her companion, who is also the eye of Ra. FTP, name this Egyptian goddess represented as a female cow with the sun between her horns.;;Hathor
Biology;;The posterior surface contains at its upper part a prominent ridge known as the popliteal line, and a deep transverse groove provides for the insertion of the tendon of the semi-membran-osus. In the male, the direction of it is almost entirely vertical, but in the female it has an oblique downward direction. It contains the styloid process and three distinct centers for ossification, and is prismoid in shape. The soleus and flexor digitorum longus both attach on the posterior surface. A posterior intercondyloid fossa separates the lateral and medial condyles in, FTP, this second largest bone in the human body, which articulates with the femur, patella, fibula, and ankle, and is known commonly as the shin bone.;;tibia;;shin bone
United States History;;It was set in motion when Miles Moore persuaded the approval of a deal between Clarence Cunningham and the Morgan-Guggenheim syndicate. An article published by Collier's Magazine led to investigations that revealed a phony letter perhaps authored by Oscar Lawler, supposedly based on the equally suspect Wickersham Report. This document engineered the dismissal of Louis Glavis, who was then unsuccessfully defended by Louis Brandeis, exonerating the former mayor of Seattle. FTP, name this dispute about land exploitation in Alaska, named for the Secretary of the Interior and the head of the Forest Service under William Howard Taft.;;Ballinger-Pinchot (Controversy)|(affair)|(whatever)
British Literature;;One of the main characters in this work has a mother whose closest companion is her naked parrot Sambo, and another character writes letters to Guru Brahmin to find insight into her romantic struggles. The young protagonist discusses Kierkegaard and Sartre with his pal Francis Hinsley, a script writer at Megapolitan Pictures, and he is lectured by Sir Ambrose Abercrombie on the duties of British expatriates. Whispering Glades funeral parlor provides much of the setting in this novel where Dennis Barlow takes up work at Happier Hunting Grounds pet cemetery and becomes the rival of embalmer Mr. Joyboy in pursuit of the affections of Aimee Thanatogenos. FTP, name this satirical Evelyn Waugh novel titled for what Ms. Thanatogenos represents.;;(The) Loved One
European History;;The origins of this event may be seen in the overthrow of the Hohenstaufen king Manfred at the Battle of Benevento, and the execution of his nephew Conradin shortly afterward, together with the excommunication by Martin IV of a Byzantine emperor, who proceeded to negotiate with Pedro III of Aragon. It may also have something to do with the repressive policies of the Angevins, led by the brother of St. Louis. The baron Giovanni da Procida was implicated, and it prevented a planned invasion of Constantinople when Charles of Anjou was forced to respond to what had arisen in the Church of the Holy Spirit outside Palermo. FTP, name this 1282 rebellion that is named for the church services that it interrupted.;;Sicilian Vespers (Vespiri) (Siciliani)
Physics;;A three-dimensional modeling technique can be formulated in the frequency domain as a so-called augmented version of this relationship. Variations on this quite simple statement under more complex conditions can involve the Arruda-Boyce model or Ogden's model, which is divided between the Mooney-Rivlin Theorem and the so-called neo-version of this theory. A generalization of it by Cauchy to three dimensions incorporates a compliance matrix, and it is sometimes written in terms of a compliance constant J. Also sometimes incorporating the Young modulus and most simply stated as F equals k times x, FTP, name this law stating that the restoring force is proportional to the length that a spring is stretched, or stress is proportional to strain.;;Hooke('s) (Law)
Mythology;;The fate of this man was very similar to that of the prince Thasius, the son of Anius, on the island of Delos. The result of his story is similar to that of Chione and in more respects to that of Taygete, who fathered Lacedaemon in the same form, and this man made the same mistake as Siproites. Some say that he incurred divine wrath by loving Semele and some say he proposed to marry goddess at a temple, but most agree that afterwards his father Aristaeus migrated to Sicily. Chiron made an image of this man on a cave to soothe grief, as his former trainer, and his mother Autonoe fled Thebes after his death. He realized his plight upon staring into a stream in the vale of Gargaphia near the spring of Parthenius. FTP, this is where which man began being pursued by his own hounds after Artemis turned him into a stag for spotting her in the process of bathing.;;Actaeon|Acteon
Music;;He served as assistant to Archibald T. Davision and was trained in orchestration by the French-born composer Edward Bulingame Hill. The painter Maurice Grosser was a major presence in his life, and some of his noted pieces include Canon for Dorothy Thomson and two works for orchestra, Wheatfield at Noon and The Seine at Night. He was inspired by Erik Satie and gave the first performance of his Socrate for the Harvard Musical Club, and late works include his Fantasy in Homage to an Earlier England. He composed Preciosilla and Capital Capitals, which like the opera The Mother of Us All were based on Gertrude Stein texts. A rampant homosexual, FTP, name this 20th century American composer of the ballet Filling Station and Four Saints in Three Acts.;;(Virgil) Thomspon
Art;;He killed Harry Larkyns, his wife's lover, upon learning that he had fathered a child with her and then went on a sabbatical to Central America to do some artistic work, which comprised his career. He was a bookseller in San Francisco after being born in Kingston-on-Thames and there he met Leland Stanford, with whom he worked for over ten years. He invented the so-called "electro-expositor" and was close friends with Thomas Eakins. By fastening slide on a large disk and attacking another disk revolving in the opposite direction with slots along its axis and an arc light, he created the zoopraxiscope. The artist of series like The Attitudes of Animals in Motion and Animal Locomotion, FTP, name this pioneer of modern photography who showed successive stages in the movement of horses.;;(Eadweard) Muybridge
Anthropology;;This work grew out of a project originally launched by Survey magazine, and Arnold Rampersad penned the introduction for its 1992 edition. The once prominent Albert and Charles Boni published it, and Miguel Covarrubias and Aaron Douglass contributed their artistic abilities, though the majority of the illustrative work was done by Winold Reiss. It contains contributions from Anne Spencer, Arthur Schomburg, and Melville Herskovits and famously showcases the work of Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes. Sponsored by Paul Kellogg, FTP, name this 1925 anthology subtitled "voices of the Harlem Renaissance" and edited by Alain Locke.;;(The) New Negro
World History;;A native of Badajóz and son of the commander of Lobon, his death came during the Mixton War at the siege of Nochistlan where he was crushed by his horse. He participated in the expedition of Juan de Grijalva launching from Cuba, and led the rear-guard successfully at La Noche Triste where he gained fame for a ditch across which he daringly jumped. Later in life, he met with Sebastian de Belalcazar in the province of Quito, and was bribed by Pizarro to leave. Serving as the governor of both Honduras and Guatemala, FTP, name this conquistador whose most famous role was in the struggle against Panfilo de Narvaéz as the second-in-command to Hernan Cortes.;;(Pedro) (de) Alvarado (y) (Contreras)
