Quizzes are closed book and closed notes, but you may use a calculator if you like.

• You may not use any online resources (e.g., Google, Stack Overflow, ChatGPT) or any other materials.
• You may not use any tools that might offer any insight into the questions, such as a compiler, debugger, code editor, or IDE.
• You may not talk to anyone else or get help from anyone else. Your answers must be entirely your own work.
• You may use as much time as you like to take the quiz before the deadline, but once you start the quiz, you must complete it in a single sitting.
• You can change your answer for any question by resubmitting it. You can do so as many times as you like until the quiz deadline.
• You may have scratch paper and a pencil to work things out by hand.