Math Theory;;Laplace independently discovered this result in 1774, a decade after its first presentation in "An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances". The philosophical interpretation that it inspired was proposed by Frank Ramsey in 1931, and was originally called the subjective interpretation. Its general interpretation has been controversial at times, as it seems to imply that one can infer causes from effects, but the derivation is a simple application of the definition of conditional probability. It is typically introduced through its applications to false positives in medical tests. Stating that the probability of A given B is the probability of B given A times the probability of A divided by the probability of B, FTP, this is what probability theorem.;;Bayes' (Theorem)
Economics;;The Atkinson and Theil indices are often used either in competition with or in addition to it, and the Brown Formula is frequently employed to calculate it. It satisfies principles of anonymity, scale independence, population independence, and transfer, but benefit systems such as the use of food stamps can decrease its accuracy, and it has different values if applied to individuals or households. Quantiles with low granularity yield lower values than those of high granularity even if they are taken from the same distribution. Calculated as a ratio of areas on the Lorenz Curve, FTP, name this measure of income or wealth inequality, a number between 0 and 1 that increases as inequality increases, a coefficient in economics named for an Italian guy.;;Gini (Coefficient) (Gini) (Index)|(other) (variations)
Geography;;The quest to take this city involved a noted flanking maneuver on the plain of Turubamba, resulting in the stationing of troops at Chillogallo. Cavalry under the command of Colonel Cestaris were able to cut off reinforcements coming from the northern road to Pasto, and the Royalist army attacked from the heights of Panecillo. The Paya Battalion of Colonel Olazabal was the first and most effective group to meet the challenge, and the infantry of General Mires joined later, but it was Jose Maria Cordova who led the Alta Magdalena Battalion in the final victory here, leading to the capitulation of Melchor Aymerich the next day. Named for the volcano near this city, the Battle of Pichincha was the culmination of Sucre's quest to capture, FTP, which present-day capital of the country of Ecuador.;;Quito Pichincha (before) (it's) (mentioned,) (despite) (the) (fact) (that) (it) (asks) (for) (a) (city)
Biology;;It is recognized that the histone macroH2A1.2 tends to relocate around these at some point. Tagaki and Abe demonstrated in 1990 that the lack of these in mice can lead to ectodermal cell death and absence of mesoderm formation. Explained notably by Susumo Ohno, the existence of spotted or patchy coat patterns resulting from heterozygous pigmentation genes can be explained by these, via the Lyon hypothesis. They are created by a random and irreversible process and occur only in the nucleus of somatic cells. FTP, name these condensed inactivated X chromosomes mostly occurring in women, bodies named after an English guy.;;Barr (bodies) sex chromatin
American Literature;;Some of the novel takes place in San Zwingli and the character named Mr. Yák sports a false mustache and toupee. Minor characters include Anselm who ends up in a monastery, Agnes Deigh who attempts suicide, and Recktall Brown who owns a black poodle and is killed by a falling suit of armor. Subplots include a plan spearheaded by Frank Sinisterra to forge a mummy and the amorous adventures of Otto. The novel ends as Stanley causes a church to collapse by playing the organ loudly. However, the bulk of the work deals with Wyatt Gwyon who creates perfect forgeries of old masters. FTP, this describes what novel about the search for universal truth, probably less famous than its authors' novel JR, the first and longest work of William Gaddis.;;(The) Recognitions
World History;;The conflict involved the Fitzroy Tragedy and the Battle of Darwin-Goose Green. Two forces assembled in preparation, one commanded by Veinticinco de Mayo, enacting a maneuver outlined years earlier in the Goa Plan of Admiral Anaya. An earlier conflict of the same name saw the ships Inflexible and Invincible, under the overall command of Frederick Sturdee, manage to sink the Gneisenau and Scharnhorst under Maximilian von Spee. The later struggle at this site saw the brief success of Operation Rosario, but General Leopoldo Galtieri was soon discredited two months later. FTP, name this site of a 1914 World War I naval battle and a brief 1982 war, a group of islands off the coast of Argentina.;;(Battle/War) (of) (the) Falkland (Islands)|(Islas) Malvinas(,)|(War) (of) (the) (Falklands)|(Battle) (of) (the) (Falklands)
Art;;The artist painted no less than five versions of this scene, which was given its present name by art dealer Fritz Gurlitt, and of the many modern interpretations, that of HR Giger is probably most famous. It is by far the most famous painting of its artist, who completed such canvases as Pan in the Reeds, Children Carving May Flutes, and The Sacred Wood. In all versions, green spires shoot up at the middle of this painting, flanked by rock on either side which is closed off except for a small portal toward which a small boat quietly floats. FTP, name this masterpiece of Swiss Symbolism featuring a tranquil island, by Arnold Bocklin, which inspired a Rachmaninoff work.;;(The) Isle of the Dead
Philosophy;;Alfred Kastil and Oskar Kraus were disciples of this man who collected and published his notes, like his lecture entitled The Origin of the Knowledge of Right and Wrong. His notion of time-consciousness held that mental acts have no duration, and his theory of mind claims that inner consciousness is the only perception that one can be completely sure of. The second and third volumes of his major work were entitled The Classification of Mental Phenomena and Sensory and Noetic Consciousness. Similarly-themed works include his thesis On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle and the book Aristotle and His Worldview. The teacher of Tomas Masaryk and the author of Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint, FTP, name this 19th century German philosopher and psychologist who promoted the theory of intentionalism.;;(Franz) Brentano
European History;;It was agreed to a year after the capture of Namur, and it forced the surrender of Freiburg and Breisach by the French, but restored Pondicherry and Nova Scotia. Primarily worked out by the delegates William Bentinck, Earl of Portland, and Marshal Boufflers, it acted to restore all towns seized since the Treaty of Nijmegen and occurred the year after the Treaty of Turin, which ended Savoy's involvement in the war. Spain received Catalonia and Lorraine was given back to Leopold Joseph. An end to the conflict also known as the Nine Years War, FTP, name this agreement by which Louis XIV agreed to lend no further assistance to James II, a peace that ended the War of the Grand Alliance in 1697.;;(Peace of) Ryswick|(Treaty of) Ryswick
American Literature;;His late manuscript Out of Business was partially ghostwritten at his insistence by his editor Edward Stratemeyer, and very early in his career he published under the pseudonyms "Carl Cantab" and "Charles F. Preston". Probably his most famous character outsmarts the bully Mickey Maguire and the thief Jim Travis, and saves the son of a wealthy industrialist James Rockwell. His correspondence with the sixteen year-old Joseph Dean may have inspired his story Frank's Campaign, and the poem Friar Anselmo's Sin may be an attempt to cope with the pressure that prompted him to leave his position as minister at First Unitarian Church in Boston. FTP, name this American author of Joe's Luck, Struggling Upward, Tattered Tom, and Ragged Dick.;;(Horatio) Alger(,) (Jr.)
Chemistry;;This chemical law defines a species-independent constant that can be found using the more advanced Kistiakowski Equation with Vetere correction factors for polar hydrocarbons. For more accurate values, Chen's Equation can be used which factors in the logarithm of pressure, or the Clausius-Clapeyron equation can work backward from vapor pressure. Watson's correlation can also be used if the latent heat of vaporization is known at one temperature, but not another, though this principle is much simpler. For water or low molecular weight alcohols, the constant 0.109 is multiplied by the boiling temperature. FTP, stating that the molar heat of vaporization for a liquid divided by the normal boiling temperature is about 21 calories per mole degrees Kelvin, this is what "rule" of chemistry.;;Trouton('s) (Rule)
Physics;;The early nonlinear phase of this phenomenon is described by the Layzer model and the linear regime has a growth rate proportional to the square root of the gravitational acceleration. It is important in a plasma at the center of a magnetic mirror and in the implosion of a fusion capsule, where asymmetries enhance this effect. Probably its most famous manifestation is in the fingers of the Crab Nebula. FTP, name this instability caused by a heavier fluid being supported by a lighter fluid, named for two British scientists.;;Rayleigh-Taylor (instability) (prompt) (on) (gravitational) (instability)|(flute) (instability)
World History;;The first king of this name was probably born of Seniseneb and his non-royal wife Mutnefret has a notable statue erected at the so-called Wadjmose chapel. A description on the rock of Tombos and one of his official Turi indicate his decisive campaign to Kerma. A silver vessel inscribed for the soldier Djehuty dates to the third king of this name, and the fourth dedicated a tomb to his royal nurse Hekarnehhe and was perhaps illegitimate, as hinted at by the "Sphinx stele" which describes his divine ascension. By way of Merytra, the third fathered Amenhotep II, and not until late in his reign long after the Battle of Megiddo did he deface the monuments of Hatshepsut. FTP, give this common name of four kings of the 18th Dynasty, the third of which is sometimes called the "Napoleon of Egypt".;;Thutmose
British Literature;;One character famously sings, "Why should our damn'd Tyrants oblige us to live, On the pittance of Pleasure which they only give". Another says that his wife has smallpox and that he will only take her to a play if she agrees to dress as a man. The polite culture of Dainty Fidget and Old Lady Squeamish is but a façade, and Lucy is the maidservant of Alithea, who takes the blame at the play's end for an elaborate misunderstanding, when Alithea deserts Sparkish. Famously rewritten by David Garrick, it sees the gallant Harcourt and Mr. Horner, who has his doctor Quack spread a rumor that he is impotent so that other men will trust him. FTP, name this Restoration comedy about a controlling husband and the titular character Margery, the most famous work of William Wycherley.;;(The) Country Wife
Geography;;This country's highest point of Moussa Ali lies on the northern border and its Lake Abbe is in the west. The island of Musha lies south of the port city of Obock in the Gulf of Tadjoura which very prominently shapes its coastline. Home to the lowest point in all of Africa, Lake Asal, it is due west from the "Seven Brothers", a group of islands in a famous strait along with Perim Island, which divides that strait into Alexander's Strait and the Dact-el-Mayun. Situated west of the Bab el Mandeb and south of Eritrea, FTP, name this small African country north of Somalia and east of Ethiopia with a capital of the same name.;;Djibouti
Computer Science;;The Extended Euclidean Algorithm can be used to compute the value for D, which is E raised to the negative one mod phi. Phi is in turn defined as the quantity p-1 times the quantity q-1 where p and q are large random primes of approximately equal size. E is the public exponent, D is the secret exponent, and they are coupled with a modulus N. Its initial discovery was made by Clifford Cocks, but not released because of his agency's classified status. Invented in 1977, FTP, name this algorithm which is the                          most common public-key system in cryptography, named for the last initials of its three co-discoverers.;;RSA (algorithm)|Rivest-Shamir-Adleman algorithm
European History;;One prong of this movement and conflict was sparked in the Bethlehem Chapel by Jakoubek of Stribo and followers included the Brotherhood of Orphans. Some factions pressed on to fight the Battle of Lipany where Procopius the Great was killed, after he had succeeded John Zizka. The so-called Calixtines supported a document known as the Four Articles of Prague, while the Horebites were a more radical group. The failure of Sigismund's crusade against them necessitated the calling of the Council of Basel, where the acceptance of the celebration of the Communion in both kinds was enough to reconcile the Utraquists. The Taborites however fought on, FTP, representing this movement dating back to the Council of Constance where its namesake was condemned and burned at the stake.;;Hussite (Movement)|(Wars) ("followers) (of) (Hus") (and) (the) (like)
American Literature;;At one point, the narrator thinks he sees a tortoise crawling towards him with the word "memento" written in flaming letters on its back. He climbs Rock Redondo, and soon after divulges the story of the USS Essex. He gives an account of a dog-king and of Hunilla, the "Chola widow," whose husband drowned on a fishing trip. Oberlus deserts and makes his living selling vegetables to passing ships on Hood's Isle, until he begins kidnapping sailors and eventually steals a boat. Each section of this work begins with a few lines of poetry, most of which are taken from The Faerie Queen. A series of ten sketches, FTP, name these works about the Galapagos Islands, based primarily on the travels of their author, Herman Melville.;;(The) Encantadas
Anthropology;;The author discusses the epistemological rejection of ideology and the development of institutional relationships in "The Politics of Meaning". He posits a set of control mechanisms consisting of plans, recipes, rules, and instructions in defining the titular concept, which is a "template" of "program," and discusses the work of Susanne Langer entitled Philosophy in a New Key. Another section is entitled "The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States" and the author posits a "breaking through the veil" in such chapters as "The Cerebral Savage". Echoing Weber in believing that man is an animal suspended in "webs of significance," it begins with a so-called "Thick Description" and ends with the chapter "Deep Play". FTP, name this collection of selected essays about life on Bali, the most famous work of Clifford Geertz.;;(The) Interpretation of Cultures
Music;;Its fourth movement features an unexpected fugue and some humorous false starts in different keys, and the earliest comprehensive recording of the entire set was made by Talich, and then a later one by Jeremias. It opens with an unadorned pastoral harp and one movement depicts the wrath of an Amazon maiden at the men who have betrayed her. It is book-ended by the triumphant prophecies of a seeress that harken back to its composer's opera Libuse. A more popular section features flutes and clarinets, depicting the conjunction of two mountain streams, which coalesce into the Zionist national anthem. Composed of pieces like "Tabor," "Sarka," and "The Moldau," FTP, name this cycle of six symphonic poems by Bedrich Smetana, which translates as "My Fatherland".;;Ma Vlast|(")My Country(,") (")My Fatherland(",) (etc.) (before) (mentioned)
Philosophy;;The scholar Manfred Frank analyzed this man's dialectics, attributing to him a consensus-theory of truth, and he emphasizes the tension between "distinctive" and "universal" sides of ethics. He collaborated on the literary journal Athenaeum, leading to the proto-feminist work Idea for a Catechism of Reason for Noble Ladies, and wrote works on Jews in Prussia and the unpublished essays On the Highest Good and On What Gives Value to Life. His two notable works on Spinoza were prompted by Jacobi, and he studied under the Herrnhuters. The author of Christmas Eve, the subtitle of his main work was aimed at vilifying the Enlightenment and romantic skepticism. FTP, name this author of The Soliloquies and The Christian Faith, an 18th century German theologian and philosopher most famous for On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers.;;(Friedrich) (Daniel) (Ernst) Schleiermacher
World Literature;;One character drops his trousers in response to a stupid joke, prompting the teller of the joke to spit in his face. A Sarah Vaughan song plays on a jukebox during the final scene, and when the play opens, a man is paging through a comic book. The first section concludes with the story of a successful kite-flying expedition, but the mood darkens when a main character receives a call from the hospital where his alcoholic father periodically receives treatment. An extended discussion of the significance of dance leads to fantasizing about "a world without collisions," or so dreams the custodian Willie. Hally has a long conversation with his mother and father, and then demands that Sam refer to him by a certain name. Set in 1950s Port Elizabeth, FTP, name this 1982 play by Athol Fugard.;;Master Harold and the Boys
Chemistry;;Its regulation occurs principally at CPS-I, which is relatively inactive in the absence of its allosteric activator N-acetylglutamate, and disorders with it can lead to citrullenemia. In this process, ornithine arising in the cytosol is transported to the mitochondrial matrix, where ornithine transcabamoylase catalyzes its condensation with carbamoyl phosphate, resulting in the production of citrulline. Citrulline and aspartate are then condensed to form argininosuccinate.  Discovered by Kurt Henseleit and Hans Krebs, FTP, this is what biochemical cycle named for the nitrogenous waste product of humans made from ammonia and excreted by the bladder.;;urea (cycle)
World History;;This period saw the Shimabara Uprising, the rebellion of Oshio Heihachiro, and the anatomical text Katai shinsho. It also saw the erection of the so-called Detached Palace, built by Toshihito and his son Toshitada, and the violent eruption of Mount Asama, provoking the Tempo Famine. Only 15 years in, the Battle of Naniwa was interruptive, but later it saw the bureaucratic Kyoho Reforms, which proceeded the Kansei Reforms of Matsudaira Sadanobu, which in turn proceeded the Tempo Reforms. Yoshimune was a powerful shogun, but more famous are the second and third shoguns, Hidetada and Iemitsu, who consolidated power after military victory at the Battle of Sekigahara. FTP, this led to the establishment of what period of Japanese history from 1607 to 1867, founded by Ieyasu.;;Tokugawa (Shogunate) Edo (Period)
United States History;;The majority in this case relied largely upon the rulings of Bolt v. Stennett and Aldnutt v. Inglis and quoted at length the writings of Sir Matthew Hale, with regard to such things as "wharfingers, innkeepers, hackmen, and ferries". It turned upon the ninth section of Article One of the Constitution, and concerned a man who was, among other things, supposed to pay a bond of $10,000 in assurance of the faithful performance of his duties. Justice Strong joined in the vehement dissent of Justice Field, focusing on the Fourteenth Amendment violation of the state constitution and legislative act at issue. With a majority opinion by Morrison Waite, FTP, name this 1876 Supreme Court case about the regulation and fixing of maximum prices on operators of grain elevators in the state of Illinois.;;Munn (v.) (Illinois)
Chemistry;;The goal of this reaction is similar to the Staudinger Reaction, but it is an SN2 reaction and not a reduction. Because potassium phthalimide is used and there is only one hydrogen attached to its crucial spot, only one alkyl group can be attached in this reaction, and phthalic acid is produced as an intermediate. It might utilize an Ing-Manske procedure, and it shares much in common with the Eschweiler-Clarke Reaction, except that the Eschweiler reaction uses formic acid and generates the tertiary methyl form of the target product, not the primary type. Involving the hydrolysis of an imide, FTP, name this reaction defined as the conversion of alkyl halides into primary amines, a synthesis named after its British discoverer.;;Gabriel (Synthesis)
World History;;Extensive comparisons have been drawn between this author's best known work and Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, mainly on the basis of similarities in their final chapters. He experimented with vanguard art in works like Domitilo Wants to Be a Congressman and The Trials of a Decent Family and his first novel, Maria Luisa, was written while he was still a medical student. He takes a historical approach in One Hundred Years of the Mexican Novel. By far his most famous work features characters like Alberto Solis, General Natera, Luis Cervantes, and the so called "hero of Zacatecas" Demetrio Macias. FTP, name this influential author of The Fireflies and The Underdogs, a prominent literary figure during the Mexican Revolution.;;(Mariano) Azuela
United States History;;Samuel Moniac was beaten for refusing to cooperate and it is believed that William Weatherford opposed this action, despite the fact that he greatly resented the opposing Captain Dixon Bailey. Josiah Francis and others supported it in retribution for the Battle of Burnt Corn, where Daniel Beasley had intercepted the party of Peter McQueen returning from Pensacola. Only 15 of nearly 300 settlers escaped the onslaught, a loss soon avenged at the Battle of Tallushatchee and other battles where the so-called Red Sticks were crushed by the hammer of Andrew Jackson. FTP, name this 1813 Indian ambush north of Mobile that kicked off the Creek War.;;Fort Mims (Massacre)
United States History;;It discusses two methods of solving a central problem, the first of which is to create a will independent from that of the rest of society, but this is dismissed as prevailing only in hereditary and self-appointed governments. It cites two classifications of defects, those of "better motives" and that of an "absolute negative," and proclaims that justice shall be pursued as an end until liberty is lost in that pursuit. It crafts an analogy between the preservation of civil rights and religious rights, based upon the diversity of religious sects, and considers what would ensue if Rhode Island were jettisoned from the Union, purposely choosing the smallest territory. Introducing the key concept of a "double security" arising as to the rights of people and concerned mainly with the separation of powers and the system of checks and balances, this is, FTP, what number of the Federalist Papers.;;Federalist (Papers) (No.) 51 (only) (51) (after) (mention) (of) (the) (Federalist) (Papers,) (otherwise) (prompt,) (prompt) (on) (just) (the) (Federalist) (Papers)
British Literature;;One of the male characters tells the story of Meg Speedwell, a dairy-maid married on the Tankerton estate. Humphrey Greddon is the founder of the Junta once loved by the scorned Nellie O'Mora, who is now toasted as a witch. Mrs. Batch is driven by an intense maternal instinct such that she considers all of her tenants as sons, comparable to her real children, 16-year old Katie and 12-year old Clarence. Some of the students include the chivalrous American Mr. Oover and the dwarfish cowardly Noaks. All of them die, most by drowning, at Oxford out of love for the titular woman in, FTP, this satire of university life, the most famous work of Max Beerbohm.;;Zuleika Dobson
Chemistry;;This principle was modified for a second time by the law of Emile Amagat, who established a technique for ensuring effective scalings or packings. It was more famously modified by Louis Cailletet and Henri Regnault who noted its breakdown at high temperatures, while Thomas Andrew recognized its failure at low temperatures. It can exist in either a simplified or two-point form, and was published years after its chemist wrote "Seraphick Love," to a woman he referred to as Platona. It holds true because of the result of changes in the mean free path of particles, and is also known as Mariotte's Law. FTP, name this chemical law which states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its temperature.;;Boyle('s) (Law)
Economics;;This man conceived of transforming higher-order goods into lower-order goods and imputing value to those goods as conjoint causal processes. He focused on the subjective role of the middleman in creating value by facilitating exchange, in works like Investigations Into the Method of the Sciences with Special Reference to Economics, and put forth his theory of human wants saying that "all things are subject to the law of cause and effect". His pamphlet The Errors of Historicism in German Economics launched the famous Methodenstreit, or Methodological Debate, with the Younger Historical School of German economics. The author of a Principles of Economics, FTP, name this 19th century economist who espoused a nascent theory of marginal utility as the leader and founder of the Austrian School.;;(Carl) Menger
Music;;This work opens with a recitative and the second aria is the most famous featuring a flute obbligato. It ends in a trio expressing morality with the proverb "a cat won't stop from catching mice". One character threatens not to purchase a whalebone skirt in the latest fashion and silver or gold ribbon for a bonnet, but this does not bother the other character. It is based on a text by the poet Christian Friedrich Henrici, aka Picander, and was performed at the home of the Collegium Musicum in Leipzig. The character whose name translates as "Mr. Stick-in-the-Mud", Herr Schlendarian, threatens not to let his daughter Lieschen have a husband but she outsmarts him in, FTP, this J.S. Bach cantata named for the caffeinated beverage that Lieschen just has to have.;;Coffee Cantata  (just) Coffee (after) (the) (word) (cantata)
Geography;;This country contains the Crocker Range of mountains and its largest natural lake is Lake Bera, dwarfed by artificial ones like Lake Temengor. Like many Caribbean islands, this country has a large city called George Town and contains Mount Tahan and the much larger Mount Kinabalu. Its ethnic inhabitants are referred to as bumiputeras and ethnic problems here have led to the implementation of the New Economic Policy, succeeded by the New Developmental Policy. Containing the important tin-mining center of Perak, Tunku Abdul Rahman became its first prime minister in 1961. Divided into federated and unfederated divisions prior to World War II, FTP, name this country which includes Sabah and Sarawak on the island of Borneo, with its capital at Kuala Lumpur.;;Malaysia
Philosophy;;The author of this work argues that people judge themselves with regard to the dimension by which they differ from others, positing a "conservation of envy". Chapter nine is aimed at "Demoktesis" and chapter four examines the concepts of prohibition, compensation, and risk. Chapter seven considers so-called hypothetical histories, and earlier the author argues that humans value contact with reality, not simply the ends of that reality, by way of postulating an "experience machine". He predicts the emergence of a Dominant Protection Agency, though he would modify this slightly in another work, The Examined Life. An extension of John Locke's ideas and an explicit rejection of John Rawls' theory of justice, this is, FTP, what 1974 book that begins with the dicta "Individuals have rights" and posits a minimalist state, a work of political philosophy by Robert Nozick.;;Anarchy, State, and Utopia
European History;;One chronicler relates that only Adimantus was spared in the wake of this engagement, and notes that he was suspected of being a traitor, while the rest had their throats cut. Conon escaped this fate by fleeing to Cyprus, and only returned 11 years later after winning a major victory at Cnidus over Pharnabazus. The other commander Philocles was brutally murdered and the trireme Paralus briefly escaped, only to return to razed walls. Occurring two years after the Battle of Arginusae, Alcibiades descended from his mountain fortress to warn the losing side, but they failed to take his advice, and Lysander launched an attack from Lampsacus. Leading to the establishment of the Thirty Tyrants, this is, FTP, what decisive 405 BC Athenian loss, ending the Peloponnesian War.;;(Battle) (of) Aegospotami
American Literature;;A friend of the protagonist's husband named Richards stands waiting for the protagonist at the bottom of the stairs near the end of this story. The protagonist's sister Josephine gives her some unfortunate news that prompts her to weep profusely and then hurry off to her room to sit in her armchair. Once alone, she reveals that she is actually pleased to hear the seemingly sad news, declaring that now she feels positively "Free! Body and Soul Free," able at last to live for herself. Unfortunately, at the end of the story, she dies of "heart disease - the joy that kills". FTP, name this short story about Louise Mallard, whose husband Brently supposedly died in a train wreck but then shows up and shocks the hell out of his wife, a work by Kate Chopin.;;("The) Story of an Hour(")
Biology;;It is sometimes preceded by an Ouchterlony test which looks for white precipitin bands in order to tell if the subject is good, and might be followed by affinity column purification. It might come in direct, indirect, and rapid-dot types. It also comes in a competitive type, in which one reagent is conjugated to a detection enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase, which might serve to convert a compound like Amplex Red into something like Resorufin. The sandwich type involves "matched pairs," or capture and detection antibodies which bind to epitopes that do not overlap. Exhibiting more false positives than a Western Blot, this is, FTP, what method that is safer and cheaper than radioimmunoassay, identified by an acronym that stands for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.;;ELISA|Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (before) (mentioned)
Art;;His Christ at the Sea of Galilee, which now hangs in the National Gallery of Art, sees a monstrous Christ walking on water and extending his arm towards a rickety ship on choppy waters. He is known to have had three children, including Marco and Marietta who served as assistants, and Domenico who painted portraits. Pallas in Chase of Mars and Vulcan Surprising Venus and Mars are examples of mythological works, and historical works include the Defence of Brescia and Legates of the Pope Before Barbarossa. Known for work in the Scoula di San Rocco, his most famous piece features a light hanging down from a cord in the upper left, illuminating a host of winged figures that swirl around the dark room, and was made for the San Giorgio Maggiore. The artist of The Origin of the Milky Way and The Miracle of St. Mark, FTP, name this Venetian painter whose nickname means "little dyer".;;(Jacopo) Tintoretto|(Jacopo) Robusti
Math Theory;;The Spectral Theorem guarantees the existence of an eigenbasis with this property for symmetric operators, and the Gram-Schmidt process produces a basis of this type. The Gegenbauer, Hermite, and Legendre polynomials satisfy this property, and the group of this name has two connected components; that containing the origin is called "special". A linear transformation is called this if it preserves a symmetric inner product, and a matrix is called this if its transpose is its inverse; any such matrix has determinant of plus or minus one. In two or three dimensions such matrices represent rotations about the origin. Two vectors are called this if a symmetric bilinear form applied to them gives zero, and in particular if their dot product is zero. FTP, give this ubiquitous mathematical adjective, which in plane geometry is a synonym for perpendicular.;;orthogonal orthonormal(,) (don't) (accept)|(prompt) (on) (normal)
European Literature;;She is described as having hair "so blonde that the world holds nothing else like it" with cheeks of "no other colour than milk". She tells of friends Spinelloccio and Zeppa who sleep with each other's wives and remain friends, considering the score even. In addition to this, she appears in the same author's Il Filocolo and an elegy dedicated to her. She follows Dioneo's tale by telling of the virtuous Marchioness who fends off advances of the King of France, this being the Fifth Tale of the First Day. She frequently engages Filostrato in storytelling, and in another work she is abandoned by Panfilo. Perhaps representing a real illegitimate daughter of the King of Naples, FTP, name this woman who is a sort of analogue to Petrarch's Laura for Boccaccio's Decameron.;;Fiammetta
Philosophy;;Men important in promoting the philosophy of this man include JO Urmson and GJ Warnock. In his major work, he creates the categories of phonetic, phatic, and rhetic as aspects of the locutionary act, which possesses a known meaning, unlike illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Major works include a piece on method entitled "A Plea for Excuses," "Other Minds," and collected writings in Sense and Sensibilia. He is probably most famous for his distinction between constantives and performatives, words that make an action so, an integral part of his speech-act theory. FTP, name this author of How to Do Things With Words, an English philosopher of the 20th century.;;(John) (Langshaw) Austin
Mythology;;He attempted to make amends with King Matholwch by replacing his mutilated horses and giving him a staff of silver and platter of gold, along with a magical cauldron which was meant to resurrect the dead but eventually killed his half-brother Efnisien. The son of Penarddun and Llyr, he was warned of his sister's plight by a starling, and his subsequent attack on Ireland was foretold by a forest appearing in the middle of a sea. He was fatally wounded by a poisoned arrow in the foot, although his still-talking head remained, and his brother Manawydan was one of only seven of his countrymen to survive. FTP, name this Welsh man too large to fit in any house ever built, who sailed to Ireland to rescue his similarly-named sister.;;Bran
British Literature;;The author of Lithuania: A Drama in One Act, this man completed his thesis on John Webster and the Elizabethan Drama, and wrote some love poems during his secret engagement to Noel Olivier. He ends one poem of his with the line "Well this side of Paradise! There's little comfort in the wise…," and another with several questions, asking if the chestnuts still "shade, in reverend dream, the yet unacademic steam"? The author of "Channel Crossing," he writes about "dancing girls and sweet bird's cries" in "The Treasure," the unnumbered sonnet that begins his most famous sequence, which starts in earnest with "Peace" and "Safety". Also the author of "Tiare Tahiti," FTP, name this poet, a member of the Georgians, who wrote "If I should die, think only this of me: That there's some corner of a foreign field/That is forever England" as part of his 1914 and Other Poems.;;(Rupert) (Chawner) Brooke
Physics;;This man's namesake method is referred to as lower-bound method in plasticity theory and involves finding a stress state in equilibrium with the applied loads, having the soil at failure. It was described in his book, An Inquiry into the Advantages of Cylindrical Wheels on Railways, and functions to lay out circular curves. The conditions named for this man and Pierre Hugoniot refer to kinetic energy, mechanical work, and internal energy and are created by his namesake equations which govern shock waves. Probably his most famous invention was perfected by Alexander Kalina, using binary fluids, and has an organic type which increases its efficiency by 10-20 percent. FTP, name this Scottish engineer whose name describes a cycle or engine that involves converting water into superheated steam which expands at constant entropy.;;(John) (Macquorn) Rankine
World History;;Many of those who participated had previously gained control of the Aurora in its attack, and it was forecasted and perhaps encouraged in the foreign newspaper Le Matin. In an article responding to Wendelin Thomas, one man linked it in the title with "Amoralism," and it resulted in the creation of a 14-member committee headed by Petrichenko, which advertised itself as the "cornerstone of the Third Revolution". Zhuk and Zhelezniakov were notable representatives of anarchists present, and General Kozlovsky was also present, joining party men and peasants in declaring it in Anchor Square on March 1 on the Petropavlovsk, calling for equal rations and an end to War Communism. A direct cause of the implementation of the New Economic Policy that was eventually crushed by Trotsky, this is, FTP, what 1921 mutiny at the namesake Russian naval base in the Gulf of Finland.;;Kronstadt (Mutiny)|(Rebellion)|Kronshtadt
Physics;;In the intermediate regime, the Hamiltonian associated with it has four off-diagonal elements for n=2, while the matrix to which it must be added accounts for the spin-orbit coupling and the relativistic correction, the fine-structure energy. In hydrogen, the energy associated with it in the Weak-Field version is given by the product of the Lande g-factor and the Bohr magneton, and the strong-field variety is sometimes called the Paschen-Back effect. Defined as the splitting of atomic energy levels by the presence of magnetic fields, FTP, this is what effect named for a Dutch physicist who won the 1902 Nobel prize.;;Zeeman (Effect)
World History;;Colin Simpson wrote a book about it. Some men involved in this event were Leslie N. Morton, Thomas Quinn, William Turner, and Walther Schwieger. More passively, others involved included Charles Frohman, Marie de Page, and Alfred Vanderbilt. The Earl of Lathom, the Candidate, and the Centurion were similar events that proceeded it, but the Juno did not, and is sometimes blamed for it. Robert Matthews of Moose Jaw is sometimes suggested as the reason for the appearance of the line of foam while Captain Turner was off the bridge of this Cunard liner. May 7, 1915 was the date of the disaster of, FTP, this British passenger ship sunk by a U-20, helping to bring the United States into World War I.;;(sinking) (of) (the) Lusitania
Economics;;Vladimir Dmitriev and Piero Sraffa are known for their efforts in reviving the thought of this man. In the chapter "On Machinery" in his most famous book, he argued that labor-saving technology might help avert the "stationary state" of accumulation, but might also result in unemployment. His work known as Essay on Profits articulated a theory simultaneously discovered by Edward West and Robert Torrens, before he wrote The High Price of Bullion, the differential theory of rent and the law of diminishing returns in cultivation. He used the example of wine and cloth production in England and Portugal to put forth his most famous theory in Principles of Political Economy and Taxation where, FTP, what English economist describes the idea of comparative advantage.;;(David) Ricardo
Art;;The painting of this name has a woman at the bottom holding out a bowl, apparently asking for food. A tree in the middle has a skull mask perched in its leaves and a pink cloth streaming from it imprinted with an Islamic crescent. A woman attempts to climb it, apparently holding a feather in her right hand. In the center, a monk and two nuns carouse with a bunch of peasants, feasting and playing a lute. A novel of the same name is about the German ship Vera and its voyage from Mexico. FTP, give the title of this Hieronymous Bosch painting or a long novel of Katherine Anne Porter, named for a boat filled with idiots.;;Ship of Fools
Math Theory;;Cauchy gave its most familiar definition, but Heine's definition is equivalent for real functions. It is important for topology, as any morphism with this property maps open sets to open sets and closed sets to closed sets, thus maintaining topological structure. As Weierstrass famously showed, and to Poincare's disgust, having this property on a region R is not sufficient for differentiability on any subregion of R. FTP, identify this property of a function at a limit point p, which means that f at p is equal to the limit as h approaches p of f at h, or more simply, that a function has no holes in it.;;continuous (function)|(continuity,) (etc.)
European History;;Some of his lesser-known poems include one "In Commendation of the Steel Glass" and one on "The Wood, the Weed, the Wag". He wrote that "the life expires, the woe remains" and "of all which past, the sorrow, only stays" in his angry poem "The Lie". A more famous poem of his includes the line "And Philomel becometh dumb; The rest complains of cares to come" and mentions a myriad of objects like gowns, beds of roses, a belt of straw, and coral clasps, beginning with the line "If all the world and love were young". The author of the now partly-lost poem "Cynthia" and a sonnet prefixed to the Faerie Queen, FTP, name this man who responded to Christopher Marlowe with "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd," a favorite courtier of Queen Elizabeth I, who settled a bunch of colonists at Roanoke.;;(Sir) (Walter) Raleigh
European History;;He threatened tribune Caecilius Metellus with death for defending the temple of Saturn, and spared Domitius Ahenobarus after defeating his army at Corfinium. Early in life, he prosecuted the governor of Macedonia Cornelius Dolabella Minor. Other achievements include the breaking of the Adriatic barricade of Marcus Bibulus and his victory over Petronius and Afranius at Ilerda. His army flung loaves baked of roots to represent his defiance, abandoning Cato's garrison on the Spanish coast. His victory at Dyrrachium was quickly followed by others like Thapsus and Pharsalus, where he defeated Pompey. FTP, name this man who crossed the Rubicon, conquered Gaul, and ended the Roman Republic.;;(Julius) Caesar
American Literature;;One character of his constructs an amusement park labyrinth from scratch with his bare hands and another makes love to Doris Holbrook, who has a habit of tapping wrecked cars with her wrench. 1978's Tuckey the Hunter is his sole work of children's literature, and his nonfiction includes Spinning the Crystal Ball and In Pursuit of the Grey Soul. Neal Bowers wrote an essay which called him "The Poet as Pitchman". A Vanderbilt graduate, he flew more than 100 night combat missions in World War II, an experience which certainly inspired the character who develops a hypnotic training for young pilots called "Baby's Death Machine" in his novel Alnilam. FTP, name this author of Buckdancer's Choice, best known for his story of Ed, Lewis, Bobby, and Drew entitled Deliverance and having a funny name.;;(James) Dickey
Physics;;Gordy's method for calculating it using boundary potentials agrees with the heats of formation, while Sanderson defined it as an inverse function of the third power of the ionic radius. Allen's description matches well with the Allred-Rochow measure, but disagrees with the weighted sum of the ionization energy and electron affinity. That measure was later superseded by a scale computed using the difference in bond disassociation energies from the geometric mean of diatomic elements. FTP, name this measure of the relative ability of an atom to attract electrons measured by the Mulliken and Pauling scales.;;electronegativity
Music;;The recollections of this composer from his time with Oskar von Riesemann have been published, and works of his for the piano include nine Etudes-Tableaux and six Moments Musicaux. Very early works of his include the Trio Elegiaque in D Minor chamber music and the opera The Miserly Knight. He studied under Nikolay Zverev and married Natalie Satin after the time he spent with psychiatrist Nikolay Dahl, to whom he dedicated his second piano concerto. The composer of the one-act opera Aleko based on a Pushkin poem, FTP, name this 20th century Russian composer of Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini.;;(Sergei) Rachmaninoff
European Literature;;The protagonist of this work mysteriously loses his taste for milk and grows attached to the picture of a woman holding a fur that hangs on the wall of his bedroom. His mother and his sister deliberate over the furniture arrangement of his room, while his father hits him with a stick and at one point throws apples at him. He works as a traveling salesman to support his entire family, but only his sister Grete stands by him throughout his experience of the titular ordeal, which prompts him to frequently hide under the couch and cover himself with a sheet. FTP, name this story, in which Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning and finds himself transformed into an enormous bug, by Franz Kafka.;;(The) Metamorphosis|(Die) Verwandlung
Religion;;He attempted to annihilate the entire Kshatriya caste 21 times, succeeded on his last attempt, and proceeded to fling his weapon into the ocean, which yielded the spice-land of Kerala. He married the daughter of Bhrigu and Khyati, and he lives in an abode made of gold and jewels called Vaikuntha. He can be known as Pitambara, or "one with yellow robes," and is sometimes depicted resting on Seshnaga or Ananta, a coiled serpent. He normally rides the bird Garuda, though he'll ride a white horse as Kalki eventually to destroy evil. The husband of Lakshmi, FTP, name this preserver Hindu god, a member of the Trinity along with Shiva and Brahma.;;Vishnu
Computer Science;;The static finger theorem in its analysis says that the total access time can be computed by using the total potential drop of n log n. It takes its name from the operation that takes a node x to the root depending on whether the parent of x is the root. These operations, called zig-zag, have a cumulative amortized cost of log n, although find operations can have a worst case cost of order n. Simpler than Red-Black and AVL trees, FTP, name this self-organizing binary search tree developed by Sleator and Tarjan.;;Splay (Tree)
Geography;;The Caves of Balankanche at this site continue to be of archaeological importance. The buildings erected here during the so-called Florescence period include the House of the Deer, the Akab Dzib, the Temple of the Three Lintels, and the House of Phalli. Probably the most famous person to do extensive work here was Harvard archaeologist Sylvanus Morley, exploring the Sacred Cenote and the Caracol or snail observatory. Puuc architecture is common, betraying a change in culture around 1000 A.D. Known as the site of seven great rulers, FTP, name this pre-Colombian site, which outshines Tikal as the foremost city of the Mayan Empire.;;Chichen Itza
Psychology;;Some of this man's key concepts include the "ethical feeling" and the "volitional affirmation of the obligatory". A posthumous work published in 1996 features a foreword by Rollo May, and is entitled A Psychology of Difference. He believed that most people are of the "adapted type," passive duty-bound creatures that conform to society. This is in contrast to higher levels of moral development like the neurotic type and the productive type, which is the only true artist or genius. The author of Modern Education and Psychology of the Soul, his taste for aesthetics can be seen in Art and Artist and Truth and Reality. Also interested in heroes of mythology, FTP, name this proponent of Will Therapy, a man who broke from Freud with his landmark work, The Trauma of Birth.;;(Otto) Rank|(Otto) (Rosenfeld)
American Literature;;Mr. and Mrs. Sam Malloy live in a giant abandoned boiler in a vacant lot, and Mary Talbot throws a cat party after a bad day for her husband Tom. Later in this novel, Joey and Willard imagine babies in jars. The aptly named character Gay gets beaten by his wife, and Eddie is a bartender at La Ida. A flag-pole roller skater seeks the world record while Dora runs a brothel called the Bear Flag Restaurant and Hazel focuses on collecting frogs. One character refuses to use red paint and won't complete the boat he is building because he is afraid of water. That man, Henri, is a friend of Doc, who runs the Western Biological Laboratory. FTP, name this novel centering around Mack and his group of scheming boys who live with the grocer Lee Chong, which was given a sequel when its author wrote Sweet Thursday, a work by John Steinbeck.;;Cannery Row
Biology;;It contains callose, which is deposited in its plates at regular intervals, and can be detected with reagents like resorcin. The amount of callose increases with age, producing thick plugs in this material. It is the equivalent of leptoid cells in lower plants, and can contact with surrounding transfusion parenchyma by way of albuminous cells or companion cells. It may have several companion cells for each of its main conducting units known as sieve cells. The primary type develops by division and elongation of the meristematic cells. FTP, name this tissue of vascular plants, which conducts food, unlike its companion xylem.;;phloem
United States History;;The conflict that occurred here included the razing of Fort Bridger and Fort Supply, and was set in motion when Porter Rockwell and Abraham Smoot picked up intelligence delivering mail. Troops were initially led by William S. Harney, but then charged to Edmund Alexander. These forces eventually met a legion commanded by Lot Smith, determined to resist the installation of Alfred Cumming. The leader of one side implemented his "Sebastopol Policy," and the army of Albert Sidney Johnston was finally successful in its mission. Invaded by the US army by order of James Buchanan in 1857, FTP, name this territory governed by Brigham Young whose capital Salt Lake City was abandoned in the process.;;Utah (War)|Zion|Deseret
British Literature;;During his student days, this author wrote a satire for the university newspaper entitled "The Philosophy of Umbrellas" and a scientific work called "On a New Form of Intermittent Light for Lighthouses," and earned the nickname Velvet Jacket. He defends slothfulness in "An Apology for Idlers," and makes "A Plea for Gas Lamps" in another work. G.K. Chesterton wrote a book on him, and his major work features such characters as Israel Hands, Ben Gunn, and Dr. Livesey. The writer of The Weir of Hermiston and The Master of Ballantrae, FTP, name this Scottish author of the story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Kidnapped, and Treasure Island.;;(Robert) (Louis) Stevenson
Chemistry;;A 20-carbon molecule with two aromatic rings, it was introduced to Europe in the 17th century, and synthetically created by Robert Woodward and William Doering in 1944. Once labeled Cortex Peruanus, it was intimately associated with the Jesuits as a medicine, and supposedly cured Charles II of ague. Its natural form, obtained from the cinchona tree, is beginning to be used again today as a response to certain resistant strains of Plasmodium virus. FTP, name this alkaloid most noted for treating malaria.;;quinine cinchona (bark) (before) (it) (is) (mentioned)
United States History;;One exception to it passed four years later was Web-Pomerene Act, which diluted its application outside the borders of the United States. The Capper-Volstead Act exempted farmer cooperatives from the provisions of this legislation, whose second section outlawed price discrimination but whose section 6 explicitly grants labor unions the right to boycott and strike. The 1976 Hart-Scott-Rodino Improvements Act amended its provisions and required federal approval. Passed one year after the Underwood-Simmons Tariff, it was accompanied by an act creating the FTC. FTP, name this 1914 anti-trust legislation that supplemented the 1890 Sherman Act.;;Clayton (Antitrust) (Act)
Philosophy;;A work by Otto Neurath was a refutation of this man's ideas, like those that appear in his chapter "The Meaning of Numbers," where he suggests that even math is subject to uncertainty. He espoused his so-called "physiogmatic" approach rejecting strict scientific method. Some of his later work includes Man and Technics and he wrote his first volume, Form and Actuality, during a time in which he was deeply affected by the Agadir crisis which he believed marked the end of an era. He categorized cultures into eight ideal types like Magian, Apollinian, and Brahmanic and suggested that each society goes through seasons. Believing 1920's western Europe to be a "Faustian culture" at winter, FTP, name this proto-Nazi German thinker and author of Decline of the West.;;(Oswald) Spengler
Earth Science;;British physicist Sidney Chapman was the first to describe the photochemical reactions which give rise to it, and it was originally discovered in 1913 by Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson. Its base concentration is measured in units of 2.7 times 10 to the 16 molecules per square centimeter, and its particles circulate slowly via the Brewer-Dobson cycle, between the tropics where it is known to be highest and the poles where it is known to be lowest. Formed via an Oxygen-Oxygen cycle that is ironically catalyzed by UV light, FTP, name this sub-layer of the Earth's stratosphere, the depletion of which is of concern.;;Ozone (Layer)
European Literature;;The title character's wife tries to get him to place his two daughters in a convent, but instead he tries to coerce his elder daughter into marrying Thomas, who tries to impress her by quoting long memorized speeches. The maidservant Toinette tells the title character that he must cut off his arm, and his brother Beralde assists Toinette in helping Angelique to marry the man she loves. That man pretends to be a teacher, during which time he must quietly pay witness to a meeting between Angelique and the oaf Thomas, who is only desirable as a son-in-law because of his intended profession. Playing the title role of Argan, this play's author collapsed on stage and died in 1673. FTP, name this Moliere play with a title referring to somebody who thinks that he or she is always sick.;;(The) Imaginary Invalid|(The) Hypochondriac
Music;;His only ballet was The Lure and his Opus 52 was a prelude and scherzo for military band entitled Hammersmith. His many choral works include King Estmere, The Cloud Messenger, and the more famous Mystic Trumpeter. He played for a time in the White Viennese Band and was good friends with the wealthy Balfour Gardiner, who arranged a private performance for him. His time in Algeria influenced his orchestral suite Beni Mora, and he set Whitman's Dirge for 2 Veterans to music upon a suggestion of Thomas Maxwell. Composer of the operas The Wandering Scholar and At the Boar's Head, FTP, name this Englishman best known for Savitri, The Perfect Fool, and of course, The Planets.;;(Gustav) (Theodore) Holst
Physics;;The ability to overcome Coulomb force repulsion was one critique of the earliest discoverer of this process, Arthur Eddington. In its fifth and final step, alpha particles are formed by the joining of two helium-3 nuclei. Those helium nuclei are formed from deuterium which itself is formed after the transmutation of one of the namesake subatomic particles into a neutron during the second step. It is from that second step that the expulsion of theoretically detectable neutrinos is expected, and it is believed that these neutrinos oscillate. The counter part to the  Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen reaction which occurs in larger stars, FTP, name this nuclear process which provides the power of our sun, a reaction involving two positively charged subatomic particles.;;(proton-)proton fusion (just) fusion (until) (after)
British Literature;;A lecture delivered by Dr. Joanny Moulin linked parts of this poem with the philosophy of Martin Heidegger and Heraclitus. The poem's third line refers to "trout that swim" and a pair of parenthesis in the eighth line asks, "who knows how"? It talks of all things "counter, original, spare and strange," and unstressed syllables in the lines are known as "outriders" or "hangers" by the principles of the poet's unique metrical system. The poem ends by saying that "he fathers-forth whose beauty is past change," commanding the reader to "praise him". A work of sprung rhythm that talks of "skies of couple-colour," FTP, name this 1877 devotional poem that begins with the proclamation, "Glory be to God for dappled things," probably the most famous of Gerard Manley Hopkins.;;(")Pied Beauty(")
Geography;;This country saw a 1962 coup attempt by Prime Minister Mamadou Dia, and two of its more famous statesmen are Lamine Gueye and Blaise Diagne, who founded the Republican Socialist Party while under colonial domination in 1919. The Casamance separatist movement was a major concern of its second president Abdou Diouf. Its more famous first president forged an alliance with the Sudanese Republic known as the Mali Federation and, along with fellow student Aime Cesaire, developed the concept of negritude and authored several collections of poetry. FTP, name this African country first led by Leopold Senghor.;;Senegal
Math Theory;;The Homfly and Jones ones are useful knots invariants, and the Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that the minimal one for a linear transformation divides its characteristic one. In one variable they always form a principle ideal domain, but in multiple variables they are just unique factorization domains. The Rodrigues Formula is used to find a type of them, and they could be defined as the formal power series of finite degree, or the rational functions with unit denominator. FTP, name these mathematical expressions, examples of which include three x cubed plus four x and x squared minus 1.;;polynomial(s)
Philosophy;;It begins by promising an upheaval, but the author will not be so insane as those who believe that they have "an earthenware head or are nothing but pumpkins". This work distinguishes between innate, factitious, and adventitious ideas and goes on to assert that it is impossible to imagine a chiliagon, or a polygon with a thousand sides. The sensory problems presented by a melting ball of wax are considered, and a "malignant demon" is posited in place of God, but it concludes that even an evil genius cannot alter the truth that "cogito ergo sum". FTP, name this masterpiece published after Discourse on Method by René Descartes.;;Meditations (on) (First) (Philosophy)
British Literature;;Samuel Johnson said of this character that "such a man excels in general principles, but fails in the particular application". He first speaks in order to grant a request by saying "He hath, my lord, wrung from me my slow leave". As a result, he tells his son that "the wind sits in the shoulder of your sail". Later, he dismisses lovers' vows as mere "springes to catch woodcocks," and advises his daughter to "think yourself a baby". He sends Reynaldo on a spying mission and, in another act of trickery, hides behind a tapestry, leading to his death. The speaker of such memorable lines as "neither a borrower nor a lender be," FTP, name this Lord Chamberlain, the father of Laertes and Ophelia in Hamlet.;;Polonius
Chemistry;;When it is doped by inserting potassium or cesium into its cavity, it becomes an incredibly powerful organic superconductor. Its discovery began at the University of Sussex when cyanopolyynes were noted in the atmosphere of stars by Harold Kroto. He contacted Robert Curl at Rice University, setting up an experiment using a stream of helium to carry ejected fragments of atoms onto a mass spectrometer. It is hypothesized as a cure for AIDS because it could potentially fit into a nonpolar pocket, blocking an HIV reproduction enzyme. Important in the discovery of nanotubes, FTP, name this molecule that won Richard Smalley a Nobel Prize consisting of 32 interlocking rings, a spherical allotrope of carbon, often called buckyballs.;;buckminsterfullerene|buckyball(s) (before) (mentioned) (prompt) (on) fullerene(s)